LIS 620 Conservation of Library and Archival Materials Spring 2013 LIS 620 Conservation of Library and Archival Materials Spring 2013 Wednesday, 5:00-7:40 Hamilton Library, Room 552 Instructor: Office: Office Hours: Phone: E-mail: Deborah F. Dunn Hamilton Library, Preservation Department, Room 552 By appointment office: 956-2471 cell: 779-9046 ddunn@hawaii.edu Course Description This course is a survey of the structure and deterioration of primarily paper-based materials found in library, archives and museum collections. Conservation treatments for delaying deterioration will be explored from the point of view of the librarian, archivist and museum collections manager. A hands-on approach will provide students with an opportunity to analyze the condition of collection items, test practical treatments, re-housing options, and understand the role of conservation in a preservation plan. At the end of the course students should be able to respond to questions about book repair of circulating collections and discuss the roles of qualified paper and book conservators in the treatment of special library collections. Students will perform beginning level book and paper treatments, while determining when to involve other trained professionals. Those working in small libraries will learn to establish a sorting and mending area for their collections. Finally, the class will practice leadership skills by creating a public event in observance of the American Library Association’s Annual Preservation Week Initiative in April 2013. Pre-requisite: LIS 619 Preservation Management Student Learning Outcomes SLO 2. Develop administrate, assess and advocate for information services by exercising principled communication, teamwork and leadership skills 2a. demonstrate understanding of leadership 2b. work effectively in teams 2c. develop, manage and assess information services for specific user groups 2d. create instructional and outreach programs 2e. demonstrate the ability to advocate effectively for information services SLO 3. Organize, archive, preserve, retrieve, manage, evaluate and disseminate information resources in a variety of formats 3a. demonstrate understanding of the processes by which information is created, evaluated and disseminated 3d. demonstrate understanding of issues and techniques of preservation of physical and digital objects SLO 4. Evaluate and use the latest information technologies, research findings and methods 4b. integrate emerging technologies into professional practice 4c. apply current research findings to professional practice SLO 5. Engage in projects and assignments dealing with multi-cultural communities and representing diverse points of view 5a. communicate and collaborate with diverse colleagues, information seekers and community stakeholders 5b. demonstrate understanding of the social and cultural context of information services and systems 1 University of Hawaii at Manoa/Dunn/2013 LIS 620 Conservation of Library and Archival Materials Spring 2013 5c. apply LIS principles to meet the needs of native Hawaiian and Asia Pacific and to promote cultural sustainability Course Objectives The student will be able to: Develop the ability to evaluate damage to paper based collections and propose manual treatments and storage solutions. Evaluate the environment in which collections deteriorate and propose adjustments to temperature, humidity, housekeeping practices, and user and staff education modules. Perform a series of basic book repair techniques and paper conservation practices, being mindful the American Institute of Conservation national conservation code of ethics and best practices. Write condition reports for a variety of media and participate in a group analysis of student work. Create a library and archives portfolio of methods and samples of conservation treatments performed in class. Develop leadership skills through teamwork project planning, decision-making and implementation of preservation activities (at Hamilton Library) in observance of the 4 th Annual ALA National Preservation Week. Research Methods Students will practice assessments of paper collections and object media, research methods of approach, perform, document and evaluate the proposed treatments. Teaching Method Lectures, class discussions, demonstrations, guest star lecturers, readings, student presentations, handson experience through practicum choices and one field trip. Technology requirements Students must use a computer and printer to complete written assignments. A digital camera is helpful for treatment