Advanced Macroeconomics II Shanghai University of Finance and Economics Professor Kevin X.D. Huang Course Description This course builds on Advanced Macroeconomics I and contains three interconnected parts. The first part reviews key stylized facts. We will study both time-series and crosscountry evidence in eight related areas: (1) growth; (2) real business cycle; (3) monetary business cycle; (4) macro-finance; (5) micro-pricing; (6) inequality; (7) consumption and saving; and (8) technology adoption. The second part uses these facts as a guidance to construct and evaluate various modern macro models to provide a parsimonious description of the real world. The goal here is to learn to construct and use a variety of models that can be used to give quantitative answers to a variety of economic questions. These models can be used to produce time series that can be meaningfully related to the data. The third part uses the fact-consistent models to conduct economic policy analysis. Particular attention will be given to the role of money, banking, financial markets, and monetary and fiscal policy in macroeconomics, and the feedback between the real and financial sectors. Over the course, we will develop models with financial frictions that are necessary for understanding a variety of monetary and financial issues facing the private sectors and policymakers, such as the external finance premium, balance sheet constraints on borrowing and lending, liquidity crisis, and credit crunch. We will then apply these models and techniques to study the implications of money and finance for economic growth and business cycles. As the course progresses, both analytical and numerical techniques for solving and estimating stochastic dynamic general equilibrium macro models that have been taught in Advanced Macroeconomics I will be used, so it is useful for students to review those materials before taking this course. Students should come to each lecture prepared to participate in the discussions of related materials. Class discussions are important, and the intention is to have them elaborate and expand upon the materials covered in the class lectures, rather than having the lectures simply replicate these materials. Reference Books Though no official textbook is required for this course, the various books listed below can serve as very useful references. We shall also rely on research articles. The reading list below provides you with a good starting point, though articles that are not currently included in the list can be added on later. Required readings are marked with an asterisk. 1 Note that some of the book chapters are covered in Advanced Macroeconomics I, so it is useful for students to review those materials before coming to the lectures. 1. Sargent, 1987, Dynamic Macroeconomic Theory (Harvard University Press) 2. Stokey and Lucas with Prescott, 1989, Recursive Methods in Economic Dynamics (Harvard University Press) 3. Blanchard and Fisher, 1989, Lectures on Macroeconomics (MIT Press) 4. Mankiw and Romer, 1991, New Keynesian Economics (MIT Press) 5. Hamilton, 1994, Time Series Analysis (Princeton University Press) 6. Kamien and Schwartz, 1995, Dynamic Optimization (North Holland) 7. Barro and Sala-i-Martin, 1995, Economic Growth (McGraw-Hill) 8. Lucas, 1995, Studies in Business-Cycle Theory (MIT Press) 9. Cooley, 1995, Frontiers of Business Cycle Research (Princeton University Press) 10. Aghion and Howitt, 1998, Endogenous Growth Theory (MIT Press) 11. Taylor and Woodford, eds., 1999, Handbook of Macroeconomics 1. 