Casineria character list
Skull roof, palate and braincase
1. Basioccipital indistinguishable from exoccipitals = 0, separated by suture = 1
2.
“
exposed portion longer than wide = 0, shorter than wide = 1
3.
“
notochordal = 0, vs occipital condyle = 1,
4. Basipterygoid process: articulating facets face mainly dorsally and anteriorly = 0, more than a
sliver faces ventrally = 1
5. Ectopterygoid reaches adductor fossa; no = 0, yes = 1
6. Exoccipitals meet skull table; no = 0, yes =1
7. Intertemporal present; present = 0, absent = 1
“
8.
lateral edge not interdigitating with cheek = 0, vs interdigitates = 1
9. Jugal deep below orbit (vs narrow process); 50% - > 50% orbit diam = 0, <50% = 1
10.
“
alary process on palate; no = 0, yes = 1
11. Lacrimal contributes to narial margin; no, excluded by anterior tectal = 0; yes = 1, no, excluded by
nasal/maxillary or prefrontal/maxillary suture = 2
12.
“
13. Maxilla meets quadratojugal; yes = 0, no = 1
14.
“
contact to premaxilla on palate additional to tooth row; no = 0, yes = 1
15. Median rostral; paired = 0, absent = 1
16. Nasals contribute to narial margin; yes = 1, no = 0
17. Parasphenoid grooved ventrally = 0, vs narrow V-shaped cultriform process = 1, flat, elongate
triangle = 2
18.
“
depression in body; absent = 0, single median = 1, double = 2
19.
“
ventral cranial fissure not sutured = 0, sutured but traceable = 1, eliminated = 2
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Casineria character list
20.
“
posterolateral wings absent = 0, present = 1
21.
“
sutures to vomers; no = 1, yes =0
22.
“
carotid foramina; visible in ventral view, no = 0, yes = 1
23. Parietal meets tabular; no = 0, yes = 1
24.
“
meets squamosal; no = 0, yes = 1
25. Postorbital suture to skull table (intertemporal) interdigitating vs smooth; smooth = 0,
interdigitating = 1
26. Postparietal occipital exposure; absent = 0, present = 1, postparietal entirely occipital = 2
27.
“
posterior process in midline (‘widow’s peak’); no = 0, yes = 1
28. Prefrontal/ postfrontal suture; anterior half of orbit = 0, middle of orbit = 1, absent = 2
29. Premaxilla posterodorsal process onto snout; absent = 0, present = 1
30.
“
forms part of choanal margin; broadly = 0, point = 1, not = 2
31. Pterygoids meet in midline for at least half distance from anterior end to basipterygoid process =
0, meet in midline for less than half this distance separate in midline = 1, entirely separate = 2
32.
“
quadrate ramus margin in adductor fossa; concave in ventral view = 0, convex = 1
33.
“
unsutured junction with squamosal posteriorly = 0, half and half = 1, sutured entirely = 2
34. Septomaxilla present; absent = 0, present = 1
35. Squamosal posterodorsal margin shape; straight or convex = 0, sigmoid = 1, entirely concave = 2
36.
“
contact with tabular; smooth = 0, interdigitating = 1, absent = 2
37.
“
suture with supratemporal position; at apex of temporal embayment = 0, dorsal to apex =
1, ventral to apex = 2
38. Supratemporal present as independent ossification from tabular; yes = 0, no = 1
39.
“
forms part of skull margin posteriorly; no = 0, yes = 1
40.
“
interdigitating suture with squamosal; present = 0, absent = 1
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Casineria character list
41.
“
smallest bone in skull roof; no = 1, yes = 0
42. Supraoccipital present as distinct ossification; no = 0, yes = 1
43. Tabular lateral horn; absent = 0, button = 1, blade = 2
44.
“
emarginated lateral margin; no = 0, yes = 1
45.
“
facets/ buttresses for braincase ventrally; no = 0, single = 1, double = 2
46.
“
occipital exposure; absent = 0, extends as far ventrally as does postparietal = 1, extends
further ventrally than does postparietal = 2
47. Vomer separated by pterygoids; for > half length = 0, < half length = 1, no such relationship
(pterygoid do not meet in the midline) = 2
Dentition
48. Ectopterygoid tusk pairs; present = 0, absent = 1
49.
“
row (3+) of smaller teeth; present = 0, absent = 1
50.
“
shagreen field; absent = 0, present = 1
51. Maxilla tooth number: > 40 = 0, 30-40 = 1, < 30 = 2
52. Palatine tusk pairs; present = 0, absent = 1
53.
“
row of smaller teeth; present = 0, absent = 1
54.
“
denticle row; present = 0, absent = 1
55.
“
shagreen field; absent = 0, present = 1
56. Parasphenoid shagreen field; present = 0, absent = 1
57.
“
anterior and posterior to basal articulation = 0, posterior to basal articulation only = 1,
anterior to basal articulation only - 2
58. Premaxillary teeth with conspicuous peak; absent = 0, present = 1
59. Premaxillary tooth number; 10 - 14 = 0, < 10 = 1, > 15 = 2
60. Pterygoid shagreen; dense = 0, a few discontinuous patches or absent = 1
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Casineria character list
61. Vomer tusk pairs; present = 0, absent = 1
62.