documentation. Ability to search online. Textbooks The required textbook is Preservation and Conservation for Libraries and Archives, by Nelly Balloffet, Jenny Hille and Judith A. Reed, published by ALA, 2005. Hard copies are reserved at the UH Bookstore, or an ebook may be purchased online. Chapters from this publication will be assigned, as well as additional required readings. You may look at the recommended readings by choice for further understanding of the topics. Free online resources BonaDea, Artemis, Conservation Book Repair: A Training Manual, Alaska State Library, Alaska Department of Education, 1995. www.library.state.ak.us/hist/conman.html Other textbooks are catalogues that advertise archival quality materials and conservation equipment, tools and supplies. Be sure to bring your copies to class, as we will use them in some exercises. Alternatively, you may view the catalogs online at: Archival Products Catalog www.archival.com/productcatalog/index.shtml University Products http://www.universityproducts.com/main2.html 2 University of Hawaii at Manoa/Dunn/2013 LIS 620 Conservation of Library and Archival Materials Spring 2013 Instructor’s Expectations It is essential to come prepared, having read the assigned articles and chapters before each class. Students are expected to attend every class to proceed competently through the semester. Everyone must follow strict safety rules in the lab. See Lab Safety & Etiquette. Assignments & Grading Assignments are designed to enable students to develop the vision and skills to identify the deterioration of library materials, to explore the provenance and history of an item, and recommend appropriate repairs or conservation treatment. Grades will be determined by points earned from a combination of assignments, activities and class participation. Late work will not be accepted. Assignments should be handed in at the end of class on the due date, unless otherwise instructed. Assignments Practicum (24 hours) Written Practicum Report Dynamic Conservation Share Preservation Week projects Final exam Conservation Portfolio Class participation Lab etiquette TOTAL Grade Points 100-98 points 97-94 points 93-89 points 88-86 points 85-82 points A+ A AB+ B Points 25 10 10 10 10 15 10 10 100 81-79 points 78-76 points 75-72 points 71-69 points 68-66 points Due dates begin Jan 30th; complete March 22nd April 3rd Various April 21st May 1st May 3rd BC+ C CD+ Description of Assignments Practicum (25 points) Each student will spend 24 hours in the book or paper labs, working on paper and book collections with treatment repairs or shelf preparation. Preservation department staff will be advisors for projects. Paper Conservation Lab (Seth Irwin, Paper Conservator) Book Conservation Lab (Deborah Dunn, Book Conservation Treatment Specialist) Practicum hours will begin on January 30th and should be completed by March 22 nd. Once schedules have been set with advisor, please adhere to the hours, for the convenience of all. Written Practicum Report (10 points) Describe impressions of the practicum experience. Include tasks performed, materials used and condition reports (if any). Note any correlation to assigned readings in 619 or 620. You may insert photo documentation. Report should be typed, double-spaced, spell-checked and no longer than five pages. This report will later be inserted in the Conservation Portfolio assignment. Due April 3 rd. Dynamic Conservation Share (10 points) Select from a list provided by instructor. Research the chosen topic and present a dynamic 25 minute talk to the class. Various due dates: January 30; February 6, 13, 20, 27; March 6 and 20; April 3, 10, 17. 2013 ALA Preservation Week Team Presentation(s) (10 points) In 2010 Libraries all over the country celebrated the First Preservation Week sponsored by the American Library Association. By holding an event in Hawaii at Hamilton or Sinclair Library, our class will again be 3 University of Hawaii at Manoa/Dunn/2013 LIS 620 Conservation of Library and Archival Materials Spring 2013 part of ALA’s goal to educate the public about caring for library and archival materials. This is a group project that will be discussed in class before assigning roles. April 21 – 27, 2013. Conservation Portfolio (15 points) Think of this assignment as constructing a personal preservation tutorial. Begin with one-page narratives of each class session. Include readings and handouts and samples of hands-on work. For students employed in a library or archive, create a recommended list of supplies and tools needed to care for the collections. Other