12. Marimon and Scott, 1999, Computational Methods for the Study of Dynamic Economies (Oxford University Press) 13. Ljungqvist and Sargent, 2000, Recursive Macroeconomic Theory (MIT Press) 14. Romer, 2001, Advanced Macroeconomics (McGraw-Hill, the Second Edition) 15. Evans and Honkapohja, 2001, Learning and Expectations in Macroeconomics (Princeton University Press) 16. Woodford, 2003 Interest and Prices: Foundations of a Theory of Monetary Policy (Princeton University Press) 17. Walsh, 2003, Monetary Theory and Policy (MIT Press, 2nd edition) 18. Gali, 2008, Monetary Policy, Inflation, and the Business Cycle: An Introduction to the New Keynesian Framework (Princeton University Press) 19. Wickens, 2008, Macroeconomic Theory: A Dynamic General Equilibrium Approach (Princeton University Press) Readings 1. Multi-Sector Models Lucas and Prescott, 1974, “Equilibrium search and unemployment,” Journal of Economic Theory 7, 188-209. Lilien, 1982, “Sectoral shifts and cyclical unemployment,” Journal of Political Economy 90, 777-793. Abraham and Katz, 1986, “Cyclical unemployment: sectoral shifts or aggregate disturbances?” Journal of Political Economy 94, 507-522. Long and Plosser, 1987, “Sectoral vs. aggregate shocks in the business cycle,” American Economics Association Papers and Proceedings 77, 333-336. Rogerson, 1987, “an equilibrium model of sectoral reallocation,” Journal of Political Economy 95, 824-834. Basu, 1995, Intermediate goods and business cycles: Implications for productivity and welfare,” American Economic Review 85, 512-531.(*) 2 2. Hornstein and Praschnik, 1997, “Intermediate inputs and sectoral comovement in the business cycle,” Journal of Monetary Economics 40, 573-595. Horvath, 1998, “Cyclicality and sectoral linkages: Aggregate fluctuations from independent sector-specific shocks,” Review of Economic Dynamics 1, 781-808.(*) Dupor, 1999, “Aggregation and irrelevance in multi-sector models,” Journal of Monetary Economics 43, 391-409.(*) Huffman and Wynne, 1999, “The role of intratemporal adjustment costs in a multi-sector economy,” Journal of Monetary Economics 601-652. Horvath, 2000, “Sectoral shocks and aggregate fluctuations,” Journal of Monetary Economics 45, 69-106.(*) Bergin and Feenstra, 2000, “Staggered price setting, translog preferences, and endogenous persistence,” Journal of Monetary Economics 45, 657-680. Rogerson, 2005, “Sectoral shocks, specific human capital and displaced workers,” Review of Economic Dynamics 8, 89-105. Ngai and Pissarides, 2007, “Structural change in a multi-sector model of growth,” American Economic Review 97(1): 429–443.(*) Ngai and Samaniego, 2006, “An R&D-based model of multi-sector growth.” Nakamura and Steisson, 2006, “Monetary non-neutrality in a multi-sector menu cost model.” Quarterly Journal of Economics, forthcoming (*) Bachmann and Burda, 2007, “Sectoral transformation, turbulence, and labor market dynamics in Germany.” Ngai and Pissarides, 2007, “Trends in hours and economic growth.” Iacoviello, Schiantarelli, and Schuh, 2009, “Input and output inventories in general equilibrium.” Micro Pricing Klenow and Kryvtsov, 2003, “State-dependent pricing or time-dependent pricing: does it matter for recent U.S. inflation?” Bils and Klenow, 2004, “Some evidence on the importance of sticky prices,” Journal of Political Economy 112, 947-985.(*) Baharad and Eden, 2004, “Price rigidity and price dispersion: evidence from micro data,” Review of Economic Dynamics 7, 613-641. Midrigan, 2005, “Is firm pricing state or time-dependent? evidence from US manufacturing and general equilibrium implications.”(*) Dhyne, et al., 2005, “Price setting in the euro area: some stylized facts from individual consumer price data,” ECB Working Paper 524. Fabiani, et al., 2005, “The pricing behavior of firms in the euro area: new survey evidence,” ECB Working Paper 535. Alvarez, et al., 2005, “Sticky prices in the euro area: a summary of new micro evidence,” ECB Working Paper 563. Klenow and Willis, 2007, “Real rigidity and nominal price changes,” Journal of Monetary Economics forthcoming.(*) 3 3. Nakamura and Steinsson, 2007, “Five facts about prices: a reevaluation of menu cost models.”(*) Kehoe and Midrigan, 2007, “Sales and the real effects of monetary policy.”(*) Levy, Chen, Ray, and Bergen, 2007, “Asymmetric price adjustment in the small,” Kiel Working Paper 1356. Zbaracki, Levy, and Bergen, 2007, “The anatomy of a price cut: Discovering organizational sources of the costs of price adjustment.” Bewley, 2007, “Report on an ongoing field study of pricing as it relates to menu costs.” Campbell and Eden, 2007, “Rigid prices: evidence from the U.S. scanner data.” Vermeulen, et al., 2007, “Price setting in the euro area: some stylized facts from individual producer price data,” ECB Working Paper 727. Optimal Monetary/Fiscal Policy Woodford: Chapters 2-4.