22266 version 1
Page 1 of 6
Demonstrate knowledge of exercise physiology and human anatomy
Level
3
Credits
10
Purpose
People credited with this unit standard are able to: explain the nervous system
and its functions; explain the structure and properties of muscle and its
functions; explain the human energy systems and their functions; explain the
cardiovascular system and its functions; explain the respiratory system and its
functions; and describe the acute physiological responses and chronic
physiological adaptations of the body’s systems to exercise.
Subfield
Fitness
Domain
Exercise Prescription
Status
Registered
Status date
20 April 2006
Date version published
20 April 2006
Planned review date
31 December 2011
Entry information
Open.
Replacement information
This unit standard and unit standard 22265 replaced unit
standard 7024.
Accreditation
Evaluation of documentation by NZQA and industry.
Standard setting body (SSB)
Sport, Fitness and Recreation Industry Training
Organisation – Fitness Advisory Group
Accreditation and Moderation Action Plan (AMAP) reference
0069
This AMAP can be accessed at http://www.nzqa.govt.nz/site/framework/search.html.
Special notes
1
The intent of this unit standard is to develop entry level competencies for fitness
industry workers. It involves primarily ‘off-job’ training and assessment.
2
This unit standard builds on basic anatomy knowledge covered in unit standard
21791.
 New Zealand Qualifications Authority 2016
22266 version 1
Page 2 of 6
Elements and performance criteria
Element 1
Explain the nervous system and its functions.
Performance criteria
1.1
Explanation describes the functions of the nervous system.
Range
1.2
Explanation describes the organisation of the nervous system.
Range
1.3
central nervous system (CNS), spinal cord, peripheral nervous
system (PNS), sensory, motor, somatic, autonomic, sympathetic,
parasympathetic.
Explanation describes the structure and function of nerves.
Range
1.4
control of internal environment, programming of spinal cord reflexes,
assimilation of experiences necessary for memory and learning.
structure – cell body, dendrite, axon, synapses, schwann cells, presynaptic neuron, post-synaptic neuron, neurotransmitters, synaptic
cleft;
function – irritability, conductivity, all-or-none law, excitatory postsynaptic potentials (ESPS), inhibitory post-synaptic potentials
(IPSP), temporal summation, spatial summation, repolarisation.
Explanation describes the components and function of the sensory pathways of
the central nervous system.
Range
components – muscle chemoreceptors, proprioreceptors, joint
receptors;
function – chemoreceptors respond to changes in chemical
environment and provide CNS with information on metabolic rate of
muscular activity; proprioreceptors recognise body position and
rates of limb movement (joint receptors), monitor both static and
dynamic relative muscle length producing the ‘stretch reflex’,
regulate movement and maintain posture (muscle spindles), monitor
tension within tendons and act as a safety device by inhibiting
muscle contractions (golgi tendon organs).
 New Zealand Qualifications Authority 2016
22266 version 1
Page 3 of 6
Element 2
Explain the structure and properties of muscle and its functions.
Performance criteria
2.1
Explanation describes the functions of muscle.
Range
2.2
Explanation describes the structure of skeletal muscle.
Range
2.3
genetics, blood levels of hormones, exercise training.
Explanation describes the effects of fibre type on performance.
Range
2.7
fibre types – fast twitch (type IIa, IIb), slow twitch (type I);
biochemical properties – oxidative capacity (number of
mitochondria, capillarisation, amount of myoglobin), ATPase isoform
type (high vs low), fatigue resistance;
mechanical properties – speed of shortening, maximal force
production, efficiency.
Explanation describes the causes of variation in fibre type.
Range
2.6
sliding filament theory, excitation, contraction, relaxation.
Explanation describes the major biochemical and mechanical properties of human
skeletal muscle fibre types are identified and described.
Range
2.5
tendon, fascia, muscle fibre, myofibril, myosin, actin, sarcoplasmic
reticulum, motor unit, neuromuscular junction.
Explanation describes the steps resulting in muscle action.
Range
2.4
force generation for locomotion and breathing, force generation for
postural support, heat production.
large variation evident within successful populations, just one factor
of many, fibres are plastic in behaviour.
Explanation describes force regulation in a muscle.
Range
number and type of motor unit, initial length of muscle, nature of
stimulation of motor units (twitch, summation, tetanus).
 New Zealand Qualifications Authority 2016
22266 version 1
Page 4 of 6
2.8
Explanation describes the relationship between force, velocity, and power.