students may create the list with personal collections in mind. The portfolio should be neat and well organized in a clean 3-ring binder or in a portfolio of your own construction. In your present and future work with collections, you should be able to consult this portfolio for samples of repairs and housing. Identify portfolios with a name and contact information. Portfolios must include a typed title page and Table of Contents. For binders, add labeled dividers. Due May 1st – 3rd. Final exam (10 points) At the second to last class, each student will be given items in need of assessment. Two class sessions may be used to do a condition report and perform the work, using the knowledge and skills gathered from class and practicum experiences. On May 1st students will present the projects to everyone. The portfolio may be turned in on May 1st or at the end of the week on May 3rd. Detailed instructions and a template will be shared in class. Lab Safety & Etiquette (10 points) This is a working lab and students need to respect all equipment, tools and materials in the room. Do not touch existing projects, and extend courtesy toward each other at all times. Before leaving class or practicum sessions, the lab must be cleaner than you found it. Be very careful when handling sharp tools and equipment. Do not use the tools for anything other than book and paper repair. No consumption of food, sweet drinks of any kind in the department. Water in a closed container is fine. Additional information about the Preservation department will be shared at the first class. Lab dress policy Wear covered hard shoes; absolutely no slippers, open shoes of any type Class Participation (10 points) Participation is defined as joining discussions, completing the readings and hands-on activities, and paying attention to lab etiquette and safety rules. Please assist each other as needed. Repeated lateness or absences without a valid reason will reflect in the final grade. 4 University of Hawaii at Manoa/Dunn/2013 LIS 620 Conservation of Library and Archival Materials Spring 2013 The preserver, restorer, conserver is the indispensable, the primary living link in the human chain that connects yesterday's accomplishments with tomorrow's possibilities. James H. Billington, Librarian of Congress, The Moral Imperative of Conservation Session 1 Topic Readings Jan 9 Review syllabus & assignments LIS Room 3F Definitions and review of the practices of Preservation, Conservation and Restoration Balloffet, Nelly and Jenny Hille, Judith A. Reed, “Preservation and Conservation: What’s The Difference?” Introduction pp xvii-xix. Preservation and Conservation for Libraries and Archives. American Library Association. Chicago: 2005. Assignment due Preservation departments in libraries Introducing textbook, catalogs, tools & equipment Safety requirements Beginning skills: Paper grain Folding Hand trimming Board trimming 5 University of Hawaii at Manoa/Dunn/2013 LIS 620 Conservation of Library and Archival Materials Spring 2013 Session 2 Topics Readings Jan 16 Sorting & Work Flow Balloffet, Nelly and Jenny Hille, Judith A. Reed, Work Space, Equipment, Tools, and Techniques, Section 2: pp.32-53. Preservation and Conservation for Libraries and Archives, American Library Association. Chicago: 2005. Relaxing paper Assignment due Adhesive pros & Ogden, Sheryln, ed. “Surface Cleaning of Paper,” cons Northeast Document Conservation Center Preservation Jin Shofu Leaflet 7.2. Methylcellullose http://www.nedcc.org/resources/leaflets/7Conservation_ Heat set tissue Procedures/02SurfaceCleaning.php Hands-on: Tape removal Relaxing paper Dry cleaning Wet cleaning Abigail Uhteg, “Tape: Why It’s Bad To Put On Paper, And Removal,” Current Projects, West Dean blog. Posted November 14, 2012. http://westdeanconservation.com/2012/11/14/sellotapewhy-its-bad-to-put-on-paper-and-removal/ Browse these sites: University of California, Berkeley. Library Preservation Department webpage. http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/preservation/ University of Washington Libraries Preservation Department webpage. http://www.lib.washington.edu/preservation/librariescoll ections.html 6 University of Hawaii at Manoa/Dunn/2013 LIS 620 Conservation of Library and Archival Materials Spring 2013 Paper is used daily yet very few of those who use it realize its versatile nature. It can be stiff or flexible, thick or thin, opaque or translucent, absorbent or water resistant, enduring or transient. Paper is one of the most simple and most beautiful materials known to man yet it is