(*) Lucas and Stokey, 1983, “Optimal fiscal and monetary policy in an economy without capital,” Journal of Monetary Economics 12, 55-93.(*) Chari, Christiano, and Kehoe, 1991, “Optimal fiscal and monetary policy: Some recent results.” Journal of Money Credit and Banking 23, 519-539.(*) Goodfriend and King, 1997, “The new neoclassical synthesis and the role of monetary policy,” in: Bernanke and Rotemberg, eds., NBER Macroeconomics Annual, 493-530. Chari and Kehoe, 1999, “Optimal fiscal and monetary policy,” in: Taylor and Woodford, eds., Handbook of Macroeconomics 1, 1671-1745.(*) Woodford, 1999, “Optimal monetary policy inertia,” NBER Working Paper 7261. Erceg, Henderson, and Levin, 2000, “Optimal monetary policy with staggered wage and price contracts,” Journal of Monetary Economics 46, 281-313. Aoki, 2001, ``Optimal monetary policy responses to relative-price changes,'' Journal of Monetary Economics 48, 55-80. Benigno and Woodford, 2003, “Optimal monetary and fiscal policy: A linearquadratic approach,” NBER Macroeconomics Annual. Khan, King, and Wolman, 2003, “Optimal monetary policy,” Review of Economic Studies 70, 825-860.(*) Woodford, 2003, “Optimal interest-rate smoothing,” Review of Economic Studies 70, 861-886. Schmitt-Grohe and Uribe, 2004, “Optimal fiscal and monetary policy under imperfect competition,” Journal of Macroeconomics 26, 183-209. Schmitt-Grohe and Uribe, 2004, “Optimal fiscal and monetary policy under sticky prices,” Journal of Economic Theory 114, 198-230. Benigno and Woodford, 2004, “Optimal stabilization policy when wages and prices are sticky: The case of a distorted steady state,” NBER Working Paper 10839. 4 4. Huang and Liu, 2005. “Inflation targeting: what inflation rate to target?” Journal of Monetary Economics 52(8), 1435-1462. Yun, 2005, “Optimal monetary policy with relative price distortions,” American Economic Review 95, 89-109.(*) Schmitt-Grohe and Uribe, 2006, “Optimal fiscal and monetary policy in a medium scale macroeconomic model,” in: Gertler and Rogoff, eds., NBER Macroeconomics Annual 20. Benigno and Woodford, 2006, “Optimal inflation targeting under alternative fiscal regimes.” Lorenzoni, 2008, “Optimal monetary policy with uncertain fundamentals.” Curdia and Woodford, 2008, “Credit frictions and optimal monetary policy.” New Dynamic Optimal Taxation 5. Golosov, Kocherlakota, and Tsyvinski, 2003, “Optimal indirect and capital taxation,” Review of Economic Studies 70, 569-88. Kocherlakota, 2005, “Zero Expected Wealth Taxes: A Mirrlees Approach to Dynamic Optimal Taxation,” Econometrica 73, 1587-1621. Battaglini and Coate, 2005, “Pareto efficient income taxation with stochastic abilities.” Farhi and Werning, 2005 “Inequality, social discounting, and progressive estate taxation.” Kapicka, 2005, “Optimal taxation with human capital accumulation,” Mimeo. Da Costa and Werning, 2005, “On the optimality of the Friedman rule with heterogeneous agents and nonlinear income taxation.” Albanesi and Sleet, 2006, “Dynamic optimal taxation with private information,” Review of Economic Studies (forthcoming). Golosov and Tsyvinski, 2006, “Optimal taxation with endogenous insurance markets,” Quarterly Journal of Economics (forthcoming). Golosov and Tsyvinski, 2006, “Designing optimal disability insurance: a case for asset-testing,” Journal of Political Economy (forthcoming). Acemoglu, Golosov, and Tsyvinski, 2006, “Markets versus governments: Political economy of mechanisms.” Time-Inconsistency Issues Romer: Chapter 10.(*) Kydland and Prescott, 1977, “Rules rather than discretion: The inconsistency of optimal plans,” Journal of Political Economy 85, 473-491.(*) Barro and Gordon, 1983, “Rules, discretion, and reputation in a model of monetary policy,” Journal of Monetary Economics 12, 101-121.