Name_______________________________
Science Gateway
Packet
Brookwood High School
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Content and Practice
D. Adaptation and Natural Selection
 Natural Selection
o Idea first stated by __________________ __________________
o “Survival of the __________________”
o Organisms that are best __________________to their environment are more likely to live long
enough to produce offspring and pass their traits on to the next generation.
 Selective Breeding
o Organisms with _______traits are chosen to mate so that their offspring also possess desired
traits.
o Examples: ________________________

Adaptation
o Characteristic of an organism that helps it to better __________ in a given environment.
o Types of adaptations
 Structural: characteristics of an organism’s anatomy. (wings on a bird)
 Physiological: characteristics relating to internal body processes. (antibiotic resistance)
 Behavioral: how an organism acts and responds to its environment. (bird migration)

Evolution
o Change in groups of organisms over a long period of time
o Speciation: members of similar populations no longer interbreed to produce_____________.
o Barriers to prevent interbreeding
o a. geographic isolation (can’t access each other)
o b. reproductive (temporal) isolation (mating time off)
o c. behavioral isolation
o Evidence for evolutionary changes
 Fossils (The deeper the fossil, the ________ it is)
 Comparative anatomy and the study of ____________ structures (Example: human arm,
dolphin fin, bat wing, dog foreleg)
 Comparative ____________ (The fewer the differences in DNA, the closer the organisms are
related)
 Comparative _____________ (Example: all vertebrates have gill slits, tail, and notochord in
early development)
 ______________ evidence (Example: bacteria can quickly become resistant to antibiotics)
Evolution and genetics
Although Darwin assumed that features or characteristics were inherited, he did not know how these
characteristics were passed on. The first scientist to explain how characteristics were inherited was the
Austrian monk Gregor Mendel (1822-1884). He invented the science of genetics, and so enabled the
mechanism of inheritance to be explained. As a result of Mendel's work, it became clear that evolution by
natural selection is made possible by changes in the genetic material that passes from parent to offspring, as a
result of either mutation, or the normal operation of sexual reproduction.
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Biological Systems
System
Circulatory/cariodvascular
Respiratory
Immune
Digestive
Reproductive



Function
Transport ________ to all parts
of the body:
Blood carries: blood, _____,
Nutrients, waste.
Exchange of Oxygen and
__________ between the body
and the environement.
Protect the body from disease
Breakdown food; supply
nutrients to the body
Production of offspring
Major Components
Heart, veins, arteries,
capillaries
Lungs
T-cells, B-cells, Anitbodies,
lymphatic system, spleen
Kidneys (in humans)
Male contributes sperm;
female contributes egg
Brain, spinal cord, nerves
Sense/measure conditions
within & outside the body.
__________________
Respond to these conditions:
movement of muscle, release
adrenaline, control of heart
rate.
Endocrine
Production and release of
Endocrine glands: pituitary,
hormones
adrenal, ovaries, testes, etc.
Cell Membrane (Plasma membrane)
o Surrounds cell
o Selective barrier
o Controls what substances enter and exit the cell
Maintaining a constant and stable environment inside of an organism
Examples:
o Breathe in oxygen
o Breathe out carbon dioxide
o Eat Food
 Energy
 Building Blocks
o Eliminate Waste
o Maintain Temperature
o Blood pH
o Blood sugar
o Kidneys
o Cardiovascular System
o Shivering
o Sweating
o Sunning
o Buffers in our blood
o Roots on a plant
o Leaves on a plant
o Digestive System
o Mitochondria
o Lysosome
o Stomach
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Cell Transport
 Materials Transported into a cell:
o Nutrients
o Water
o Sugar (carbohydrates)
o Ions
o Amino Acids
o Fats
o Oxygen

Materials Transported out of a cell:
o Waste
o Carbon Dioxide
o Proteins
o Sugar
o Hormones

Active Transport- requires ATP (energy); particles move from a ________ to _______ concentration

 Uses Transport Protein
Passive Transport- does not require ATP (energy); particles move from a ________ to _______
concentration; works to result in dynamic equilibrium
o Diffusion- movement of particles down a concentration gradient
o
Osmosis- movement of _________________ through a semi-permeable membrane
o
Facilitated diffusion- movement of particles down a concentration gradient through the use of
a transport protein
Osmosis
o
Movement of water
o
Water makes up about 70% of the cell and is required for transport of food, nutrients, and
waste throughout the body.
o
Water moves from a hypotonic solution to a ________________solution.
o
These are relative terms used to compare two solutions
o
Hypotonic Solution: Lower solute concentration
o
Hypertonic Solution: Greater solute concentration
o
Isotonic Solution: Equal solute concentration
o
Animal Cells need to be surrounded by an isotonic solution
o
Animal cells in a hypotonic solution gain water and will swell and burst
o Animal cells in a hypertonic solution lose water and will shrivel
o Plant Cells need to be surrounded by a hypotonic solution.
o Plant cells in an isotonic solution become flaccid/ limp
o Plant cells in a hypertonic solution lose water undergo ___________________
 Endocytosis
 “Cell eating”
 A cell takes in macromolecules or other substances when regions of the plasma
membrane surround the substance, pinch off, and form a vesicle within the cell
 Exocytosis
 A cell secretes macromolecules –waste, hormones, neurotransmitters, etc.
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Ecological Changes
 Competition
– Two or more organisms require the same resource that is in limited supply.
– Food, shelter, light, water, mates
– The strongest organism will win the competition and will be more likely to live and pass
its genes on to the next generation (natural selection).




