Bio 11
Exam 3 Review
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REVIEW FOR EXAM 3
Your text is an excellent source of practice questions, both within chapters and at the end of each chapter as
well as on the website. Remember to focus on the topics that we covered in lecture. You should be able to
answer all of the following questions for the next exam.
Genetics
1) REVIEW the Homework on genetics for practice. Be able to answer all the questions in the genetics
chapter of your lab manual.
Be able to do:
Vocab
 Monohybrid and dihybrid
 Who was mendel and what did he study?
crosses
 What is the difference between character and trait?
o Be able to predict the
 What is the difference between P, f1 and f2 generations?
probability of getting
 What is a
particular offspring.
o Karyotype?
o Allele?
 Sex linked crosses
o Loci?
 Genotypic and phenotypic ratios
o Dominant allele?
o
o
o
o
o
Recessive allele
Homozygous, heterozygour genotype?
Genotype and phenotype?
Carrier?
Incomplete and co dominance?
DNA and RNA Structure:
1) Define the following: nucleic acid, nucleotide, base, DNA, RNA
2) What are the three components of a nucleotide?
3) How are nucleotides linked together to form nucleic acids? (What kind of bonds?)
4) What are the 3 major differences between DNA and RNA?
5) Differentiate between Replication, Transcription and Translation.
6) Role of different enzymes: helicase, ligase and polymerase (1 & 3).
7) Why is DNA called a double helix? And what is the benefit of keeping DNA in this form?
8) What is a “sugar-phosphate backbone”?
9) What is 53’ mean?
10)
What type of bond holds the two strands of DNA together?
11)
What are the DNA base pairing rules?
Example Questions:
1. Nucleotides are linked together in a chain:
a. sugar to base
b. sugar to sugar
c. phosphate to base d. sugar to phosphate
Both DNA and RNA
a. are single-stranded molecules b. contain the same four nucleotide bases
c. are polymers of amino acids d. are made of sugar, phosphate, and a base
If a sequence of DNA is: AATTTCGGG Its complimentary
DNA strand would be:
a. AATTTCGGG
b. TTAAAGCCC
c. UUAAAGCCC
d. TTUUUGCCC
The role of DNA Helicase is to:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Unwind DNA at the H-Bonds
Unwind DNA at the Covalent-Bonds
Add new nucleotides in DNA Replication
Add new nucleotides in Translation
Bio 11
Exam 3 Review
Mutation Lecture and Genetics Summary
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Original Piece of DNA:
ACGATACCCTGACGAG
1) Complementary DNA:
2) Create Complementary *to the orginal DNA strand* RNA
3) Protein:
Which of the above steps is transcription? Translation?
Where does replication take place?
1. What are the three types of mutaitons and their ultimate effect on the protein?
2. What makes a mutation good, bad or neutral?
Evolution & Speciation:
1. Define Evolution
2. Explain how evolution is both an observation and a theory.
3. Explain the following lines of evidence for evolution as a theory and be able to give examples:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Direct Observation
The fossil record
Biogeography
Comparative anatomy
Comparative embryology
Molecular biology
How does a homology show evolution?
What is common ancestry and its role in evolution?
What were the two key observations Darwin made about natural selection? Why were they both needed?
Describe evolution using the scientific method. Be able to state a hypothesis, a prediction, etc. and what
evidence we have that supports those hypotheses (this leads back to question 2).
8. Describe each mechanism of evolution: mutation, gene flow, natural selection, sexual selection, genetic drift.
Which will lead to adaptations? Which will increase genetic diversity in a population? Which will decrease
genetic diversity in a population?
9. What are the three out What is a species?
10. What is speciation? What 2 things cause it? (List all the reproductive isolating mechanisms, be able to recognize examples).
11. What is the role of transitional forms? (tiktallic and Lucy)
12. Peacocks win at evolution but not by the normal means of natural selection, how do they accomplish this?
Bio 11
Exam 3 Review
TOC 24
Ecology - Population:
1. Define “population.” How is population density calculated?
2. How do you calculate population growth rates? (What 2 things contribute to making a population larger and
what 2 things contribute to making it smaller?)
3. Compare and contrast density dependent and density independent limiting factors. Give examples of each.
4. Be able to draw, identify and explain the 3 (I, II, III) types of survivoriship curves.
a. Regarding the survivorship curves, be able to explain the trade off between care and high numbers of
offspring with limited resources. (R and K strategists)
5. What is an invasive species? Why are they detrimental to the environment?
a. Why can’t native species like the western pond turtle handle the addition of red eared slider turtles and
bullfrogs?
b. Given the life history/survivorship curve of turtles, why are these threats so harmful?
c. Why would an organization meant to protect the oceans, promote eating lionfish?
d. How has australia gone about managing invasive rabbits? Has it been successful? Why do they care,
bunnies are cute afterall?
6. Explain the circumstances that cause, and be able to draw: exponential growth, logistic growth and carrying
cappacity.
7. What 2 factors determine the size of a population’s carrying capacity?
8. What do the linx and the hare show about population cycling?
9. What is meant by population density? How is poulation density shown? Measured?
10. What impact does high population density have on a populations health?
a. What are desity dependent and density independent factors that affect population growth?
11. What is meant by population age structure? How is it shown? Measured? Why do scientists care about it?
12. Population growth models need what 4 pieces of information?
13. What is a limiting factor and how is it tied to carrying capacity?
14. How are Boom – Bust population dynamics shown throughout evolution? Think mass extinction.
Ecology - Community:
1. Biodiversity – What is it? Why is it important and what three factors are involved?
2. What 4 factors have caused a decrease in biodiversity and which among them is the worst?
3. What is a keystone species? Explain the role of the otter in their ecosystem and what would happen without
them?
4. There are three types of interspecific interactions, what are they and be able to give an example of each.
a. Which one results in the competitive exclusion principle? What is this?
5. What are three things that prey have avolved to avoid predation? Why do prey seem to evolve faster than
predators?
Ecology - Ecosystems:
1. What is ecological succession? Why are roots so important to primary succession?
2. What is a species niche?
3. Explain resource partitioning– what causes it?
4. Tropic structure is related to the 2 laws of energy – how?
5. Why is a food web better at describing relationships than a food chain?
6. What is the role of a Producer? Consumer? Primary Consumer Vs secondary Consumer? Top predator? –
which are there more of and why?
7. What is the 10% rule?
8. What is a biome?
9. Why is light so important in a marine Biome?
10. What is the importance of a wetland biome?
11. Eutrophication is a process that causes what? (tell the story)
12. How does biomagnification of mercury work?
13. Explain the phosphorus cycle?