(*) Barro and Gordon, 1983, “A positive theory of monetary policy in a natural rate model,” Journal of Political Economy 91, 589-610. Canzoneri, 1985, “Monetary policy games and the role of private information,” American Economic Review 75, 1056-1070. 5 6. Rogoff, 1985, “The optimal degree of commitment to an intermediate monetary target,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 100, 169-190.(*) Backus and Driffill, 1985, “Inflation and reputation,” American Economic Review 75, 530-538. Lohmann, 1992, “Optimal commitment in monetary policy: Credibility versus flexibility,” American Economic Review 82, 272-286. Taylor, 1993, “Discretion versus policy rules in practice,” Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy 39, 195-214.(*) Persson and Tabellini, 1993, “Designing institutions for monetary stability,” Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy 39, 53-84. Al-Nowaihi and Levine, 1994, “Can reputation resolve the monetary policy creditability problem?” Journal of Monetary Economics 33, 355-380. Walsh, 1995, “Optimal contracts for central bankers,” American Economic Review 85, 150-167.(*) Beetsma and Jensen, 1996, “Inflation targets and contracts with uncertain central bank preferences,” Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking 30, 384403. Sevensson, 1997, “Optimal inflation targets: ‘Conservative central bank and linear inflation contracts,” American Economic Review 87, 98-111. Fernández-Villaverde and Tsyvinski, 2002, “Optimal fiscal policy in a business cycle model without commitment,” Mimeo. Walsh, 2003, “Speed limit policies: The output gap and optimal monetary policy,” American Economic Review 93, 265-278.(*) Dixit and Lambertini, 2003, “Interactions of commitment and discretion in monetary and fiscal policies,” American Economic Review 93, 1522-1542. Alvarez, Kehoe, and Neumeyer, 2004, “The time consistency of optimal monetary and fiscal policies,” Econometrica 72, 541-567.(*) Athey, Atkeson, and Kehoe, 2005, “The optimal degree of discretion in monetary policy” Econometrica 73, 1431-1475.(*) Surico, 2008. “Measuring the time-inconsistency of U.S. monetary policy,” Economica 75, 22-35. Chari and Kehoe, 2008. “Time inconsistency and free-riding in a monetary union,” Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking 40(7), 1329-1356. Adam and Billi, 2008. “Monetary conservatism and fiscal policy,” Journal of Monetary Economics 55 (8), 1376-1388.(*) State-Dependent Pricing Danziger, 1999, “A dynamic economy with costly price adjustments,” American Economic Review 89, 878-901. Dotsey, King, and Wolman, 1999, “State-dependent pricing and the general equilibrium dynamics of money and output,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 114, 655-690.(*) Golosov and Lucas, 2004, “Menu costs and Phillips curves,” NBER Working Paper 10187.(*) 6 7. Dotsey and King, 2005, “Implications of state-dependent pricing for dynamic macroeconomic models,” Journal of Monetary Economics 52, 213-242. Dotsey and King, 2005, “Production, pricing and persistence,” Journal of the European Economic Association (forthcoming). Ahlin and Shintani, 2005, “Menu costs and Markov inflation: A theoretical revision with new evidence,” Journal of Monetary Economics (forthcoming). Burstein, 2005, “Inflation and output dynamics with state-dependent pricing decisions,” Journal of Monetary Economics (forthcoming). Burstein and Hellwig, 2007, “Prices and market shares in a menu cost model.” Dhyne, et al., 2007, “Lumpy price adjustments: a microeconomic analysis.” Gertler and Leahy, 2008. “A Phillips curve with an Ss foundation,” Journal of Political Economy 116(3), 533-572. (*) Alessandria, Kaboski and Midrigan, 2008, “Inventories, lumpy trade, and large devaluations,” NBER Working Paper 13790 (forthcoming in AER) (*) Midrigan, 2009, “Menu costs, multi-product firms, and aggregate fluctuations.”(*) Sticky Price versus Sticky Information Mankiw and Reis, 2002, “Sticky information versus sticky prices: A proposal to replace the new Keynesian Phillips curve,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 117, 1295-1328.