The place where an organisms lives:________________
An organism’s role in the environment: _____________
The series of predictable changes that occur in a community over time: ____________
Succession
– The series of ______________ that occurs in a community over time
– Primary succession occurs on a surface where no soil exists. Example: bare rock, areas
covered by volcanic ash
–
_______________ succession occurs in an area where a disturbance changes an existing
community without destroying the soil. Example: plowed land, area burned by wildfire

Ecological Succession
– Stages of Succession
 _______________ (1st Stage)
– Lichens, decomposers, moss, ferns, grass, shrubs, animals.....etc..............
 _______________
 dominant organisms maintain control over ecosystem.
 Pond climax
 Land fills in pond
Genetics/DNA/Heredity
Meiosis
 ____________ reproduction (Why is meiosis required for sexual reproduction?)
 Form gametes (sperm and egg)
 Daughter cells
– _________ produced (two nuclear divisions)
– Haploid (n, cuts the number of chromosomes in _______)
– Different from parent and unique from each other
 Steps
– Prophase I
– Metaphase I
– Anaphase I
– _____________
– Prophase II
– Metaphase II
– Anaphase II
– Telophase II
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 Cells reproduce by means of mitosis or meiosis:
MITOSIS
MEIOSIS
 Produces __________ genetic copies
 Produces _________ or sex cells (sperm and
egg) for sexual reproduction
 1 cell copies its DNA and organelles and then
splits into____ cells
 1 cell copies its DNA and splits into ___ cells
during two cell divisions
 Occurs for the purposes of growth and repair
or asexual reproduction
 Each of the resulting gametes is __________
from the starting cell and from each other
 Happens in body cells
 The end cells have ½ the amount of DNA as
 Consists of Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase,
the starting cell
Telophse
 Happens in cells of the testes and ovaries
only
 Consists of Prophase I, Metaphase I,
Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II,
Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II
GENETICS/DNA
DNA
 Its shape is a twisted ladder, or a _______double helix__________.
 DNA is made up of sugars and phosphates (the side of the “ladder”) and pairs of nitrogen
bases (the steps of the “ladder”). The bases in DNA are called adenine, thymine, guanine,
and cytosine. _A__ always bonds with _T___ and ___G__ always bonds with _C___.
Heredity and Mendelian Genetics
 Genetics: The study of __________(the passing of traits from parents to offspring)
 Gregor Mendel: The father of genetics.
 DNA: Consists of many genes
 Gene: Stretch of DNA that codes for a given___________.
 Allele: Alternate version of a gene
Dominant and Recessive Traits
 Dominant Allele
 Gene that is fully expressed.
 Masks/ “speaks louder than” a recessive allele.
 Recessive Allele
 Masked/not expressed if dominant allele is present.
 Only expressed if dominant allele is absent.
Genotype
The genetic makeup of an organism
 Homozygous: having two of the _______allele
 Heterozygous: having two different alleles.
 Homozygous Dominant: having two dominant alleles
 Homozygous Recessive: having two recessive alleles
 Heterozygous: having one of each allele
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Phenotype
 The physical and physiological traits of an organism
 How the genes are expressed
 What you would see in a photograph
 A _____________can be used to predict the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring
produced by a given genetic cross.
 Generations
 Parental (P): The organisms involved in the initial cross
 First Filial (F1): The offspring of the Parental Generation
 Second Filial (F2): The offspring of the First Filial Generation
Determining Sex
 Human male: _______
 Human female: XX
 Which parent determines the sex of a human offspring? ___________
 What is the probability of having a boy? A girl? 50%/50%
Sex linked traits
 Carried on the X chromosome
 Example: hemophilia, color blindness.
 Disorders occur more often in males than females. Why? Males have one X
chromosome, so if one is defective, they do not have a backup copy as do females.
Mutation
 A change in the base sequence of____________.
 A change in DNA can lead to a change in the protein coded for by that gene.
 A change in the protein structure can lead to certain disorders, for example,
sickle cell anemia.
 Genetics is the scientific study of ________________, or the passing of traits from parents to
offspring.
 Traits are passed by means of _______, or deoxyribonucleic acid. DNA contains segments
called _________ which code for certain ________. These proteins control the traits of an
organism.
 More about DNA:
 DNA makes up the ______________ that are found in the nucleus of a cell.
 DNA is a type of nucleic acid.
 Its shape is a twisted ladder, or a _________________.
 DNA is made up of sugars and phosphates (the side of the “ladder”) and pairs of
nitrogen bases (the steps of the “ladder”). The bases in DNA are called adenine,
thymine, guanine, and cytosine. ___ always bonds with ____ and _____ always bonds
with ____.
 Any change in the base sequence of DNA is known as a _________. Mutations can
lead to a change in the protein that is coded for by the affected gene. This change can
lead to certain disorders like sickle-cell anemia.
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 Important genetics terms:
Gene
Allele
Dominant
Recessive
Homozygous
Heterozygous aka hybrid
Phenotype
Genotype
a. Can be used to determine the possible phenotype and
genotype outcomes of a particular genetic cross
b. Different alleles ex. Aa
c. Different forms of genes ex. Tall or short plants
d. Genetic makeup; allelic characteristic
e. Masked by dominant; lowercase letter
f. Masks recessive; capital letter
g. Segment of DNA that controls the production of proteins;
found on chromosomes
h. Trait; physical appearance, behavior, physiological trait, etc.
i. Two of the same alleles ex. AA or aa
Punnett square
Nutrition
 Macromolecules
o Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids are the organic macromolecules. They are
composed of __________ and ___________ with additional elements and are the building
blocks of all living things.
Also Known As
Components
Carbohydrates
sugars
Monosaccharide
Polymer
Function