rarely fully appreciated. Washi Basics, Awagami Factory website http://www.awagami.com/basics.html Session 3 Topic Readings January 23 Paper Balloffet, Nelly and Jenny Hille, Judith A. Reed, “Paper Conservation Techniques,” Section 4, pp. 75-93. Preservation and Conservation for Libraries and Archives. American Library Association. Chicago: 2005. Assignment due Jones, Norvell, “Mass Deacidificaiton, Considerations for Archives,” Preservation, National Archives website. http://www.archives.gov/preservation/conservation/m ass-deacidification.html Guest Star: Seth Irwin, Paper conservator Paper structure and pulp fills Leafcasting Treating oversize sheets Hands-on: Mending with Japanese tissue Winterthur, Paper Conservation website link: http://www.winterthur.org/?p=458 Mapes, Phillipa, “Historic Wallpaper Conservation, http://www.buildingconservation.com/articles/wallpap /wallpap.htm University of San Diego, “Papermaking,” website. http://libraries.ucsd.edu/preseduc/papermak.htm Recommended Levine, Mark, “Can Paper Help Save Civilization?”The New York Times website, Feb 17, 2012. http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/19/magazine/timot hy-barrett-papermaker.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 7 University of Hawaii at Manoa/Dunn/2013 LIS 620 Conservation of Library and Archival Materials Session 4 Jan 30 Spring 2013 Topic Readings Assignment due Conservation of traditional information structures Nishio, Yoshiyuki. Aesthetic vs. Ethics: Approaches to Remounting Asian Scroll and screen Paintings (Abstract). The Book and Paper Group Annual, Vol. 19. 2000. http://cool.conservationus.org/coolaic/sg/bpg/annual/v19/index.html Sign up for practicum – submit schedule to advisors for approval Guest star: Hiroko Sakurai, Asian painting conservator Asian book structures Western binding Hands-on: Asian binding “Bind It Fast, Make or repair books with this easy technique.” Adapted from an article in Boys' Life (October 1991) by Brook West. http://www.sff.net/people/brook.west/bind/bind it.html Sahoo, J. & B. Mohanty, “Indigenous Methods of Preserving Manuscripts.” Website, African Manuscripts, January 13, 2007 http://www.africanmanuscripts.org/index.php?opt ion=com_content&view=article&id=241%3Aindigeno us-methods-of-preservingmanuscripts&catid=88&Itemid=141&lang=en Bernhardt, Theodore, “Leather, Parchment and Vellum,” Papyri Pages website, 2001-2003. http://papyri.tripod.com/vellum/vellum.html 8 University of Hawaii at Manoa/Dunn/2013 LIS 620 Conservation of Library and Archival Materials Spring 2013 With the advent of printed books, knowledge in general, and technical information in particular, could be disseminated with a speed and accuracy that could scarcely have been imagined in the age of manuscripts. Edward Grant, Foundations of Modern Science in the Middle Ages (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996), pp. 51-53. Session 5 Topics Readings Assignment due Feb 6 Dissect a book Balloffet, Nelly and Jenny Hille, Judith A. Reed, “Book Conservation Techniques,” pp.94-103. Preservation and Conservation for Libraries and Archives. Chicago: American Library Association, 2005. Conservation share Signatures Hands on: Pamphlet binding Sample tip-ins Balloffet, Nelly and Jenny Hille, Judith A. Reed, “Pamphlets,” Book Conservation Techniques, pp.144148. Preservation and Conservation for Libraries and Archives. Chicago: American Library Association, 2005. Balloffet, Nelly and Jenny Hille, Judith A. Reed, “Glossary,” Appendix D, pp.199-203. Preservation and Conservation for Libraries and Archives. Chicago: American Library Association, 2005. Recommended Browse online reference book BonaDea, Artemis, Conservation Book Repair: A training Manual, Alaska State Library, Alaska Department of Education, 1995 www.library.state.ak.us/hist/conman.html Session 6 Topic Readings Assignment due Feb 13 Recasing Balloffet, Nelly and Jenny Hille, Judith A. Reed, “Repairs to the Text Block and the Case,” Section 5: Book Conservation Techniques, pp. 126-144. Preservation and Conservation for Libraries and Archives. Chicago: American Library Association, 2005. Conservation share Rebacking Yale University Library, “Recase New,” web tutorial. http://www2.library.yale.edu/preservation/recase%2 0new.pdf 9 University of Hawaii at Manoa/Dunn/2013 LIS 620 Conservation of Library and Archival Materials Spring 2013 Session 7 Topics Readings Assignment due Feb 20 Protective enclosures 1 Ogden, Sherelyn, ed. “Selection of Suitable-Quality Storage Enclosures for Books and Artifacts on Paper,” Northeast Document