(*) Sims, 2003, “Implications of rational inattention,” Journal of Monetary Economics 50, 665-690. Ascari, 2004, “Staggered prices and trend inflation: some nuisances,” Review of Economic Dynamics 7, 642-667. Reis, 2005, “Inattentive consumers,” Journal of Monetary Economics 52, 703725.(*) Dupor and Tsuruga, 2005, “Sticky information: The impact of different information updating assumptions,” Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking 37, 1143-1152.(*) Kiley, 2005, “A quantitative comparison of sticky-price and stickyinformation models of price setting.” Laforte, 2005, “Pricing models: A Bayesian DSGE approach to the US economy.” Reis, 2006, “Inattentive producers,” Review of Economic Studies 73, 793821.(*) Sims, 2006, “Rational inattention: Beyond the linear-quadratic case,” American Economics Association Papers and Proceedings 96, 158-163. Khan and Zhu, 2006, “Estimates of sticky-information Phillips curve for the Untied States,” Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking 38, 195-208. Easaw and Ghoshray, 2006, “Agent-based learning in 'islands' with 'sticky information': An explanation for the persistence of real effects,” Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking 38, 263-268. Mankiw and Reis, 2006, “Pervasive stickiness.” Mankiw and Reis, 2006, “Sticky information in general equilibrium.” 7 8. Mash, 2007, “Endogenous indexing and monetary policy models,” Kiel Discussion Paper 2007-36. Steinsson, 2008, “The dynamic behavior of the real exchange rate in sticky price models,” American Economic Review 98, 519-533. Dupor, Kitamura, and Tsuruga, 2009, “Integrating sticky prices and sticky information.” Forthcoming in the Review of Economics and Statistics. Technology Adoption and Cross-Country Comparison 9. Barro and Sala-i-Martin: Chapters 8 and 10-12.(*) Aghion and Howitt: Chapter 10.(*) Eaton and Kortum, 2002, “Technology, geography, and trade,” Econometrica 70, 1741-1779.(*) Khan and Ravikumar, 2002, “Costly technology adoption and capital accumulation,” Review of Economic Dynamics 5, 489-502. Comin and Hobijn, 2004, “Cross-country technology adoption: making the theories face the facts,” Journal of Monetary Economics 51, 39-83.(*) Jovanovic, 2006, “the technology cycle and inequality.”(*) Kim, 2006, “Financial institutions, technology diffusion and trade.” Comin and Hobijn, 2006, “Five facts you need to know about technology diffusion,” NBER Working Paper 11928.(*) Comin and Hobijn, 2006, “World technology usage lags,” NBER Working Paper 12677.(*) Comin and Hobijn, 2007, “Implementing technology,” NBER Working Paper 12886. Lahiri and Ratnasiri, 2007, “Concerning technology adoption and inequality.” Consumption and Saving Blanchard and Fisher: Chapters 2 and 6. Romer: Chapter 7.(*) Nagatani, 1972, “Life cycle saving: theory and fact,” American Economic Review 62, 344-353. Hall, 1978, “Stochastic implications of the life cycle-permanent income hypothesis: theory and evidence,” Journal of Political Economy 86, 971987.(*) Hall and Mishkin, 1982, “The sensitivity of consumption to transitory income: estimates from panel data on households,” Econometrica 50, 61-481.(*) Browning, Deaton, and Irish, 1985, “A profitable approach to labor supply and commodity demands over the life-cycle,” Econometrica 53, 503-543.(*) Zeldes, 1989, “Consumption and liquidity constraints: an empirical investigation,” Journal of Political Economy 97, 305-346.(*) Cochrane, 1991, “A simple test of consumption insurance,” Journal of Political Economy 99, 957-976. 8 Mankiw and Zeldes, 1991, “The consumption of stockholders and nonstockholders,” Journal of Financial Economics 29, 97-112. Attanasio and Weber, 1993, “Consumption growth, the interest rate and aggregation,” Review of Economic Studies 60, 631-649.(*) Hubbard, Skinner, and Zeldes, 1994, “The importance of precautionary motives in explaining individual and aggregate saving,” Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy 40, 59-125.(*) Carroll, 1994, “How does future income affect current consumption?” Quarterly Journal of Economics 109, 111-147.(*) Attanasio and Browning, 1995, “Consumption over the life cycle and over the business cycle,” American Economic Review 85, 1118-1137.