Examples
Short Term
___________
Storage
Structure
 Sugars
 Starches

Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
fats
Amino Acids
1 glycerol + 3 Fatty Nucleotide
Acids
(Sugar + Phosphate +
Nitrogenous Base)
NONE
 Store
 ____________  Long Term
 Structure
________
_____________
Storage
Information
 Padding
 Protein Synthesis
 Insulation
 Enzymes
 Body Fat
 DNA
 Muscles
 Oils
 RNA
 Hair & nails
 Wax
 Cell membrane
Food Source
CARBOHYDRATES
 Glucose

–
Required to produce ATP through cellular ______________
–
–
–
Polymer of glucose
Short term energy storage for ______________
Stored in the liver and muscles
Glycogen
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

Starch
–
–
–
Polymer of glucose
Short term energy storage for ___________(example: potato)
Stored in the roots
–
–
–
Polymer of ____________
Structural
Cell walls in plants
Cellulose
LIPIDS
 ______________ storage
 Fats—animals
 Oils—plants
 Padding and Insulation, cell membranes
NUCLEIC ACIDS
 DNA
 Structure- double helix

DNA Replication
– Semi-______________
– Double Helix unwinds, and each strand separates
– Each strand used as template to construct new complementary strand
– Occurs before Mitosis and Meiosis

DNA Determines structure of proteins
– Each group of three bases codes for a single ______________
– Proteins assembled through process of transcription and translation
RNA
 _____________ Ribonucleic Acid (contains ribose rather than deoxyribose).
 Four bases—Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine (Uracil replaces Thymine)
 Three types
– rRNA—forms the _________________
– tRNA—transports amino acids from cytoplasm to ribosomes
– mRNA—carries information for protein structure from DNA to a ribosome
 Composed of __________________
 Uses
 __________________
 Muscle
 Hair
 Nails
 Microtubules
PROTEINS
Protein Synthesis
 Transcription
– Copies information from DNA to mRNA
– mRNA then transported from DNA to a ribosome
 Eukaryotes—mRNA leaves nucleus to find ribosome
 Prokaryotes—no nucleus, transcription and translation can occur simultaneously
– mRNA attaches to ribosome
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Protein Synthesis
 Translation
– Information in mRNA used to construct specific sequence of amino acids
– Information is translated from language of nucleotides to the language of amino acids
– tRNA carries amino acids to ribosomes where they are linked together.
Energy Flow
– sunlight is the main energy source for life on Earth.
 Heterotrophs
– organisms that rely on other organisms for their energy and food supply also called
consumers.
 Autotroph
– organisms which capture energy from sunlight or from chemical compounds to make own
energy
types of producers (autotrophs):
 Chemosynthesis
– when organisms use chemical energy to produce ______________________.
– ex: bacteria in places like ocean vents, hot springs, deep-ocean floors.
 Photosynthesis
– process of organism to convert light energy into carbohydrates
– ex: plants, some bacteria & protists
 types of consumers (heterotrophs):
– _______________- eat producers
 ex: cows, caterpillars, deer
– Carnivores- eat consumers
 ex: snakes, dogs, owls
– Omnivores- eat both consumers and producers
 ex: humans, bears
– _______________- break down organic matter
 ex: bacteria, fungi

Matter and energy change forms by means of food chains and food webs (a series of interconnected
food chains).
– Producers come first in a food chain. Producers are also called __________ and include
plants and other organisms that make their own food (usually through a process known as
______________________).
– Consumers (or _heterotrophs__) are shown in the order in which they consume their food or
prey. Consumers can obtain their food through _____________ or ____________.
– Decomposers are organisms that break down dead organisms and allow nutrients to be
recycled. They come last in a food chain.
– Example of a food chain:
.
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