Medieval Europe
Chapters 12 & 13
I.
Middle Ages v. Dark Ages
A. Frankish Rulers
1. Clovis
a. First German ruler to accept Catholicism
b. Successful in battle
2. Charles “The Hammer” Martel
a. Defeated Muslims at Tours
b. Christianity remained in Europe
3. Pepin the Short
a. Son of Charles Martel
b. Removed Lombards from Rome
c. Franks become protector of Rome and Pope
4. Charlemagne “Charles the Great”
a. Son of Pepin
b. King in 768 AD
c. Doubled borders of the Kingdom
d. Germany, France, Spain, Italy
e. Frankish Empire
f. Established Aachen academy to enforce education
g. Religion
1) Christian Roman Empire
2) Crowned Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III
3) Used counts to run everyday empire business
h. Collapse of Empire
i. Charlemagne’s Personality holds empire together
j. Dies in 814 AD
k. Succeeded by Louis the Pious
l. Three Grandsons fight over empire after Louis dies
1) Split into 3 parts
2) Charles the Bald – France
3) Louis the German – Germany
4) Lothar – Italy to the North Sea
a) Made Roman Emperor
B. Viking Invasions
1. Muslims invade North Africa and Southern Italy
2. Slavs invade Central Europe
3. Magyars attack all through Europe
4. Vikings come from Scandinavia
a. Vikings have strong fighters and boats
b. Perfected the “raid”
c. Leave overpopulated homes and invade Europe
d. Settled in England, France, Ukraine and Russia
II.
III.
Medieval Life
A. Feudal Relationships
1. Feudalism
2. Agreement between nobles and monarchs
3. Nobles given land for loyalty
4. Peasants came with the land
5. Feifs
a. Land given to soldiers
b. Raised money to outfit horses and regular soldiers
c. Pledged support to Lord and King
d. Land was hereditary
e. Must provide Knights for the royal army
6. Lack of central government
7. Castles are built
Medieval Church
A. Reform
1. Want church to be the final say in society
2. Breaking church laws would result in harsh penalties
3. 1059 AD political leaders could not choose the pope
4. Pope selected by cardinals
5. Bishops appointed by pope, not nobility
6. 1215 AD Pope Innocent III wanted new rules
7. Condemned drunkenness, dancing and feasting by clergy
8. Heresy is a crime punished as Treason
9. Heretics were excommunicated
10. 1200 AD Albigensians were defeated by the pope’s knights for
heresy
11.
B. The Inquisition
1. Court set up in 1232
2. No proof or used torture to obtain confessions
3. Imprisonment, Loss of Property, Execution
C. Friars
1. Wondering ministers
2. Followed monastic rules but did not leave society
3. Franciscans and Dominicans
4. Francis of Assisi
a. Follow life of Christ
b. Respect for nature
5. Dominic
a. Life of poverty
b. Well-educated
D. Jews
1. Viewed as a threat
2. Blamed for plagues, famine and social problems
3. Anti-Semitism grows
a.
b.
c.
d.
IV.
Blamed Jews for death of Jesus
Forced to wear badges and ID
Many countries expelled the Jews
Many ended up in Poland where they were welcomed
England
A. Anglo-Saxons
1. Abandoned by Rome in 400 AD
2. Invaded by Germanic Angles, Saxons, and Jutes
3. Native Celts were defeated
4. 800 AD Vikings from Denmark invade
5. Danes defeated in 886AD.
a. King Alfred of Wessex “The Great”
b. United island and called it “Angleland” or England
c. Ruled until 899 AD
d. Converted Latin into Anglo-Saxon
e. Last A-S king died, Edward the Confessor, 3 rivals claimed
the throne
B. The Normans
1. William, Duke of Normandy
a. 1066 AD land 6,000 men and invades England
b. Defeats A-S at Battle of Hastings
c. Wins English crown and known as William the Conqueror
d. Conducts 1st European census
e. Henry I, creates royal treasury to collect taxes
f. Henry II, creates common law
1) Tried church officials
2) Henry II’s knights murder Thomas a Becket,
Archbishop of Canterbury
3) Henry II’s sons – Richard the Lionhearted and John
C. The Magna Carta
1. John loses land to the French
2. Unpopular and tries his enemies
3. Nobles meet him at Runnymede in 1215 AD
4. Magna Carta signed
a. Limits on Royal power
b. Guaranteed rights to all English people
5. Rise of Parliament
a. John’s Son – Henry III
b. Sees growth of Middle Class
c. Knights, burgesses, advised the King
d. Henry’s son, Edward I called for Model Parliament
1) Clergy and Nobility
e. 1400 AD Parliament splits
1) House of Lords
2) House of Commons
V.