(*) Attanasio and Weber, 1995, “Is consumption growth consistent with intertemporal optimization? evidence from the consumer expenditure survey,” Journal of Political Economy 103, 1121-1157.(*) Attanasio and Davis, 1996, “Relative wage movements and the distribution of consumption,” Journal of Political Economy 104, 1227-1262.(*) Carroll, 1997, “Buffer-stock saving and the life cycle/permanent income hypothesis,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 112, 1-55.(*) Attanasio, 1998, “Cohort analysis of saving behavior by U.S. households,” Journal of Human Resources 33, 575-609. Attanasio, 1999, “Consumption,” Chapter 11 of the Handbook of Macroeconomics, Vol 1, Taylor and Woodford (eds.), Elsevier Science B.V.(*) Attanasio, Banks, Meghir, and Weber, 1999, “Humps and bumps in lifetime consumption,” Journal of Business and Economic Statistics 17, 22-35. Browning and Crossley, 2001, “The life-cycle model of consumption and saving,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 15, 3-22.(*) Butler, 2001, “Neoclassical life-cycle consumption: a textbook example,” Economic Theory 17, 209-221. Gourinchas and Parker, 2002, “Consumption over the life cycle,” Econometrica 70, 47-89.(*) Ameriks, Caplin, and Leahy, 2002, “Retirement consumption: insight from a survey,” NBER Working Paper 8735. Laitner and Silverman, 2004, “Estimating life-cycle parameters from the retirement-consumption puzzle.” Modigliani and Cao, 2004. “The Chinese saving puzzle and the life-cycle hypothesis.” Journal of Economic Literature 42(1), 145-170.(*) Feigenbaum, 2005, “Can mortality risk explain the consumption hump?” Journal of Macroeconomics (forthcoming). Bullard and Feigenbaum, 2005, “A leisurely reading of the life-cycle consumption data,” Journal of Monetary Economics (forthcoming). Fernandez-Villaverde and Krueger, 2007, “Consumption over the life cycle: facts from consumer expenditure survey data,” Review of Economics and Statistics (forthcoming) 9 10. 11. Fernandez-Villaverde and Krueger, 2007, “Life-cycle consumption, debt constraints, and durable goods.” Zhang, 2008, “Identify EIS using correct portfolio weights.” Wei and Zhang, 2009. “The competitive saving motive: Evidence from rising sex ratio and saving rate in China.” NBER Working Paper 5093. Chao, Laffargue, and Yu, 2010. “The Chinese saving puzzle and the life-cycle hypothesis. A revaluation.”(*) Monetary Policy and Asset Prices Bernanke and Gertler, 1999, “Monetary policy and asset price volatility.” KCFED Working Paper. Bernanke and Gertler, 2001, “Should central banks respond to movements in asset prices?” Dupor, 2002, “Nominal price versus asset price stabilization.” Filardo, 2001, “Should monetary policy respond to asset price bubbles? Some experimental results.” KCFED Working Paper. Bean, 2003, “Asset prices, financial imbalances, and monetary policy: are inflation targets enough?” BIS Working Paper 140. Filardo, 2006, “Asset price bubbles and monetary policy: a multivariate extension.” BIS Working Paper. Mester, 2009, “Central bank policies and asset prices.” Basic Models with Financial Frictions Scheinkman and Weiss, 1986, Borrowing constraints and aggregate economic activity,” Econometrica 54, 23-45. Bernanke and Gertler, 1989, “Agency costs, net worth, and business fluctuations,” American Economic Review 79(1), 14-31. Kiyotaki and Moore, 1997, “Credit cycles,” Journal of Political Economy 105, 211-248. Kiyotaki and Moore, 1997, “Credit chains.” Krishnamurthy, 2003, “Collateral constraints and the amplification mechanism,” Journal of Economic Theory 111, 277-292. Allen and Gale, 2004, “Financial fragility, liquidity, and asset prices,” Journal of European Economic Association 2(6), 1015-1048. Kiyotaki and Moore, 2005, “Liquidity and asset prices,” International Economic Review 46, 317-349. Iacoviello and Minetti, 2006, “Liquidity cycles.” Fostel and Geanakopolis, 2008, “Leverage cycles and anxious economy,” American Economic Review 98(4), 1211-1244. Rampini and Viswanathan, 2008, “Collateral, financial intermediation, and the distribution of debt capacity.” Hopenhayn and Werning, 2008, “Equilibrium default.” 