Conservation Center Preservation Leaflet 4.4. http://www.nedcc.org/resources/leaflets/4Storage_a nd_Handling/04StorageEnclosures.php Conservation share Encapsulation Portfolios Slings & wraps Pockets File folders Hands-on: Pamphlet binders Envelopes Slings Book wraps Encapsulation Balloffet, Nelly and Jenny Hille, Judith A. Reed, “Making Simple Enclosures,” Section 3: Simple Preservation Techniques, pp 54-74. Preservation and Conservation for Libraries and Archives. Chicago: American Library Association, 2005. Balloffet, Nelly and Jenny Hille, Judith A. Reed, “Pamphlets,” Section 4: Book Conservation Techniques, pp 82-87. Preservation and Conservation for Libraries and Archives. Chicago: American Library Association, 2005. Hoffman, Ana, “Care of Photographs,” Appendix A, pp.183-191. Preservation and Conservation for Libraries and Archives. Nelly Balloffet and Jenny Hille. Chicago: American Library Association, 2005. Session 8 Topic Readings Assignment due Feb 27 Protective enclosures II Ogden, Sherelyn, ed., “Book Shoe: Description and Conservation Uses,” Northeast Document Conservation Center, share Preservation Leaflet 4.7, 2007. http://www.nedcc.org/resources/leaflets/4Storage_an d_Handling/07BookShoe.php LBS Pamphlet binding Horton, Richard, “Protecting Books with Custom – Fitted Boxes,” NEDCC Preservation Leaflet 4.5. http://www.nedcc.org/resources/leaflets/4Storage_an d_Handling/05ProtectingBooks.php Hands on: LBS boxes 10 University of Hawaii at Manoa/Dunn/2013 LIS 620 Conservation of Library and Archival Materials Spring 2013 Preventive conservation is particularly important for Library collections because they continue to be used. The five floors of the Library stacks are maintained at 65°F/45% RH to provide an environment that significantly extends the life of the collection. Researchers use book supports and other aids to help them handle collections safely. The librarians and conservators work together to provide protective enclosures for damaged collections and those in need of extra protection. Wintethur Library Session 9 Topic Readings Assignment due March 6 Condition assessments Balloffet, Nelly and Jenny Hille, Judith A. Reed, Section 6: Small Exhibitions, pp.149-157. Preservation and Conservation for Libraries and Archives. Chicago: American Library Association, 2005. Conservation share Conservation share Condition report exercise National Services Te Paerangi, Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, “Condition Reporting,” He Rauemi Resource Guide 26. 2nd Edition, 2010. http://www.bl.uk/blpac/pdf/damaged.pdf Hands-on: housekeeping British Library, Damaged Books, Preservation Advisory Centre website. http://www.bl.uk/blpac/pdf/damaged.pdf Seeing & describing damage University of Washington, “Stacks Cleaning Procedures,” Caring for Libraries’ Collections, Preservation website. http://www.lib.washington.edu/preservation/librarie s/clean 11 University of Hawaii at Manoa/Dunn/2013 LIS 620 Conservation of Library and Archival Materials Spring 2013 Of all the elements in exhibit design, the use of artifacts comes first and foremost. Artifacts serve as visual memory keys that help the viewer understand and retain the historical information and ideas in an exhibit. Exhibit Design: The Language of Artifacts, Wisconsin Historical Society Session 10 Topic Readings Assignment due March 13 Exhibitions Shenton, Helen, Danny Norman and Simon Fleury, “Mounts for the Display of Books,” V&A Conservation Journal. London:January 1997: Number 22. http://www.vam.ac.uk/res_cons/conservation/journal/ issue22/mounts/index.html Conservation share Book cradles Mats Hands-on National Library of Australia Traveling Exhibitions Policy http://www.nla.gov.au/exhibitions/TravellingExhibition sPolicy.pdf Balloffet, Nelly and Jenny Hille, Judith A. Reed, “Mounting An Exhibition,” Small Exhibitions, Section 6, pp 158-182. Preservation and Conservation for Libraries and Archives, Chicago: American Library Association, 2005. Smithsonian Institution, “Safe Handling Practices for Hanging Chinese Scrolls,” Freer Sackler website. YouTube video. http://www.asia.si.edu/research/dcsr/safeHandlingDe mo.asp 12 University of Hawaii at Manoa/Dunn/2013 LIS 620 Conservation of Library and Archival Materials Spring 2013 Preservation Week offers an opportunity to celebrate Collecting and preservation in your community, and to highlight Your institution as a source of preservation information. Pass It On: Celebrate Preservation Week April 24–30, 2011, American Library Association Session 11 Topic Readings Assignment due March 20 Intro