France
A. Central Government
B. Hugh Capet seizes throne and establishes Capetian Dynasty 987 AD
1. Last for 300 years
2. Louis VI uses common people as advisors
3. Phillip II ruled from 1180 – 1223
a. Doubled the country
b. Used marriage and the army to acquire lands
c. Used appointments and a royal army to weaken feudal
lords
4. Louis IX
a. Phillip II’s grandson
b. Royal courts are dominant
c. King minted coins
d. Banned private wars and owning of arms
e. Believed highly in chivalrous ideal
5. Phillip IV “The Fair”
a. Defeated the British and Flanders in war
b. Raised taxes and taxed the clergy
c. Attempted to establish a Parliament, Estates-General
VI.
Holy Roman Empire
A. Otto I “The Great”
1. German King
2. Defeated Magyars in 955 at Battle of Lechfeld
3. Moved on to Italy
4. Pope John XII wanted Otto’s help
5. Defeated Roman Nobles
6. Otto crowned Holy Roman Emperor
B. Problems of Holy Roman Empire
1. Otto and following kings wanted to appoint popes
2. Conflict between Kings and Popes grows
3. Henry IV v. Pope Gregory VII
a. Pope wanted to free church from secular control
b. Henry did not give up control
c. Pope took throne away from Henry IV
d. Henry begged for forgiveness
e. Concordat of Worms
1) Compromise between pope and emperor
2) 1122
3) Emperor can name bishops and pope can remove
them
VII.
The Crusades
A. Call for a Crusade
1. Crux – Latin for Cross
2. Recover Holy Land from the Muslims
3. Jerusalem – Holy City
4. Home to 3 Religions
a. Jews – Zion
b. Christians – Jesus crucified and resurrected
c. Muslims – Muhammad ascended to heaven from Jerusalem
5. Controlled by Muslims since 600
6. Jews and Christians lived there, but paid heavy taxes
7. Seljuk Turks take area in 1000
8. Threatened Christian Pilgrims
9. Byzantines ask Pope for Help
B. First Crusade
1. 1095 Pope Urban II
2. Calls for volunteer army to free Jerusalem and Palestine from the
Seljuks
3. Knights could use their fighting skills
4. Peasants would be free of feudal lords
5. Promised immediate salvation if killed on Crusade
6. Non-Christians suffered as a result of hatred – Jews especially
7. 1097 Crusaders arrive in Constantinople, lead by the French
8. 1099 Crusaders arrive in Jerusalem
9. Siege for 2 months and storm city killing Muslims and Jews
10. Crusaders control Jerusalem for 100 years and Christians feel
successful
C. Second Crusade
1. 1145 Seljuks conquer Palestinian Lands
2. Pope Eugenius IV called for 2nd Crusade
3. Defeated by Seljuks due to quarrelling by King Louis VII of
France and Holy Roman Emperor Conrad III. 1149
D. Third Crusade
1. Saladin and Muslims capture Jerusalem in 1187
2. HRE Frederick Barbarossa of Germany, King Philip II of France
and King Richard I of England assemble 3rd Crusade
3. Known as “Crusade of Kings”
4. 1189-1192
5. Barbarossa died on the way and his army returned home
6. Phillip II left before reaching Jerusalem
7. Richard I continued on his own
8. Never won a decisive victory
9. Signed a treaty, but did not gain control of Jerusalem
10. Christians were allowed access
E. Other Crusades
1. 4th Crusade 1204
2. Crusaders gave up hope of Jerusalem
3. Marched on Constantinople
4. Burned the city
5. Created tension between Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholics
6. Created opportunity for Muslims to invade Europe Later.
F. Effects of the Crusades
1. Breaks down feudalism
2. Increases authority of Kings
3. Nobles died without heirs and lands went to kings
4. Broadened views of world
5. Muslims united against a common enemy