Good Morning Ladies!
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Prayer
Pass back homework
Trade & Grade Genetics & Protein Synthesis 5
Purple Review Sheet
HW: Study for the TEST TOMORROW
Tomorrow is a double period
(1) practice Part II Regents genetics questions
(2) TEST
 10 vocabulary
 30 multiple choice
 5 short answer
Living Environment
Genetics & Protein Synthesis Review Sheet
Name _______________________________________________
Our test on Genetics and Protein Synthesis is on FRIDAY, April 30.
We will have review

in class on Thursday
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2:45 pm on Thursday – Room 305

7:15 am Friday – Room 301
I need the following to study:
 DNA Structure & Protein Synthesis Note Packet
 Gene Expression Note Packet
 Mutations Note Packet
 Biotechnology Note Packet
 Genetics & Protein Synthesis Quiz
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
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
Genetics & Protein Synthesis Homeworks 1 – 5
(answers on wikispace)
Genetics & Protein Synthesis Vocab Packet
Review Book – Topic 3 Readings
Wikispace – awesome review links!
This review sheet
Topics I need to know:
 Genes
 Structure of DNA
 Nucleotides
 DNA vs. RNA
 DNA Replication
 Transcription
 Translation
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Gene Expression
Mutations
Biotechnology
Genetic Engineering (gene splicing)
Genetically Modified Organisms
Selective Breeding
I should be able to:
Define gene
a segment of DNA (on a chromosome) that
contains the code for a specific trait
List the parts of a nucleotide
(1) sugar (deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA)
(2) phosphate group
(3) nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, guanine,
cytosine; uracil in RNA)
Compare and contrast DNA and RNA
Ribose
Deoxyribose
A, T, C, G
Made of
nucleotides
found all over cell
In the nucleus
Double Stranded
A, U, G, C
Genetic codes
Single Strand
Messenger, transfer,
ribosomal
Replicate DNA by making the complementary
strand
ATG CTA GTC GAT
TAC GAT CAG CTC  Complementary strand
Transcribe an RNA segment from a DNA segment
ATG CTA GTC GAT  DNA Template
UAC GAU CAG CUA  mRNA strand
Translate an RNA segment into its amino acids
UAC|GAU|CAG|CUA  mRNA strand
 Amino Acid sequence to
make a protein (polypeptide!)
State what affects gene expression
Factors in the environment (such as radiation,
chemicals, viruses)
Define mutation
any alteration in the sequence of bases in DNA
Give examples of mutations
(insertion, deletion, substitution)
ATG|CTA|GAT|C - insertion
ATG|AGA|TC
- deletion
ATG|GTA|GAT - substitution
State effects of mutations on phenotypes or
proteins made
1. Sometimes nothing (neutral) because it still
codes for the same amino acid  same
protein
2. Sometimes lethal – kills the organism
3. Sometimes beneficial – reproductive
advantage (makes organism better-suited for
environment so they can have lots of babies)
4. Sometimes harmful – causes genetic
disease (i.e. sickle-cell anemia) or cancer!
Give examples of biotechnology
1. Selective breeding
(Artificial selection)
3. Genetically modified
organisms
2. Genetic engineering
(gene splicing)
4. Cloning
Know the steps of gene splicing (genetic
engineering)
1. Cut out the desired gene using a specific
enzyme
2. Insert (Splice) the gene into the DNA of
another organism
3. The genetically modified organism now
expresses that gene (makes the protein the
gene codes for)
Give an example of gene splicing
Human gene for insulin is spliced into bacteria.
The bacteria then make human insulin.
Interpret a drawing of gene splicing
Give pros and cons of selective breeding (artificial selection)
Pros
Cons
Put desirable traits together
Advantages of both parents
Could eliminate diseases or
harmful traits
Can’t always predict outcome
Disadvantages of parents too
Less genetic diversity
Give pros and cons of genetically modified organisms
Pros
Can feed lots of people
Less chemicals (pesticides, herbicides)
Less harm to environment
Disease resistance
Tolerance to stress like drought
Cons
Unknown safety to consumers
Unknown effects on ecosystems
Domination by companies who
make GM seeds – make $
Ethics – rights of animals
Not always labeled or regulated
Compare and contrast selective breeding (artificial selection) and genetic
engineering (gene splicing)
Selective breeding
mating two
organisms
selecting
desirable
traits
can take a
long time
Gene Splicing
Changing the
DNA in a
population
no mating
(putting gene of
one organism
into another)
Biotechnology
usually faster
*May result in loss
of biodiversity
(offspring made to
have similar traits)
Ex: bacteria that
make human
insulin