to Class Project: Preservation Week General information about the ALA initiative: Finish practicum by March 22nd March 25 – 29 Spring Break! Open studio American Library Association, Preservation Week: Pass it On http://www.ala.org/alcts/confevents/preswk Presentation ideas: American Library Association, “Preservation – At Your Library,” The Campaign for American’s Libraries. Chicago, 2012. http://atyourlibrary.org/passiton Conservation share Conservation share 13 University of Hawaii at Manoa/Dunn/2013 LIS 620 Conservation of Library and Archival Materials Spring 2013 Session 12 Topic Readings Assignment due April 3 Disasters Balloffet, Nelly and Jenny Hille, Judith A. Reed, “Disaster Planning And Response, The Basics of Preservation,” pp.12-19. Preservation and Conservation for Libraries and Archives. American Library Association. Chicago: 2006. Conservation share Preservation Week plans Open studio Practicum paper Clark, Susie H., “Preservation of Herbarium Specimens: An Archive Conservator's Approach” Taxon, Vol. 35, No. 4, Nov. 1986:675-682. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1221610?seq=1 Image Permanence Institute, “A Consumer Guide to the Recovery of Water Damaged Traditional and Digital Prints,” Rochester: IPI and Rochester Institute of Technology, 2007. https://www.imagepermanenceinstitute.org/webfm_se nd/314 Podany, Jerry, “Objects Recovery, Mitigation,” National Archives and Records Administration, website, Preservation. http://www.archives.gov/preservation/conservation/ob jects-recovery.html Recommended National Archives and Records Administration, “Emergency Salvage of Flood Damaged Family Papers,” website, Preservation, Aug. 1993. http://www.archives.gov/preservation/conservation/flo od-damage.html 14 University of Hawaii at Manoa/Dunn/2013 LIS 620 Conservation of Library and Archival Materials Spring 2013 Session 13 Topic Readings Assignment due April 10 Conservation & housing of mixed media & unusual collections Vidler, Karen, “Conservation of a Tortoise Shell Book Cover,” Conservation Journal, V&A, Summer 2005 Issue 50 http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/journals/conservat ion-journal/issue-50/conservation-of-atortoiseshell-book-cover/ Conservation share Readings discussion Hands-on: Housing options Conservation share Powell, Alvin, “Baking in the details, Semitic Museum project conserves thousands of ancient clay tablets”, Harvard Gazette, December 15, 2011. http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2011/12/b aking-in-the-details/ Streater, Scott, “Condition of Rare Indian Artifacts Reveals Deficiencies at National Park Service Museum,” New York Times, October 13, 2011. http://www.nytimes.com/gwire/2011/10/13/13gre enwire-condition-of-rare-indian-artifacts-revealsdef-59441.html?pagewanted=all Sheffield Library and Archives, “Repairing Wax Seals,” YouTube, Yorkshire, UK, March 24, 2012. www.youtube.com/watch?v=4f7mUbtGYd8 Harvard University, “Havana panoramas receive conservation treatment ,” Modern Books and Manuscripts, Houghton Library http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/houghtonmodern/201 1/03/15/havana-panoramas-receive-conservationtreatment/ Smithsonian Institution, “How to Handle Antique Textiles and Costumes,” Museum Conservation Institute, Washington, D.C., 2006 http://www.si.edu/mci/english/learn_more/taking _care/handletex.html 15 University of Hawaii at Manoa/Dunn/2013 LIS 620 Conservation of Library and Archival Materials Spring 2013 Session 14 Topic Readings Assignment due April 17 Museum exhibitions and housing Look at this webpage before the field trip to Bishop Museum: Complete Preservation Week exhibit installation Meet at Bishop Museum, 5:00 Paki Hall Security desk Session 15 Northern States Conservation Center webpage. http://www.collectioncare.org/index.html Highly recommended Ogden, Sherelyn, ed., Caring for American Indian Artifacts, A Practical and Cultural Guide, Minnesota Society Historical Press, 2004. (available for browsing in Preservation department) Topic Readings Final exam projects distributed Northeast Document Conservation Center, “Conservation Treatment for Works of Art and Unbound Artifacts on Paper,” Preservation Leaflet: Conservation Procedures 7.5. NEDCC, 2007. http://www.nedcc.org/resources/leaflets/7Conserv ation_Procedures/05ArtAndUnboundArtifacts.php Session 16 Topic Readings May 1 Final exam presentations April 24 Course evaluation No readings Assignmet due Assignments due Conservation Reference Journal Conservation presentations 16 University of Hawaii at Manoa/Dunn/2013