10 Lorenzoni, 2008, “Inefficient credit booms,” Review of Economic Studies 75(3), 809-833. Allen and Carletti, 2008, “Mark-to-market accounting and liquidity pricing,” Journal of Accounting and Economics 45, 358-378. Allen and Carletti, 2008, :Financial system: shock absorber or amplifier?” BIS Working Paper 257. Allen, Carletti, and Gale, 2008, “Interbank market liquidity and central bank intervention.” Brunnermeier and Pedersen, 2009, “Market liquidity and funding liquidity,” Review of Financial Studies 22(6), 2201-2238. Brunnermeier and Yogo, 2009, “A note on liquidity risk management,” American Economic Review 99(2), 578-83. Gilchrist, Yankov, and Zakrasjek, 2009, “Credit market shocks and economic fluctuations: evidence from corporate bond and stock markets.” Caballero and Kurla, 2009, “Public-private partnerships for liquidity provision.” Acharya and Viswanathan, 2009, “Leverage, moral hazard, and liquidity.” Acharya, Gale, and Yorulmazer, 2009, “Rollover risk and market freezes.” Chapman, Chiu, and Molico, 2009, “Central bank haircut policy.” Freixas, Martin, and Skeie, 2009, “Bank liquidity, interbank markets, and monetary policy.” Heider, Hoerova, and Holthausen, 2009, “Liquidity hoarding and interbank market spreads: The role of counterparty risk.” Diamond and Rajan, 2009, “Illiquidity and interest rate policy.” 12. More Advanced Models in Macro and Finance Fuerst, 1992, “Liquidity, loanable funds, and real activity,” Journal of Monetary Economics 29, 3-24. King and Levine, 1993, “Finance and growth: Schumpeter might be right,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 108(3), 717-737. Carlstrom and Fuerst, 1997, “Agency costs, net worth, and business fluctuations: a computable general equilibrium analysis,” American Economic Review 87, 893-910. Holmstrom and Tirole, 1997, “Financial intermediation, loanable funds, and the real sector,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 112(3), 663-691. Kocherlakota, 1998, “the effect of moral hazard on asset prices when financial markets are complete,” Journal of Monetary Economics 41, 39-56. Bernanke, Gertler, and Gilchrist, 1999, “The financial accelerator in a quantitative business cycle framework,” Handbook of Macroeconomics Vol. 1C, 1341-1393. Levine, Loayza, and Beck, 2000, “Financial intermediation and growth: causality and causes,” Journal of Monetary Economics 46, 31-77. Wurgler, 2000, “Financial markets and the allocation of capital,” Journal of Financial Economics 58, 187-214. 11 Kocherlakota, 2000, “Creating business cycles through credit constraints,” FED Minneapolis Quarterly Review 24(3), 2-10. Beck and Levine, 2002, “Industry growth and capital allocation: does having a market-or bank-based system matter,” Journal of Financial Economics 64,147-180. Rampini, 2004, “Entrepreneurial activity, risk, and the business cycle,” Journal of Monetary Economics 51, 555-573. Christiano, Motto, and Rostagno, 2004, “The Great Depression and the Friedman-Schwartz Hypothesis,” ECB Working Paper 326. Almeida and Wolfenzon, 2005, “The effect of external finance on the equilibrium allocation of capital,” Journal of Financial Economics 75,133164. Iacoviello, 2005, “Housing prices, borrowing constraints, and monetary policy in the business cycle,” American Economic Review 95(3), 739-764. Gorton and Krishnamurthy,, 2005, “Equilibrium asset prices under imperfect corporate control,” American Economic Review 95(2), 659-681. Gomes, Yaron, and Zhang, 2006, “Asset pricing implications of firms’ financing constraints,” Review of Financial Studies 19(4), 1321-1356. Goodfriend and McCallum, 2007, “Banking and interest rates in monetary policy analysis: a quantitative exploration,” Journal of Monetary Economics 54(5), 1480-1507. Faia and Monacelli, 2007, “Optimal interest rate rules, asset prices, and credit frictions,” Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 31(10), 3228-3254. Lorenzoni and Walentin, 2008, “Financial frictions, investment, and Tobin’s Q.” Adrian and Shin, 2008, “Money, liquidity, and monetary policy.” Kiyotaki and Moore, 