Range
force velocity relationship – maximal velocity at lowest resistive
force, at any velocity of movement fast twitch fibres exert more
force;
force power relationship – generally peak power increases as
movement velocity increases to around 300 deg/sec, plateau of
power as velocity increases thereafter due to reduced muscle force,
there is an optimum velocity for any muscle group.
Element 3
Explain the human energy systems and their functions.
Performance criteria
3.1
The three metabolic pathways where muscle cells can produce adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) are identified and differentiated by their use of oxygen.
Range
3.2
Explanation describes the ATP-PC system.
Range
3.3
ATP, adenosine diphosphate (ADP), phosphagen (Pi), energy,
ATPase, ATP binding, Phosphocreatine (PC).
Explanation describes the Glycolytic energy system is described.
Range
3.4
adenosine triphosphate – Phospocreatine (ATP-PC) system
(phosphagen system), Glycolysis (lactic acid system), Oxidative
Phosporylation (aerobic system), aerobic, anaerobic.
glycogen, glucose, pyruvic acid, lactic acid.
The three stage process of the aerobic energy system is described.
Element 4
Explain the cardiovascular system and its functions.
Performance criteria
4.1
Explanation describes the anatomy of the cardiovascular system and the
pathway of blood flow through the body.
Range
4.2
atria, ventricles, valves, pulmonary system, systemic system,
arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins.
Explanation describes the physiology of the cardiovascular system.
Range
homoeostasis of fluid balance, thermoregulation, protection,
transport system.
 New Zealand Qualifications Authority 2016
22266 version 1
Page 5 of 6
4.3
Explanation describes cardiac output and its determinants.
Range
4.4
heart rate, stroke volume.
Explanation describes blood pressure and its determinants.
Range
cardiac output, total peripheral resistance blood viscosity.
Element 5
Explain the respiratory system and its functions.
Performance criteria
5.1
Explanation describes the anatomy of the respiratory system.
Range
5.2
Explanation describes the physiology of the respiratory system.
Range
5.3
mouth, nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles,
alveoli.
Explanation describes the mechanics of ventilation.
Range
5.4
mouth, nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles,
alveoli.
ribs, intercostal muscles, diaphragm, inspiration, expiration,
pressure differences.
Explanation describes the transport of gases throughout the body.
Range
mouth and/or nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles,
alveoli, diffusion into blood, transport in blood, diffusion into
tissues.
Element 6
Describe the acute physiological responses and chronic physiological adaptations of the
body’s systems to exercise.
Performance criteria
6.1
Effects of commencing, sustaining and ceasing types of training are described
in terms of acute physiological responses.
Range
types of training – muscular strength, power, hypertrophy and
endurance, flexibility, agility, speed, anaerobic fitness and aerobic
endurance;
physiological responses – cardiorespiratory, cardiovascular
responses, body temperature responses, energy production
(major energy systems used), energy supply (source of energy),
recovery responses (return of systems to homeostasis).
 New Zealand Qualifications Authority 2016
22266 version 1
Page 6 of 6
6.2
Effects of repeated performance of certain types of training are described in
terms of chronic physiological adaptations over time.
Range
types of training – muscular strength, power, hypertrophy and
endurance, flexibility, agility, speed, anaerobic fitness and aerobic
endurance;
physiological adaptations – cardiovascular (capacity, structure,
blood pressure), pulmonary (gas exchange), muscular, skeletal,
metabolic (metabolic rate, thermoregulation), neural, body
composition.
Please note
Providers must be accredited by the Qualifications Authority, or an inter-institutional body
with delegated authority for quality assurance, before they can report credits from
assessment against unit standards or deliver courses of study leading to that assessment.
Industry Training Organisations must be accredited by the Qualifications Authority before
they can register credits from assessment against unit standards.
Accredited providers and Industry Training Organisations assessing against unit standards
must engage with the moderation system that applies to those standards.
Accreditation requirements and an outline of the moderation system that applies to this
standard are outlined in the Accreditation and Moderation Action Plan (AMAP). The
AMAP also includes useful information about special requirements for organisations
wishing to develop education and training programmes, such as minimum qualifications for
tutors and assessors, and special resource requirements.
Comments on this unit standard
Please contact the Sport, Fitness and Recreation Industry Training Organisation
info@sfrito.org.nz if you wish to suggest changes to the content of this unit standard.
 New Zealand Qualifications Authority 2016