“
anterior wall forming posterior margin of palatal fossa bears tooth row meeting in midline;
yes = 0, no = 1
63.
“
row of small teeth ; present = 0, absent = 1
64.
“
denticle row lateral to tooth row; present = 0, absent = 1
65.
“
shagreen field; absent = 0, present = 1
66. Upper marginal teeth number; greater than lower = 0, same = 1, smaller than lower = 2
General skull characters
67. Anterior palatal fenestra; single = 0, double = 1, absent = 2
68. Interpterygoid vacuities; border involves vomer; yes = 1, no = 0
69. Interpterygoid vacuities shape; absent = 0, at least 2 x longer than wide = 1, < 2 x longer than
wide = 2
70. Naris position; visible in dorsal view; no = 0, yes = 1.
71.
“
size relative to choana; < 50% = 0, same or larger in at least one dimension = 1
72. Orbit shape; round or oval = 0, angle at anteroventral corner = 1, emarginated margin including
jugal, lacrimal and prefrontal = 2
73.
“
position re snout/parietal outline; centre closer to rear than front = 0, centre near middle =
1, centre closer to front than rear = 2
74.
“
position re snout /quadrate outline; centre closer to front than rear = 0, centre near middle
= 1, centre closer to rear than front = 2
75. Post-temporal fossae present; yes = 0, no =1
76. Skull table; junction with cheek, smooth profile = 0, square/ abrupt profile = 1
77.
“
shape; longer than broad = 0, approximately square = 1, shorter than broad = 2
78. Skull profile; width at quadrates obviously greater than skull table width = 0, approximately equal =
1
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Casineria character list
Postcranial characters
79. Centra (trunk): intercentrum; single ventral wedge, > half height of central complex, but
not near full height = 0, single ventral wedge, < half height of pleurocentrum = 1, single
ventral wedge, almost full or full height of pleurocentrum = 2
80.
“
pleurocentrum; paired halves, height 50% or less of central complex = 0, single
element, full height central complex = 1
81. Clavicle anterior margin angle to long axis of body;, 45 =0, 90 = 1, 60 = 2
82.
“
ventral plate, angle subtended by margins; around 60 (standard shape) = 0, 20
-40 (‘narrow triangle) = 1; oval = 2
83. Cleithrum co-ossified with scapulocoracoid = 0, separate = 1
84.
“
smoothly tapered to spatulate dorsal end = 0, distally expanded = 1
85.
“
cross section at mid section, flattened oval = 0, sigmoid = 1, single concave face
=2
86. Dermal scutes; tapered and elongate - 4 or >4 x longer than broad = 0, ovoid - no more
than 3 x longer than broad = 1
87. Femur; same length as humerus = 0, longer than humerus = 1
88. Humerus entepicondylar inception; 50% along length = 0, 33% or less = 1
89.
“
ends more or less untorted = 0, ends offset by > 60 degrees = 1
90.
“
L-shaped = 0, waisted but no shaft = 1, shaft elongated = 2
91.
“
accessory foramina present = 0, absent = 1
92. Iliac blades; posterior process plus dorsal blade = 0, posterior process only = 1
93. Interclavicle shape; rhomboid, longer than broad, but posterior half longer than anterior
= 0, rhomboid, posterior half not longer than anterior = 1, rhomboid, broader than long =
2, not rhomboid = 3
94.
“
parallel-sided parasternal process absent = 0, present = 1
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Casineria character list
95. Neural arch ossification; paired in adult = 0, single in adult = 1
96. Neural spine shape; square/ rectangular = 0, domed = 1
97. Phalanx proportions; not more than 3x as long a broad (at minimum point)= 0, more
than 3x as long as broad (at minimum point)= 1, broader than long = 2
98. V-shaped grooves on ends of phalanges; absent = 0, present = 1
99. Pelvis; single ossification = 0, at least 2 ossifications per side = 1
100.Radius; longer than ulna = 0, same length as ulna = 1, shorter than ulna (including
olecranon process if present) = 2
101.Ribs (trunk); straight =0, ventrally curved = 1
102. “
no longer than height of neural arch plus centrum = 0, less than 2x height of
neural arch plus centrum = 1, more than 2x height of neural arch plus centrum = 2
103. “
tapered distally = 0, more or less parallel sided = 1, expanded distally into
posterior flanges = 2
104.Ribs (postsacral); more than two pairs approaching length of trunk ribs = 0, one or two
pairs approaching length of trunk ribs = 1, none = 2
105. “
numbers of pairs of postsacral ribs
106.Ribs (cervical); flared distally = 0, tapered distally = 1
107.Uncinate processes on ribs; absent = 0, present on anterior trunk/ cervical only = 1,
present on all trunk ribs = 2
108. Scapulocoracoid dorsal blade; absent = 0, present = 1
109. “
ossifications; single = 0, separate coracoid = 1
110.Tibia and fibula narrowest width; 50% of length = 0, < 30% of length = 1
111.Tibia and fibula meet along length = 0, separated by interepipodial space = 1
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