2008, “Liquidity, business cycles, and monetary policy.” De Graeve, 2008, “The external finance premium and the macroeconomy: U.S. post-WW II evidence.” Fecht, Huang, and Martin, 2008, “Financial intermediaries, markets, and growth,” Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking 40(4), 701-720. Jermann and Quadrini, 2008, “Financial innovation and macroeconomic volatility.” Gilchrist, Ortiz, and Zakrasjek, 2009, “Credit risk and the macroeconomy: evidence from an estimated DSGE model.” Monacelli, 2009, “New Keynesian models, durable goods, and collateral constraints,” Journal of Monetary Economics 56(2). De Fiore and Tristani, 2009, “Optimal monetary policy in a model of the credit channel,” ECB Working Paper 1043. Shleifer and Vishny, 2009, “Unstable banking.” Christiano, Motto, and Rostagno, 2009, “Financial factors in economic fluctuations.” Gertler and Karadi, 2009, “A model of unconventional monetary policy.” Gerali, Neri, Sessa, and Signoretti, 2009, “Credit and banking in a DSGE model of the Euro area.” 12 Gertler and Kiyotaki, 2009, “Financial intermediation and credit policy in business cycle analysis.” 13. Empirical Evidence on the Credit Channel Bernanke, 1983. “Nonmonetary effects of the financial crisis in the propagation of the Great Depression.” American Economic Review 73(3), 257-276. King, 1986. “Monetary transmission: Through bank loans or bank liabilities?” Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking 18(3), 290-303. Gertler, 1988. “Financial structure and aggregate activity: An overview.” Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking 20(3), 559-588. Romer and Romer, 1990. “New evidence on the monetary transmission mechanism.” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 1, 149-198. Bernanke and Lown, 1992. “The credit crunch.” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 2, 205-239. Gertler and Gilchrist, 1993. “The role of credit market imperfections in the monetary transmission mechanism: Arguments and evidence.” Scandinavian Journal of Economics 95(1), 43-64. Gertler and Gilchrist, 1994. “Monetary policy, business cycles and the behavior of small manufacturing firms.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 109(2), 309-340. Ramey, 1993. “How important is the credit channel in the transmission of monetary policy?” Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy 39, 1-45. Kashyap, Stein, and Wilcox, 1993. “Monetary policy and credit conditions: Evidence from the composition of external finance.” American Economic Review 83(1), 78-98. Kashyap and Stein, 1994. “Monetary policy and bank lending.” In: Mankiw (ed.), Monetary Policy (University of Chicago Press), 221-256. Kashyap, Lamont, and Stein, 1994. “Credit conditions and the cyclical behavior of inventories.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 109(3), 565-592. Federal Reserve Bank of New York, 1994. Studies on Causes and Consequences of the 1989-92 Credit Slowdown. Hubbard, 1995. “Is there a credit channel for monetary policy?” Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review 77(3), 63-77. Peek and Rosengren (eds.), 1995. Is Bank Lending Important for the Transmission of Monetary Policy? Federal Reserve Bank of Boston Conference Series No. 39. Bernanke, Gertler, and Gilchrist, 1996. “The financial accelerator and the flight to quality.” Review of Economics and Statistics 78(1), 1-15. Oliner and Rudebbusch, 1995. “Is there a bank lending channel for monetary policy?” Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Economic Review, 3-20. Oliner and Rudebbusch, 1996. “Is there a broad credit channel for monetary policy?” Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Economic Review, 3-13. 13 Oliner and Rudebbusch, 1996. “Monetary policy and credit conditions: Evidence from the composition of external finance: Comment.” American Economic Review 86(1), 300-309 14. Knightian Uncertainty and Higher-Order Beliefs 15. Epstein and Wang, 1994. “Intertemporal asset pricing under Knightian uncertainty,” Econometrica 62(2), 283-322. 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