Children and grief. Reference list compiled by Atle Dyregrov PhD, Center for Crisis Psychology, Bergen, Norway, e-mail address: atle@krisepsyk.no Articles are listed by the name of the first author. Abdelnoor, A., & Hollins, S. (2004). The effect of childhood bereavement on secondary school performance. Educational Psychology in Practice, 20, 43–54. Abdo-Ayyash, H. (2001). Childhood Bereavement, what school psychologists need to know. School Psychology International, 22, 417–433. Adams-Greenly, M., & Moynihan, R. (1983). Helping the children of fatally ill parents. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 53, 219–229. Adams, D. M., Overholser, J. C., & Lehnert, K. L. (1994). Perceived family functioning and adolescent suicidal behavior. Journal of the Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33, 498–507. Adler, R. S., & Jellinek, M. S. (1990). After teen suicide: issues for pediatricians who are asked to consult to schools, Pediatrics, 86, 982–987. Allen, B., Oseni, A., & Allen, K. E. (2011). The evidence-based treatment of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder and traumatic grief in an adolescent: A case study. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, doi:10.1037/a0024930 Allen, D. M., Drell, M., Fuchs, C., Fishel-Ingram, P., Greenberg, G. S., Griffies, S., & Morse, P. The Clinical exchange: the girl who cried everyday for three years. University of Tennesse, Louisiana State University, Vanderbilt University, Western Carolina University. Amato, P. R., & Partridge, S. (1987). Widows and divorces with dependent children: material, personal, family, and social well–being, Family Relations, 36, 316–320. Andersen, J. P., Silver, R. C., Stewart, B., Koperwas, B., & Kirschbaum, C. (2013). Psychological and psysiological responses following repeated peer death. PloS One, 8 (9): e75881. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075881 Anon. (1994). "Dear mum..". An adult daughter's anger triggered by her father's death. Bereavement Care, 13, 16–19. Appel, C. W., Johanson, C., Deltour, I., Frederiksen, K., Hjalgrim, H., Dalton, S. O., et al. (2013). Early parental death and risk of hospitalization for affective disorder in adulthood. Epidemiology, doi: 10.1097/EDE.0b013e3182915df8 Arthur, B., & Kemme, M. L. (1964). Bereavement in childhood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 5, 37–39. Atwine, B., Cantor-Graae, E., & Bajunirwe, F. (2005). Psychological distress among AIDS orphans in rural Uganda. Social Science & Medicine, 61, 555–564. Bachar, E., Canetti, L., Bonne, O., Denour, A. K., & Shalev, A. Y. (1997). Psychological well–being and ratings of psychiatric symptoms in bereaved Israeli adolescents: differential effect of war– versus accident–related bereavement. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 185, 402–406. Badenhorst, W., & Hughes, P. (2007). Psychological aspects of parental loss. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, 21, 249–259. 1 A Baker, J. E, Sedney, M. A., & Gross, E. (1992). Psychological tasks for bereaved children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 62, 105–116. Balk, D. E. (1991). Death, bereavement, and college students: a description of research at Kansas State University. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for Death Education and Counseling, Boston, March 6. Balk, D. E. (1983). How teenagers cope with sibling death: some implications for school counselors, The School Counselor, November, 150–157. Balk, D. E. (1983). Adolescents' grief reactions and self–concept perceptions following sibling death: A study of 33 teenagers. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 12, 137– 161. Balk, D. E. (1990). The self–concept of bereaved adolescents: sibling death and its aftermath, Journal of Adolescent Research, 5, 112–132. Balk, D. E. (1991). Sibling death, adolescent bereavement, and religion. Death Studies, 15, 1– 20. Balk, D. E., Tyson–Rawson, K., & Colletti–Wetzel, J. (1993). Social support as an intervention with bereaved college students. Death Studies, 17, 427–450. Balk D. E., & Vesta, L.C. (1998). Psychological development during four years of bereavement: A longitudinal case study. Death Studies, 22, 23–41. Balk, D. E., Zaengle, D., & Corr, C. A. (2011). Strengthening grief support for adolescents coping with a peer’s death. School Psychology International, 32, (2), 144–162. Barnhart, L. L., Fitzpatrick, V. D., Sidell, N. L., Adams, M. J., Shields, G. S., & Gomez, S. J. (1994). Perception of family need in pediatric oncology. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 2, 137–148. Barnes, M. J. (1964). Reactions to the death of a mother, Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 19, 334–357. Bartik, W., Maple, M., Edwards, H., & Kiernan, M. (2013). The psychological impact of losing a friend to suicide. Australasian Psychiatry, doi: 10.1177/1039856213497986 Bauman, L. J., Fostler, G., Silver, E. J., Berman, R., Gamble, I., & Muchaneta, L. (2006). Children caring for their ill parents with HIV/AIDS. Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies, 1, 56–70. Baumer, J. H., Wadsworth, J., & Taylor, B. (1988). Family recovery after death of a child, Archives if Disease in Childhood, 63, 942–947. Beck, E., & Jones, S. J. (2007-2008). Children of the condemned. Grieving the loss of a father to death row. Omega, 54, 191–215. Becker, D., & Margolin, F. (1967). How surviving parents handled their young children's adaptation to the crisis of loss, American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 37, 753–757. Bendiksen, R., & Fulton, R. (1975). Death and the child: an anterospective test of the childhood bereavement and later behavior disorder hypothesis, Omega, 6, 45–59. Bering, J. M., & Bjorklund, D. F. (2004). The natural emergence of reasoning about afterlife as a developmental regularity. Developmental Psychology, 40, 217–233. Berman, A. L., & Jobes, D. A. (1995). Suicide prevention in adolescents (age 12–18). Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 25, 143–154. Bertola, J., & Allan J. (1988). School management of the bereaved child, Elementary School Guidance & Counseling, 23, 30–39. Bhargava, A. (2005). AIDS epidemic and then psychological well-being and school participation of Ethiopian orphans. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 10, 263–275. 2 B Birenbaum, L. K., Robinson, M. A., Phillips, D. S., Stewart, B. J., & McCown, D. E. (1989). The response of children to the dying and death of a sibling, Omega, 20, 213–228. Black, D. (1987). The bereaved child, Psychiatric Emergencies in Family Practice, 131–138. Black, D. (1976). What happens to bereaved children? Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 69, 842–844. Black, D. (1978). Annotation, the bereaved child. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 19, 287–292. Black, D. (1993). When father kills mother. Occasional paper presented at the ACCP day meeting, ACCP, 8, 19–25. Black, D., & Urbanowicz, M. A. (1984). Bereaved children –family intervention. In Stevenson J. E. (Ed.), Recent Research in Developmental Psychopathology (pp. 179– 187). Pergammon Press. Black, D. (1976b). What happens to bereaved children? Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 69, 842–844. Blackburn, M. (1991). Bereaved children and their teachers, Bereavement Care, 10, 19–21. Blom, G. E. (1986). A school disaster – intervention and research aspects, Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 25, 336–345. Bluebond-Langner, M. (1978). The private worlds of dying children. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Bluebond-Langner, M. (1996). In the shadow of illness. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Bocknek, E. L., Sanderson, J., & Britner, P. A. (2009). Ambiguous loss and posttraumatic stress in school-age children of prisoners. The Journal of Child and Families Studies, 18, 323–333. Boelen, P. A., & Spuij, M. (2008). Negative cognitions in loss-related emotional distress in adolescent girls: A preliminary study. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 13, 441–449. Boelen, P. A., & Spuij, M. (2013). Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder in bereaved children and adolescents: Factor structure and correlates. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, doi: 10.1007/s10802-013-9748-6. Borgers, J., Spirito, A., & Donaldson D. (1998). Reason for adolescent suicide attempts: Associations with psychological functioning. Journal of American Academic Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 1287–1293. Botsis, A. J., Plutchik, R., Kotler, M., & van Praag, H. M. (1995). Parental loss and family violence as correlates of suicide and violence risk. Suicide & Life Threatening Behavior, 25, 253–260. Bowlby, J. (1963). Pathological mourning and childhood mourning, Journal of American Psychoanalytic Association, II, 500–41. Bowlby, J. (1979). On knowing what you are not supposed to know and feeling what you are not supposed to feel, Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 24, 403–408. Bowlby, J., & Parkes C. Murray. (1970). Separation and loss within the family, The International Yearbook for Child Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 1, 197–215. Braun, M. J., & Berg, D. H. (1994). Meaning reconstruction in the experience of parental bereavement. Death Studies, 18, 105–129. Brent, D. A. (1994) (Letter to the Editor). Resolved: several weeks of depressive symptoms after exposure to a friend's suicide is "Major Depressive Disorder". Journal of Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33, 586–587. 3 C Brent, D. A. (1994). Resolved: several weeks of depressive symptoms after exposure to a friend's suicide is "Major Depressive Disorder". Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33, 582–584. Brent, D. A., Johnson, B. A., Perper, J., Connolly, J., Bridge, J., Bartle, S., & Rather, C. (1994). Personality disorder, personality traits, impulsive violence, and completed suicide in adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 33, 1080–1086. Brent, D. A. et al. (1993). Stressful life events: psychopathology, and adolescent suicide: a case control study. Suicide and Life–Threatening Behavior, 23, 179–187. Brent, D., Melhem, N., Donohoe, M. B., & Walker, M. (2009). The incidence and course of depression in bereaved youth 21 months after the loss of a parent to suicide, accident, or sudden natural death. American Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 786–794. Brent, D. A., Moritz, G., Bridge, J., Perper, J., & Canobbio, R. (1996). Long–term impact of exposure to suicide: a three–year controlled follow–up. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 646–653. Brent, D. A., Moritz, G., Bridge, J., Perper, J., & Canobbio, R. (1996). The impact of adolescent suicide on siblings and parents: a longitudinal follow-up. Suicide and Lifethreatening Behaviour, 26, 253–259. Brent, D. A., Perper, J., Moritz, G., Baugher, M., & Allman, C. (1993). Suicide in adolescents with no apparent psychopathology. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 494–500. Brent, D. A., Perper, J. A., Moritz, G., Liotus, L., Schweers, J., Roth, C., Balach, L., & Allman, C. (1993). Psychiatric impact of the loss of an adolescent sibling to suicide. Journal of Affective Disorders, 28, 249–256. Brent, D. A., Perper, J. A., Moritz, G., Allman, C., Schweers, J., Roth, C., Balach, L., Canobbio, R., & Liotus, L. (1993). Psychiatric sequelae to the loss of an adolescent peer to suicide. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 509–517. Brent, D. A., Perper, J., Moritz, G., Allman, C., Liotus, L., Schweers, J., Roth, C., Balach, L., & Canobbio, R. (1993). Bereavement or depression? The impact of the loss of a friend to suicide. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 1189–1197. Brent, D. A., Perper, J. A., Moritz, G., Liotus, L., Schweers, J., & Canobbio, R. (1994). Major depression or uncomplicated bereavement? A follow–up of youth exposed to suicide. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33, 231–239. Brent, D.A., Perper, J.A., Moritz, G., Liotus, L., Richardson, D., Canobbio, R., Schweers, J., & Roth, C. (1995). Posttraumatic stress disorder in peers of adolescent suicide victims: predisposing factors and phenomenology. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 209–215. Brewer, J. D., & Sparkes, A. C. (2011). Young people living with parental bereavement: Insights from an ethnographic study of a UK childhood bereavement service. Social Science & Medicine, 72, 283–290. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1990). Who cares for children? Research and Clinical Center for Child Development, Annual Report, 40, 27–40. 4 D Brown, A. C., Sandler, I. N., Tein, J-Y., Liu, X., & Haine, R. A. (2007). Implications of parental suicide and violent death for promotion of resilience of parentally-bereaved children. Death Studies, 31, 301–335. Brown, E. J., Amaya-Jackson, L., Cohen, J., Handel, S., de Bocanegra, H. T., Zatta, E. et. al. (2008). Childhood traumatic grief: A multi-site empirical examination of the construct and its correlates. Death Studies, 32, 899–923. Brown, E. J., & Goodman, R. F. (2005). Childhood traumatic grief: An exploration of the construct in children bereaved on September 11. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34, 248–259. Brown, E. J., Pearlman, M. Y., & Goodman, R. F. (2004). Facing fears and sadness: Cognitive-behavioral for childhood traumatic grief. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 12, 187–198. Browne, A. (2007). Silly Billy. London: Walker Books Ltd. Buchsbaum, B. C. (1990). An agenda for treating widowed parents, Psychotherapy Patient, 6, 113–130. Buckley, T., Stannard, A., Bartrop, R., McKinley, S., Ward, C., Mihailidou, A. S., Morel-Kopp, M. C., et al. (2012). Effect of early bereavement on heart rate and heart rate variability. The American Journal of Cardiology, doi.org/10./1016/j.amjcard.2012.06.045 Bugge, K. E. (1994). En beskrivende studie av norske ungdommers opplevelser i forhold til å miste foreldre eller søsken ved død. Sett i et sykepleierperspektiv. Hovedoppgave, Embetseksamen i sykepleievitenskap, Universitetet i Oslo, Institutt for sykepleievitenskap. Bugge, K. E. (1997). Også ungdom trenger støtte i sorgen. Tidsskriftet Sykepleien nr 19. Bugge, K. E., Grelland, E., & Schrader, L. (2004). Ungdom og sorg. Oslo: Landsforeningen til støtte ved krybbedød mfl. Bugge, K. E., & Grelland, E. (2009). Barn og ungdom som sørger. Bergen: Fagbokforlaget. Bugge, K. E., Haugstvedt, K. T. S., Røkholt, E. G., Darbyshire, P., & Helseth, S. (2012). End of life and palliative care. Adolescent bereavement: embodied responses, coping and perceptions of a body awareness support programme. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 21, 2160–2169. Bugge, R. Grønvold. (1986). Barnets religiøse tenkning, Tidsskrift for sjelesorg, 2, 23–28. Buirski, C. K., & Buirski, P. (1994). The therapeutic mobilization of mourning in a young child. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 58, 339–354. Burgess, J. K. (1995). Widowers as single fathers. Marriage and Family Review, 20, 447– 461. Burman, S., & Allen–Meares, P. (1994). Neglected victims of murder: children's witness to parental homicide. Social Work, 39, 28–34. Burns, E., House, J. D., & Ankenbauer, M. R. (1986). Sibling grief in reaction to sudden infant death syndrome, Pediatrics, 78, 485–487. Buchsbaum, B.C. (1990). An agenda for treating widowed parents. Psychotherapy Patient, 6, 114–120. Cain, A. (1995). Identificatory symptoms in bereaved children: a diagnostic note. Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 16, 4, 282–284. Cain, A. C. (2002). Children of suicide: The telling and the knowing. Psychiatry, 65, 124– 136. 5 E Cait, C-A. (2008). Identity development and grieving: The evolving processes for parentally bereaved women. British Journal of Social Work, 38, 322–339. Campell, C., & Demi, A. (2000). Adult children of fathers missing in action (MIA): an examination of emotional distress, grief, and family hardiness. Family Relations, 49, 267–276. Capuzzi, D. (1994). Suicide Prevention in the Schools: Guidelines for Middle and High School Settings. Alexandria: American Counseling Association. Catone W. V., & Schatz, M. T. (1991). The crisis moment. A school’s response to the event of suicide. School Psychology International, 12, 17–23. Cepeda, M. L. (1981). Sudden infant death syndrome: helping bereaved parents talk with children. Southern Medical Journal, 74, 9–10. Celotta, B. (1995). The aftermath of suicide: postvention in a school setting. Journal of Mental Health Counselling, 17, 397–412. Cerel, J., Fristad, M. A., Verducci, J., Weller, R. A., & Weller, E. B. (2006). Childhood bereavement: Psychopathology in the 2 years postparental death. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45, 681–690. Cerel, J., Fristad, M. A., Weller, E. B., & Weller, R. A. (1999). Suicide–bereaved children and adolescents: A controlled longitudinal examination. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 672–679. Charkow, W. B. (1998). Inviting children to grieve. Professional School Counseling, 2, 117– 122. Chartier, G. M., & Lassen, M. K. (1994). Adolescent depression: children’s depression inventory norms, suicidal ideation, and (weak) gender effects. Adolescence, 29, 859– 864. Chase–Landsdale, P. L., Cherlin, A. J., & Kiernan, K. E. (1995). The long–term effects of parental divorce on the mental health of young adults: a developmental perspective. Child Development, 66, 1614–1634. Cheifetz, P. N., Stavrakakis, G., & Lester, E. P. (1989). Studies of the affective state in bereaved children, Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 34, 688–692. Chemtob, C. M., Conroy, D. L., Hochauser, C. J., Laraque, D., Banks, J., Schmeidler, J. et. al. (2006). Children who lost a parent as a result of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001: Registry construction and population description. Death Studies, 31, 87–100. Christ, G. H., & Christ, A. E. (2006). Current approaches to helping children cope with a parent’s terminal illness. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 56, 197–212. Christ, G. H., Siegel, K., & Christ, A. E. (2002). „It never really hit me..... until it actually happened”. Journal of the American Medical Association, 288, 1269–1278. Christ, G. H., Siegel, K., Freund, B., Langosch, D., Hendersen, S., Sperber, D., & Weinstein, L. (1993). Impact of parental terminal cancer on latency–age children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 63, 417–425. Christ, G. H., Siegel, K., Mesagno, F. P., & Langosch, D. (1991). A preventive intervention program for bereaved children: problems of implementation. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 61, 168–178. Christ, G. H., Siegel, K., & Sperber, D. (1994). Impact of parental terminal cancer on adolescents. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 64, 604–613. 6 F Christoffel, K. K. (1998). Psychiatric and injury prevention approaches to youth suicide: Questions, answers, and lethal means. Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 37, 481–484. Cleve, E. (2005). En stor og en liten er borte. Oslo: Gyldendal. Clute, M. A., & Kobayashi, R. (2013). Are children’s grief camp effective? Journal of Social Work in End-Of-Life & Palliative Care, 9, (1), 43–57. Clulow, C. F. (1990). Divorce as bereavement: similarities and differences, Family and Conciliation Courts Review, 28, 19–23. Cluver, L., & Gardner, F. (2006). The psychological well-being of children orphaned by AIDS in Cape Town, South Africa. Annals of General Psychiatry, In press, corrected proof, available online. Cluver, L., & Gardner, F. (2007). Risk and protective factors for psychological well-being of children orphaned by AIDS in Cape Town: a qualitative study of children and caregivers` perspectives. AIDS Care, 19, 318–325. Cluver, L., Gardner, F., & Operario, D. (2007). Psychological distress amongst AIDSorphaned children in urban South-Africa. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48, 755–763. Cluver, L., Gardner, F., & Operario, D. (2011). Psychological distress amongst AIDSorphaned children in urban South Africa. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48, (8). 755–763. Cluver, L., & Orkin, M. (2009). Cumulative risk and AIDS-orphanhood: Interactions of stigma, bullying and poverty on child mental health in South Africa. Social Science & Medicine, 69, 1186–1193. Cluver, L. D., Orkin, M., Boyes, M. E., Gardner, F., & Nikelo, J. (2012). AIDS-orphanhood and caregiver HIV/AIDS sickness status: Effects on psychological symptoms in South African youth. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 37, (8), 857–867. Cluver, L. D., Orkin, M., Gardner, F., & Byes, M. E. (2012). Persisting mental health problems among AIDS-orphaned children in South Africa. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53, (4), 363–370. Coad, J., Patel, R., & Murray, S. (2013). Disclosing terminal diagnosis to children and their families: Palliative professionals’ communication barriers. Death Studies, doi: 10.1080/07481187.2012.753555 Coffino, B. (2009). The role of childhood parent figure loss in the etiology of adult depression: findings from a prospective longitudinal study. Attachment & Human Development, 11(5), 445–470. Cohen, J., Goodman, R. F., Brown, E. J., & Mannarino, A. (2004). Treatment of childhood traumatic grief: contributing to a newly emerging condition in the wake of community trauma. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 12(4), 213-216. doi:10.1080/10673220490509543 Cohen, J. A., Greenberg, T., Padlo, S., Shipley, C., Mannarino, A. P., Deblinger, E. & Stubenport, K. (2001). Cognitive behavioral therapy for traumatic bereavement in children treatment manual. Pittsburgh: Center for Traumatic Stress in Children and Adolescents, Allegheny General Hospital. Cohen, J. A., & Mannarino, A. P. (2004). Treatment of childhood traumatic grief. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33, 819–831. 7 G Cohen, J. A., & Mannarino, A. P. (2011). Supporting children with traumatic grief: What educators need to know. School Psychology International, 32 (2), 117–131. Cohen, J. A., & Mannarino, A. P. (2011). Trauma-focused CBT for traumatic grief in military children. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 41, 219–227. Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P., Greenberg, T., Padlo, S., & Shipley, C. (2002). Childhood traumatic grief. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 3, 307–327. Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P., & Knudsen, K. ( 2004). Treating childhood traumatic grief: A pilot study. Journal of American Academy of Child and adolescent psychiatry, 43, 1225–1233. Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P., & Staron, V. R. (2006). A pilot study of modified cognitivebehavioral therapy for childhood traumatic grief (CBT-CTG). Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45, 1465–1473. Cohen, P., Dizenhuz, I. M., & Winget, C. (1977). Family adaptation to terminal illness and death of a parent, Social Casework, April, 223–228. Collier, C. (1998). The journey to ‘Mum’s last mountain. Helping two young come to terms with an accidental death. Bereavement Care, 17, 3–6. Compas, B. E., Worsham, N. L., Epping–Jordan, J. E., Grant, K. E., Mireault, G., Howell, D. C., & Malcarne, V. L. (1994). When mom or dad has cancer: markers of psychological distress in cancer patients, spouses, and children. Health Psychology, 13, 507–515. Compas, B. E., Worsham, N. L., Ey, S., & Howell, D. C. (1996). When mom or dad has cancer: II. Coping, cognitive appraisals, and psychological distress in children of cancer patients. Health Psychology, 15, 167–175. Corazzini, J. G., & May, T. M. (1985). The role of the counseling center in responding to student death: Coping with death on campus, New Directions for Student Services, 31, 39–50. Cornish, U. (1995). Switchboard operator or on–the–spot helper? The EP’s task in the face of sudden deaths in schools. Educational Psychology in Practice, 11, 24–29. Corr, C. A. & Balk, D. E. (1996). (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent death and bereavement. New York: Springer Publishing Company. Costa, L., & Holliday, D. (1992). Life after death: a child’s reaction to the death of a parent. Early Child Development and Care, 83, 67–75. Costa, L., & Holliday, D. (1994). Helping children cope with the death of a parent. Elementary School Guidance & Counseling, 28, 206–213. Cotton, C. R., & Range, L. M. (1993). Suicidality, hopelessness, and attitudes toward life and death in children. Death Studies, 17, 185–191. Crase, D. R., & Crase, D. (1976). Helping children understand death. Young children, 32, 21– 25. Crenshaw, D. A. (2006-2007). An interpretation neurobiological-informed treatment model for childhood traumatic grief. Omega, 54, 319–335. Cuddy-Casey, M., & Orvaschel, H. (1997). Children’s understanding of death in relation to child suicidality and homicidality. Clinical Psychology Review, 17, 33–45. Currier, J. M., Holland, J. M., & Neimeyer, R. A. (2007). The effectiveness of bereavement interventions with children: A meta-analytic review of controlled outcome research. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 36, 253–259. 8 H Cusick, A. (2008). University student death response plans using a structural management approach provide effective coordinated institutional action. Death Studies, 32, 550– 587. Dalke, D. (1994). Therapy–assisted growth after parental suicide: From a personal and professional perspective. Omega, 2, 113–151. Dalton, T. A., Krout, R. E. (2005). Development of the grief process scale through music therapy songwriting with bereaved adolescents. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 32, 131– 143. Davidsen–Nielsen, M. (1995). Blandt løver. København: Munksgaard – Rosinante. Davies, B. (1991). Long–term outcomes of adolescent sibling bereavement, Journal of Adolescent Research, 6, 83–96. Davies, M., & Hadiks, D. (1990). Nonverbal behavior and client state changes during psychotherapy. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 46, 340–351. Davids J. (1993). The reaction of an early latency boy to the sudden death of his baby brother. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 48, 277–292. Dell’Osso, L., Carmassi, C., Massimetti, G., Conversano, C., Daneluzzo, E., et al. (2011). Impact of traumatic loss on post-traumatic spectrum symptoms in high school students after the L’Aquila 2009 earthquake in Italy. Journal of Affective Disorders, 134, 59– 64. Demi, A. S., & Gilbert, C. M. (1987). Relationship of parental grief to sibling grief, Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 1, 385–391. Denes-Raj, V., Ehrlichman, H. (1991). Effects of premature parental death on subjective life expectancy, death anxiety, and health behavior. Omega, 23, 309–321. Dencker, A. (2008). Evaluering af pilotprojekt: Sorggrupper i skoler. Kræftens Bekæmpelse. Dickinson, G. E. (1992). First childhood death experiences, Omega, 25, 169–182. Dickinson, P., Coggan, C., & Bennett, S. (2003). TRAVELLERS: a school–based early intervention programme helping young people managed and process change, loss and transition. Pilot phase findings. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 37, 299–306. Dietz, L. J., Stoyak, S., Melhem, N., Porta, G., Matthews, K. A., Payne, M. W., & Brent, D. A. (2013). Cortisol response to social stress in parentally bereaved youth. Biological Psychiatry, 73, 379–387. Dillen, Let, Fontaine, Johnny r. J. and Verhofstadt-Deneve, Leni (2009). Confirming the Distinctiveness of Complicated Grief from Depression and Anxiety. Death Studies, 33:5, 437-461. Dowdney, L. (2000). Childhood bereavement following parental death. Journal of Psychology and Psychiatry, 41, 819–830. Doka, K.J. (1995). Children mourning. Mourning children. Washington: Hospice Foundation of America. Dominica, F. (1987). Noen refleksjoner ved barns død. Omsorg, 3, 8–12. Donders, J. (1993). Bereavement and mourning in pediatric rehabilitation settings. Death Studies, 17, 517–527. Donovan, L. M., Balas, A., & Shapiro, T. (1994). A three–year–old’s mother dies. Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research, 4, 68–82. Dopson, C. C. & Harper, M. B. (1983). Unresolved grief in the family, AFP, January, 207– 211. 9 I Dowdney, L. (2000). Childhood bereavement following parental death. Journal of Psychology and Psychiatry, 41, 819–830. Dowdney, L. (2008). Children bereaved by parent or sibling death. Psychiatry, 7, 270–275. Dowdney, L., Wilson, R., Maughan, B., Allerton, M., Schofield, P., & Skuse, D. (1999). Psychological disturbance and service provision in parentally bereaved children: prospective case-control study. British Medical Journal, 319(7206), 354–357. Downham, J. (2007). Before I die. London: Random House Children's Books. Dührssen, V. A., Horstkotte G., & Kraus, M. (1983). Elternverluste und ihre Bedeutung für die nachfolgenden Generationen, Zeitschrift für Psychosomatische Medizin, 29, 103– 109. Dunning, S. (2006). As a young child’s parent dies: Conceptualizing and constructing preventive interventions. Clinical Social Work Journal, 34, 499–514. Dyregrov, A. (1985). Children in crisis. Journal of Emergency Medical Services, 10, 39–43. Dyregrov, A. (1988). The loss of a child. The siblings' perspective. In J. Kumar, & I. F. Brockington (Eds.), Motherhood and mental illness 2. London: Wright. Dyregrov, A. (1988). Responding to traumatic stress situations in Europe. Bereavement Care, 7, 6–9. Dyregrov, A. (1991). Grief in children. A handbook for adults. London: Jessica Kingsley. Dyregrov, A. (1993). The interplay of trauma and grief. Association for Child Psychology and Psychiatry Occasional Papers No. 8, 2–10. Dyregrov, A. (1994). Barns deltagelse i ritualer etter dødsfall. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening, 31, 678–686. Dyregrov, A. (1994). Childhood bereavement: Consequences and therapeutic approaches. ACPP Review & Newsletter, 16, 173–182. Dyregrov, A., Bie Wikander, A. M., & Vigerust, S. (1999). Sudden death of a classmate and friend. Adolescent’s perception of support from their school. School Psychology International, 20, 191–208. Dyregrov, A., Dyregrov, K., & Idsøe, T. (2013). Teachers’ perceptions of their role facing children in grief. Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties, doi:101080/13632752.2012.754165 Dyregrov, A., Matthiesen, S. B., Kristoffersen, J. I., & Mitchell, J. T. (1994). Gender differences in adolescent's reactions to the murder of their teacher. Journal of Adolescent Research, 9, 363–383. Dyregrov, A., & Dyregrov, K. (2013). Complicated grief in children – the perspectives of experienced professionals. Omega, 67, (3), 291–303. Dyregrov, K. (2008). Psykososiale belastninger for unge etterlatte ved selvmord: ønsker om bistand fra hjelpeapparatet. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening, 45, 14–18. Edgar, L.V., & Howard–Hamilton, M. (1994). Noncrisis death education in the elementary school. Elementary School Guidance & Counseling, 29, 38–46. Eggert, L. L., Thompson, E. A., Herting, J. R., & Nicholas, L. J. (1995). Reducing suicide potential among high–risk youth: tests of a school–based prevention program. Suicide & Life Threatening Behavior, 25, 276–296. Eilertsen, M. E. B., Eilegård, A., Steineck, G., Nyberg, T., & Kreicbergs, U. (2013). Impact of social support on bereaved siblings’ anxiety: A nationwide follow-up. Journal of Pediatric Oncology Nursing. doi: 10.1177/1043454213513838 10 J Elizur, E., & Kaffman, M. (1983). Factors influencing the severity of childhood bereavement reactions, American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 53, 668–676. Ellis, J., Dowrick, C., & Lloyd-Williams, M. (2013). The long-term impact of early parental death: lessons from a narrative study. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 106, 57–67 Ens, C., & Bond jr., J. B. (2006). Death anxiety and personal growth in adolescents experiencing the death of a grandparent. Death Studies, 29, 171–178. Erlandsson, K., Avelin, P., Säflund, K., Wredling, R., & Rådestad, I. (2010). Siblings’ farewell to a stillborn sister or brother and parents’ support to their older children: A questionnaire study from the parents’ perspective. Journal of Child Health Care, 14 (2), 151–160. Eskin, M. (1999). Social reactions of Swedish and Turkish adolescents to a close friend’s suicidal disclosure. Social Psychology and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 34, 492 – 497. Familiar, I., Murray, L. Gross, A., Skavenski, S., Jere, E., & Bass, J. (2013). Posttraumatic stress symptoms and structure among orphan and vulnerable children and adolescents in Zambia. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, doi: 10.1111/camh.12050 Fanos, J. H. & Nickerson, B. G. (1991). Long–term effects of sibling death during adolescence. Journal of Adolescent Research, 6, 70–82. Fearnley, R. (2010). Death of a parent and the children’s experiences: Don’t ignore the elephant in the room. Journal of Interprofessional Care, 24 (4), 450–459. Feinberg, D. (1970). Preventive therapy with siblings of a dying child, Journal of American Academy of Child Psycology, 9, 644–669. Felner, R. D., Ginter, M. A., Boike, M. F., & Cowen, E. L. (1981). Parental death or divorce in childhood: Problems, interventions, and outcomes in a school based mental health project, Journal of Prevention, 1, 240–246. Finke, L. M., Birenbaum, L. K., & Chand, N. (1994). Two weeks post–death report by parents of siblings’ grieving experience. Journal of Child & Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 7, 17–25. Finlay, K. (1998). Reactions of schools in the Bath area to bereavement. Bereavement Care, 17, 42–43. Floerchinger, D. S. (1991). Bereavement in late adolescence: interventions on college campuses, Journal of Adolescent Research, 6, 146–156. Floyd, F. J., Mailick Seltzer, M., Greenberg, J. S., & Song, J. (2012). Parental bereavement during mid-to-later life: Pre- to postbereavement functioning and intrapersonal resources for coping. Psychology and aging, doi: 10.1037/a0029986 Foster, G. (2006). Children who live in communities affected by AIDS. Lancet, 367, 700– 701. Fotland, H. (2004). Kommer jeg til å dø? Barn, 3, 13–32. Fotso, J. C., Holding, P. A., & Ezeh, A. C. (2009). Factors conveying resilience in the context of urban poverty: the case of orphans and vulnerable children in the informal settlements of Nairobi, Kenya. Child and Adolescent Mental, 14, 175–182. Frances, A., & Petti, T. A. (1984). Boy with seriously ill mother manifests somatic complaints, withdrawal, disabling fears, Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 35, 439–440. 11 K Franzèn, E., & Vinnerljung, B. (2006). Foster children as young adults. Many motherless, fatherless or orphaned: a Swedish national cohort study. Child and Family Social Work, 11, 254–263. Frean, A. (1997). Parent’s support group in Dunblane. Getting through the first year after a violent bereavement. Bereavement Care, 17, 26. Freuchen, A., & Grøholt, B. (2013). Characteristics of suicide notes of children and young adolescents: An examination of the notes from suicide victims 15 years and younger. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, doi: 10.1177/1359104513504312 Freudenberger, H. J., & Gallagher, K. M. (1995). Emotional consequences of loss for our adolescents. Psychotherapy, 32, (1), 150–153. Fryer, L. L., Saylor, C. F., Finch, A. J., & Smith, K. E. (1989). Helping the child with cancer: what school personnel want to know, Psychological Reports, 65, 563–566. Furman, E. (1974). A child’s parent dies. New Haven: Yale university press. Furman, R. A. (1959). Death of a six–year–old's mother during his analysis, , 16, 377– 397. Furman, E. (1981). Treatment–via–the parent: a case of bereavement. Journal of Child Psychotherapy, 7, 89–101. Furman, E. (1986). On trauma, when is the death of a parent traumatic? Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 41, 191–209. Gabel, S. (1992). Behavioral problems in sons of incarcerated or otherwise absent fathers: the issue of separation, The Family Process, 303–315. Gaensbauer ,T., Chatoor, I., Drell, M., Siegel, D., & Zeanah CH. (1995). Traumatic loss in a one-year-old girl. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 520–528. Gaffney, D. A., Jones, E. T., & Dunne-Maxim, K. (1992). Support groups for sibling suicide survivors. Crisis, 13, 76–81. Gardner, R. A. (1977). Children's guilt reactions to parental death: psychodynamics and therapeutic management, Hiroshima Forum for Psychology, 4, 45–50. Gass-Sternas, K.A. (1995). Single parent widows: Stressors, appraisal, coping, resources, grieving responses and health. Marriage and Family Review, 20, 411–445. Geis, H. K., Whittlesey, S. W., McDonald N. B., Smith K. L., & Pfefferbaum B. (1998) Bereavement and loss in childhood. Stress in Children, 7, 73–85. Gerhardt, C. A., Fairclough, D. L., Grossenbacher, J. C., Barrera, M., Gilmer, M. J., Foster, T. L., et al. (2012). Peer relationships of bereaved siblings and comparison classmates after a child’s death from cancer. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 37, (2), 209–219. Gersten, J. C., Beals, J., & Kallgren, C. A. (1991). Epidemiology and preventive interventions: parental death in childhood as a case example. American Journal of Community Psychology, 19, 481–501. Gheyara, S., Klump, K. L., McGue, M., Iacono, W. G., Burt, S. A., (2011). The death(s) of close friends and family moderate genetic influences on symptoms of major depressive disorder in adolescents. Psychological Medicine, 41, 721–729 Gibbons, M. B. (1992). A child dies, a child survives: the impact of sibling loss. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 6, 65–72. Glazer, H., & Clark, M. (1999). A family–centered intervention for grieving preschool children. Journal of Child and Adolescent Group Therapy, 9, 161–168. 12 L Goldberg, F. R., & Leyden, H. D. (1998). Left and left out: Teaching children to grieve through a rehabilitation curriculum. Professional School Counseling, 2, 123–127. Goodman, R. F., Morgan, A. V., Juriga, S., & Brown, E. J. (2004). Letting the story unfold: A case study of client-centered therapy for childhood traumatic grief. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 12, 199–212. Gootman, M. E. (1994). When a friend dies. A book for teens about grieving & healing. Minneapolis: Free Spirit Publishing Inc. Gothelef, D., Apter, A., Brand–Gothelef, A., Offer, N., Ofek, H., Tyano, S., & Pfeffer C. R. (1998). Death concepts in suicidal adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 1279–1286. Gould, M. S., Shaffer, D., Fisher, P., & Garfinkel, R. (1998). Separation/Divorce and Child and Adolescent Completed Suicide. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 155–162. Gray G. E., van Niekerk, R., Struthers, H., Violari, A., Martinson, N., McIntyre, J., & Naidu, V. (2006). The effects of adult morbidity and mortality on household welfare and the well-being of children in Soweto. Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies, 1, 15–28. Gray, R. E. (1987). Adolescent response to the death of a parent. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 16, 511–515. Gray, R. E. (1988). The role of school counselors with bereaved teenagers: with and without peer support groups, The School Counselor, January, 185–193. Gray, R. E. (1989). Adolescents' perceptions of social support after the death of a parent. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 7, 127–144. Gray, K. (2008). Ostrich boys. London: Random House Children's Books. Gray, L. B., Weller, R. A., Fristad, M., & Weller, E. B. (2011). Depression in children and adolescents two months after the death of a parent. Journal of Affective Disorder, 135, 277–283. Greene, D. B. (1994). Childhood suicide and myths surrounding it. Social Work, 39, 230–232. Grenklo, T. N., Kreicbergs, U., Hauksdóttir, A., Valdimardóttir, U. A., Nyberg, T., Steineck, G., & Fürst, C. J. (2013). Self-injury in teenagers who lost a parent to cancer. A nationwide, population-based, long-term follo-up. Journal of the American Medical Association: Pediatrics, 167, (2), 133–140. Grollman, E. (1967). Explaining death to children. Boston: Beacon press. Gross, G. (1979). The child care workers' response to the death of a child, Child Care Quarterly, 8, 59–67. Grossberg, S. H., & Crandall, L. (1978). Father loss and father absence in preschool children, Clinical Social Work Journal, 6, 123–135. Grossman, J., Hirsch, J., Goldenberg, D., Libby, S., Fendrich, M., Mackesy-Amiti, M. E., Mazur, C., & Chance, G. H. (1995). Strategies for school–based responses to loss: proactive training and postvention consultation. Crisis, 16, 18–26. Grossman, M., & Rowat, K.M. (1995). Parental relationships, coping strategies, received support, and well–being in adolescents of separated or divorced and married parents. Research in Nursing & health, 18, 249–261. Grøholt, B., Ekeberg, Ø., Wichstrøm, L., & Haldorsen, T. (1997). Youth suicide in Norway, 1990–1992: A comparison between children and adolescents completing suicide and age– and gender–matched controls. Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior. 27, 250– 63. 13 M Grøholt, B., Ekeberg, Ø., Wichstrøm, L., & Haldorsen, T. (1998). Suicide among children and younger and older adolescents in Norway: A comparative study. Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 473–481. Guttman, J. (1993). Adolescents from divorced families and their best–friend relationship: a qualitative analysis. Journal of Divorce and Remarriage, 20, 95–110. Gyllensvärd, G. (1997). Stöd för barn i sorg. Stockholm: Rädda Barnen. Gyllenswärd, G. (1999). Sorg finns. Stockholm: Rädda Barnen. Gylling, H. (1981). En sorgterapi med en 11 1/2 årig skoledreng. Skolepsykologi, 6, 356–375. Hadi, F., Llabre, M. M., & Spitzer, S. (2006). Gulf war-related trauma and psychological distress of Kuwaiti children and their mothers. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 19, 653– 662. Hagan, M. J., Tein, J. Y., Sandler, I. N., Wolchik, S. A., Ayers, T. S., & Luecken, L. J. (2012). Strengthening effective parenting practices over the long term: Effects of a preventive intervention for parentally bereaved families. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 41, (2), 177–188. Haine, R. A., Ayers, T. S., Sandler, I. N., Wolchik, S. A., & Weyer, J.L. (2003). Locus of control and self-esteem as stress-moderator or stress-mediators in parentally bereaved children. Death Studies, 27, 619–640. Haine, R. A., Wolchik, S. A., Sandler, I. N., Millsap, R. E., & Ayers, T. S. (2006). Positive parenting as a protective resource for parentally bereaved children. Death Studies, 30, 1–28. Halperin, E. N. (1993). Denial in the children whose parents died of Aids. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 23, 249–257. Hamdan, S., Mazariegos, D., Melhem, N. M., Porta, G., Payne, M. W., & Brent, D. A. (2012). Effect of parental bereavement on health risk behaviors in youth. A 3-year follow-up. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 216–223. Hamdan, S., Melhem. N. M., Porta, G., Payne, M. W., & Brent, D. A. (2012). The phenomenology and course of depression in parentally bereaved and non-bereaved youth. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 51, (5) 528–536. Hamdan, S., Melhem, N. M., Porta, G., Song, M. S., Brent, D. A. (2013). Alcohol and substance abuse in parentally bereaved youth. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 74, (8), 828–833. Harris, E. S. (1991). Adolescent bereavement following the death of a parent: an exploratory study. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 21, 267–281. Harris, J. (1995). Trailing the cemetery with children. Bereavement Care, 14, 16–17. Harrison, S. I., Davenport, C. W., McDermott, J. F., & Arbor, A. (1967). Children's Reactions to Bereavement, Archives of General Psychiatry, 17, 593–597. Hart, L., & Garza, Y. (2013). Teachers perceptions of effects of a student’s death: A phenomenological study. Omega, 66, (4), 301–311. Hazell, P. & Lewin, T. (1993). An evaluation of postvention following adolescent suicide. Suicide and Life–threatening Behavior, 23, 101–109. Heath, M. A., & Cole, B. V. (2012). Strengthening classroom emotional support for children following a family member’s death. School Psychology International, 33, (3), 243– 262. Hemmings, P. (1997). Explaining death to children. Bereavement Care, 16, 31–33. 14 N Hendriks, J. H., Black, D., & Kaplan, T. (1993). When father kills mother. Guiding children through trauma & grief. London: Routledge. Heikes, K. (1997). Parental suicide: A systems perspective. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 61, 354–367. Heiney, S. P. (1991). Sibling grief: a case report, Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 3, 121– 127. Hemmings, P. (1998). Drawing the boundaries. Helping young children to understand the therapeutic relationship and anticipate its ending. Bereavement Care, 17, 27. Hemmings, P. (1998). Trust circles. An exercise to help bereaved young people who of those around them they can trust. Bereavement Care, 17, 14. Hilliard, R. E. (2001). The effects of music therapy-based bereavement groups on mood and behavior of grieving children: a pilot study. Journal of Music Therapy, 38(4), 291306. Hilliard, R. E. (2007). The effects of Orff-based music therapy and social work groups on childhood grief symptoms and behaviors. Journal of Music Therapy, 44, 123–138. Hindmarch, C. (1995). Secondary losses for siblings. Child: Care, Health & Development, 21, 425–431. Hinton, P. E. (1980). How a ten–year–old girl faced her death, Journal of Child Psychology, 6, 107–117. Hirsch, B.Z. (1994). Logotherapy in school situation. The International Forum for Logotherapy, 17, 82–86. Hogan, N. S. (1988). The effects of time on the adolescent sibling bereavement process. Pediatric Nursing, 14, 333–335. Hogan, N. (1990). Hogan Sibling Inventory of Bereavement, In J. Touliatos, B. Perlmutter, & M. Straus, (Eds.), Handbook of family measurement techniques (p. 524). Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Hogan, N. S., & Balk, D. E. (1990). Adolescent reactions to sibling death: perceptions of mothers, fathers, and teenagers. Nursing Research, 39, 103–106. Hogan, N. S., & DeSantis, L. (1992). Adolescent sibling bereavement: an ongoing attachment. Qualitative Health Research, 2, 159–177. Hogan, N. S., & DeSantis, L. (1994). Things that help and hinder adolescent sibling bereavement. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 16, 132–153. Hogan, N.S., & DeSantis, L. (1996). Adolescent sibling bereavement: Toward a new theory. In Corr, C. A., Balk, D. E. (Eds), Handbook of adolescent death and bereavement. New York: Springer Publishing Co. Hogan, N.S., & DeSantis, L. (1996). Basic constructs of a theory of adolescent sibling bereavement. In Klass, D., Silverman, P. R. & Nickman, S. L., (Eds), Continuing bonds: New understandings of grief. Bristol, PA: Taylor & Francis. Hogan, N. S., & Greenfield, D. B. (1991). Adolescent sibling bereavement symptomatology in a large community sample. Journal of Adolescent Research, 6, 97–113. Holland, J. (1997). Child bereavement in Humberside schools. Bereavement Care, 16, 8–10. Hopkirk, E. (2005). Adoption after bereavement. Bereavement Care, 24, 47–51. Horowitz, M. J., Krupnick, J., Kaltreider, N., Wilner, N., Leong, A., & Marmar, C. (1981). Initial psychological response to parental death, Archives of General Psychiatry, 38, 316–323. 15 O Hughes, M. C. (1984). Recurrent abdominal pain and childhood depression: Clinical observations of 23 children and their families, American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 54, 146–155. Hughes, P., Turton, P., Hopper, E., & McGauley, G. A. (2001). Disorganised attachement behaviour among infants born subsequent to stillbirth. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 42, 791–801. Hundley, M., & Bratton, S. (1994). Adolescent loss and the school community: Don't let them slip through your fingers. TCA Journal, 22, 10–22. Hung, N. C., & Rabin, L. A. (2009). Comprehending childhood bereavement by parental suicide: a critical review of research on outcomes, grief processes, and interventions. Death Studies, 33, 781–814. Hunt, S., & Greeff, A. P. (2012). Parental bereavement: A panoramic view. Omega, 64 (1), 41–63. Hunter, S. B., & Smith, D. E. (2008). Predictors of children’s understandings of death: Age, cognitive ability, death experience and maternal communicative competence. Omega, 57, 143–162. Hutton, L. M. (1981). Annie is alone: the bereaved child, MCN, 6, 274–277. Hutton, C. J., & Bradley, B. S. (1994). Effects of sudden infant death of bereaved siblings: a comparative study. Journal of Child Psychology & Allied Disciplines, 35, 723–732. Huure, T., Junkkari, H., & Aro, H. (2006). Long-term psychosocial effects of parental divorce. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 256, 256–263. Irizarry, C. (1992). Spirituality and the child: A grandparent's death. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 10, 39–49. Ishikawa, N., Pridmore, P., Carr-Hill, R., & Chaimuangdee, K. (2010). Breaking down the wall of silence around children affected by AIDS in Thailand to support their psychosocial health. AIDS Care, 22 (3), 308–313. Jacobs, J. R., & Bovasso, G. B. (2009). Re-examining the long-term effects of experiencing parental death in childhood on adult psychopathology. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 197, 24–27. Jacobsen, A. (1995). Alting har sin tid. København: Hans Reitzels Forlag. Jakobsen, I. S., & Christiansen, E. (2011). Young people’s risk of suicide attempts in relation to parental death: a population-based register study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52:2, doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02298.x, 176–183. James, B. (1994). Handbook for Treatment of Attachment–Trauma Problems in children. New York: Lexington Books. Janowiak, S. M., Mei-Tal, R., & Drapkin, R. G. (1995). Living with loss: a group for bereaved college students. Death Studies, 19, 55–63. Jeffrey, P., & Lansdown, R. (1993). The role of the special school in the care of the dying child, Bereavement Care, 12, 14–16. Johnson, C. M. (2010). African-American teen girls grieve the loss of friends to homicide: Meaning making and resilience. Omega, 61 (2), 121–143. Johnson, P. A. (1982). After a child's parent has died. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 12, 160–169. Kaffman, M., & Elizur, E. (1979). Children's bereavement reactions following the death of the father. International Journal of Family Therapy, 1, 203–229. 16 P Kaffman, M., Elizur, E., & Gluckson, L. (1987). Bereavement Reactions in Children: Therapeutic Implications, Israeli Journal of Psychiatry & Related Sciences, 24, 65– 76. Kaggwa, E. B., & Hindin, M. J. (2010). The psychological effect of orphanhood in a matured HIV epidemic: An analysis of young people in Mukono, Uganda. Social Science & Medicine, 70, 1002–1010. Kalafat, J., & Gagliano, C. (1996). The use of simulations to assess the impact of an adolescent suicide response curriculum. Suicide and Life–threatening Behaviour, 26, 359–364. Kalafat, J., & Elias, M. (1994). An evaluation of a school–based suicide awareness intervention. Suicide and Life–Threatening Behavior, 24, 224–233. Kalantari, M., & Vostanis, P. (2010). Behavioural and emotional problems in Iranian children four years after parental death in an earthquake. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 56 (2), 158–167. Kaltreider, N. B., Becker, T., & Horowitz, M. J. (1984). Relationship testing after the loss of a parent. American Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 243–246. Kandt, V. E. (1994). Adolescent bereavement: turning a fragile time into acceptance and peace. The School Counselor, 41, 203–211. Kaplow, J. B., Layne, C. M., Pynoos, R. S., Cohen, J. A., & Lieberman, A. (2012). DSM-V Diagnostic criteria for bereavement-related disorders in children and adolescents: Development considerations. Psychiatry, 75 (3), 243–266. Kaplow, J. B., Saunders, J., Angold, A. & Costello, E. J. (2010). Psychiatric symptoms in bereaved versus nonbereaved youth and young adults: A longitudinal epidemiological study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 49, 1145– 1154. Kaplow, J. B., Saxe, G. N., Putnam, F. W., Pynoos, R. S., & Lieberman, A. F. (2006). The long–term consequences of early childhood trauma: a case study and discussion. Psychiatry, 69, 362–375. Kaplow, J. B., Shapiro, D. N., Wardecker, B. M., Howell, K. H., Abelson, J. L., Worthman, C. M., & Prossin, A. R. (2013). Psychological and environmental correlates of HPA axis functioning in parentally bereaved children: Preliminary findings. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26, 233–240. Karlsson, E., Anderson, K., & Ahlström, B. H. (2013). Loneliness despite the presence of others – Adolescents ‘experiences of having a parent who becomes ill with cancer. European Journal of Oncology Nursing. doi: 10.1016/j.ejon.2013.09.005 Karpatschof, B. (Ed.). (2002). Når sorgens fugle flyver bort. København: Egmont Fondens Støtte- og bevillingsadministrasjon. Karpatschof, B. (Ed.). (2002). When the birds of sorrow fly away. København: Egmont Fondens Støtte- og bevillingsadministrasjon. Katz, E. R., Rubinstein, C. L., Hubert, N. C., & Blew, A. (1988). School and social reintegration of children with cancer, Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 6, 123–139. Kaufman, K. R., & Kaufman, N. D. (2006). And then the dog died. Death Studies, 30, 61–76. Kaufman, K. R., & Kaufman, N. D. (2006). Childhood mourning: Prospective case analysis of multiple losses. Death Studies, 29, 237–249. Kausar, R., & Munir, R. (2004). Pakistani adolescents’ coping with stress: effect of loss of a parent and gender of adolescents, Journal of Adolescence, 27, 599–610. 17 Q Kawalik, J., Weller, J., Venter, J. & Drachman, D. (2011). Cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of pediatric posttraumatic stress disorder: A review and meta-analysis. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 42, 405–413. Keeley, M. P., & Generous, M. A. (2013). Advice from children and adolescents on final conversations with dying loved ones. Death Studies, doi. 10.1080/07481187.2012.753556 Kempson, D., & Murdock, V. (2010). Memory keepers: A narrative study on siblings never known. Death Studies, 34, 738–756. Kershaw, H. (1998). Mind mapping with bereaved adolescents. Bereavement Care, 17, 44. Klass, D. (1992–93). The inner representation of the dead child and the worldviews of bereaved children. Omega, 26, 255–272. Kienhorst, I. C. W., De Wilde, E. J., Diekstra, R. F. W., & Wolters, W. H. G. (1995). Adolescents' image of their suicide attempt. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 623–628. Kılıç, C., Kılıç, E. Z. & Aydın, I. O. (2011). Effect of relocation and parental psychopathology on earthquake survivor-children’s mental health. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 199, 335–341. Klingman, A. (1978). Children in stress: anticipatory guidance in the framework of the educational system, Personnel and Guidance Journal, 57, 22–26. Klingman, A. (1988). School community in disaster: planning for intervention, Journal of Community Psychology, 16, 205–216. Klingman, A. (1992). School psychology services: community–based, first–order crisis intervention during the Gulf War, Psychology in the Schools, 29, 376–385. Klyman, C. M. (1986). Pregnancy as a reaction to early childhood sibling loss, Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, 14, 323–335. Kneisel, P. J., & Richards, G. J. (1988). Crisis intervention after the suicide of a teacher. Professional Psychology: Research, Theory and Practice, 19, 165–169. Koocher, G. P. (1974). Talking with children about death. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 44, 404–411. Koocher, G. P. (1994). Preventive intervention following a child’s death. Psychotherapy, 31, 377–382. Kovac, S., & Range, L. (2000). Writing projects: lessening undergraduates` unique suicidal bereavement. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 30, 50–60. Krant, M. J., & Johnston, L. (1978). Family members' perceptions of communications in late stage cancer, International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 8, 203–217. Kranzler, E. M., Shaffer, D., Wasserman, G., & Davies, M. (1990). Early childhood bereavement. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 513–520. Krattenmacher, T., Kühne, F., Führer, D., Beierlein, V., Brähler, E., Resch, F., Klitzing, K. v., Flechtner, H. H. (2013). Coping skills and mental health status in adolescents when a parent has cancer: A multicenter and multi-perspective study. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 74, 252–259. Kreicbergs, U., Valdimarsdottir, U., Onelöw, E., Henter, J-I., & Steinebeck, G. (2004). Talking about death with children who have severe malignant disease. The New England Journal of Medicine, 351, 1175–1186. 18 R Krell, R., & Rabkin, L. (1979). The effects of sibling death on the surviving child: a family perspective, Family Process, 18, 471–477. Kuramoto, S. J., Runeson, B., Stuart, E. A., & Lichtenstein, P., Wilcox, H. C.(2013). Time to hospitalization for suicide attempt by the timing of parental suicide during offspring early development. Jama Psychiatry, 70, (2), 149–157. Kwok, O., Haine, R. A., Sandler, I. N., Ayers, T. S., Wolchik, S. A., & Tein, J. (2005). Positive parenting as a mediator of the relations between parental psychological distress and mental health problems of parentally bereaved children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34(2), 260-271. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3402_5 Landsdown, R., Frangoulis, S., & Jordan, N. (1997). Children’s concept of an afterlife. Bereavement Care, 16, 16–19. Lange, J. (1991). Depresjon hos barn og unge - et osynliggjort fenomen, Nordisk Medicin, 106, 84–85. Langrock, A. M., Compas, B. E., Keller, G., Merchant, J., & Copeland, M. E. (2002). Coping with the stress of parental depression: Parents’ reports of children coping, emotional, and behavioral problems. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 31, 312–324. Layne, C. M., Saltzman, W. R., Poppleton, L., Burlingame, G. M., Pasalić, A., Duraković, E., Musić, M., et al. (2008). Effectiveness of a school-based group psychotherapy program for war-exposed adolescents: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(9), 1048-1062. doi:10.1097/CHI.0b013e31817eecae Layne, C. M., Savjak, N., Saltzman, W. R., & Pynoos, R. S. (2001).Extended Grief Inventory. Unpublished psychological test, University of California, Los Angeles. Layne, C. M., Poppleton, L. E., Saltzman, W. R., & Pynoos, R. S. (2006). Measuring grief responses in traumatically bereaved adolescents: Recent advances in test development using multiple samples. Manuscript submitted for publication. Leckey, J. (1991). Attitudes and responses to death education of a sample of primary school teachers in Belfast, Bereavement Care, 10, 22–23. Lee, R. E., & Whiting, J. B. (2007). Foster children’s expressions of ambiguous loss. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 35, 417–428. Leenaars, A. A., & Wenckstern, (1998). Principles of postvention: Applications to suicide and trauma in schools. Death Studies, 22, 357–91. Leitner, L. M. (1995). Death threat with young adults who have lost a parent to death. Death Studies, 19, 571–582. Lenhardt, A., & McCourt, B. (2000). Adolescent unresolved grief in response to the death of a mother. Professional School Counseling, 3, 189–196. Lennings, C. J. (1994). A cognitive understanding of adolescent suicide. Journal of Genetic Social and General Psychology Monographs, 120, 8756–7547. Lester, D. (1993). Challenges in preventing suicide. Crisis, 4, 187–189. Leucken, L. J., & Roubinov, D. S. (2012). Pathways to lifespan health following childhood parental death. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 1; 6, (3), 243–257. Leviton, D., & Forman, E. Cleiman. (1974). Death education for children and youth, Journal of Clinical Psychology, 3, 8–10. 19 S Lewinsohn, P. M., Rohde, P., & Seeley, J. R. (1994). Psychosocial risk factors for future adolescent suicide attempts. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 297– 305. Lewis, C. R., Titelbaum, J., & Marcus, S. (1983). Pediatric team approach to violent early bereavement. The Journal of the Medical Society, 80, 117–120. Lewis, S. N. (1983). Material anxiety following bereavement by cot death and emotional security of subsequent infants, Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 14, 55–61. Lewis, F. M. (1990). Strengthening family supports, cancer and the family, Cancer, 65, 752– 759. Lewis, F. M., Ellison, E. S., & Woods, N. Fugate. (1985). The impact of breast cancer on the family, Seminars in Oncology Nursing, 1, 206–213. Li, J., Vestergaard, J., Obel, C., Cnattigus, S., Gissler, M., Ahrensberg, J., & Olsen, J. (2012). Antenatal maternal bereavement and childhood cancer in the offspring: a populationbased cohort study in 6 million children. Depression and Anxiety, 29, 541–544. Lichtman, R. R., Taylor, S. E., Wood, J. V., Bluming, A. Z., Dosik, G. M., & Leibowitz, R. L. (1984). Relations with children after breast cancer: the mother–daughter relationship at risk, Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 2, 1–19. Lieberman, A. F., Chu, A., Van Horn, P. & Harris, W. W. (2011). Trauma in early childhood: Empirical evidence and clinical implications. Development and Psychopathology, 23, 397–410. Lieberman, A.F., Compton, N.C., Van Horn, P., & Ippen, C.G. (2003). Losing a parent to death in the early years. Guidelines for the treatment of traumatic bereavement in infancy and early childhood. Zero to three press. Washington. Li, X., Naar-King, S., Barnett, D., Stanton, B., Fang, X., & Thurston, C. (2008). A developmental psychopathology framework of the psychosocial needs of children orphaned by HIV. Journal of the Association of Nurses in Aids Care, 19, 147–157. Lin, K. K., Sandler, I. N., Ayers, T. S., Wolchik, S.A., & Luecken, L. L. (2004). Resilience in parentally bereaved children and adolescents seeking preventive services. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33, 673–683. Little, M., Sandler, I. N., Wolchik, S. A., Tein, J., & Ayers, T. S. (2009). Comparing cognitive, relational and stress mechanisms underlying gender differences in recovery from bereavement-related internalizing problems. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 38(4), 486-500. doi:10.1080/15374410902976353 Lohnes, K. L., & Kalter, N. (1994). Preventive intervention groups for parentally bereaved children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 64, 594–603. Long, K. A. (1983). The experience of repeated and traumatic loss among Crow Indian children: response patterns and intervention strategies, American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 53, 116–126. Lopez, T., & Kliman, G. W. (1978). Memory, reconstruction and mourning in the analysis of a 4–year–old child, Society, December, 235–271. Lovrin, M. (1995). Interpersonal support among 8–year–old girls who have lost their parents or siblings to AIDS. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 9, 92–98. Lowton, K. & Higginson, I. J. (2003). Managing bereavement in the classroom: a conspiracy of silence. Death Studies, 27, 717–741. Luecken, L. J. (1998). Childhood attachment and loss experiences affect adult cardiovascular and cortisol function. Psychosomatic Medicine, 60, 765 – 772. 20 T Luecken, L. J., Hagan, M. J., Sandler, I. N., Tein, J.-Y., Ayers, T. S., & Wolchik, S. A. (2010). Cortisol levels six-year after participation in the Family Bereavement Program. International Journal of Psychoneuroendocrinology, 35, 785–789. Luecken, L. J., Kraft, A., Appelhans, B. M., & Enders, C. (2009). Emotional and cardiovascular sensitization to daily stress following childhood parental loss. Developmental Psychology, 45, 296–302. Luster, T., Qin, D., Bates, L., Johnson, D., & Rana, M. (2009). The lost boys of Sudan: Coping with ambiguous loss and separation from parents. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 79, 203–211. Luthar, S. S., & Zigler, E. (1991). Vulnerability and competence: a review of research on resilience in childhood. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 61, 6–23. Mack, K. Y. (2000). Childhood family disruptions and adult well–being: the differential effects of divorce and parental death. Death Studies, 25, 419–443. Mahon, M. (1999). Secondary losses in bereaved children when both parents have died: a case study. OMEGA – Journal of Death and Dying, 39, 297–314. Mahon, M. M. (2009). Funeral directions and bereaved children: beliefs and experiences. Death Studies, 33, 828–847. Maier, E., & Lachmann, M. (2000). Consequences of early parental loss and separation for health and well–being in midlife. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 24, 183–189. Malinak, D. P., Hoyt, M. F., & Patterson, V. (1979). Adult's reactions to the death of a parent: a preliminary study, American Journal of Psychiatry, 136, 1152–1156. Malley, P. B., & Kush, F. (1994). Comprehensive and systematic school–based suicide prevention programs: a checklist for counselors. The School Counselor, 41, 191–194. Malley, P. B., Kush, F., & Bogo, R. J. (1994). School–based adolescent suicide prevention and intervention programs: A survey. The School Counselor, 42, 130–36. Maltby, J. (2008). Consultation in schools: helping staff and pupils with unresolved loss and mourning. Journal of Child Psychotherapy, 34, 83–100. Mandell, F., McAnulty, E. H., & Carlson, A. (1983). Unexpected death of an infant sibling, Pediatrics, 72, 652–657. Mandell, F., McClain, M., & Reece, R. (1988). The sudden infant death syndrome, Annals New York Academy of Science, 533, 129–131. Mandell, F., Dirks-Smith, T., & Smith, M. F. (1988). The surviving child in the SIDS family, Pediatrician, 15, 217–221. Mannarino, A. P. & Cohen, J. A. Traumatic loss in children and adolescents. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 4, 22–33. Mannarino, A. P., & Cohen, J. A. (2011).Traumatic loss in children and adolescents. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 4, 22–33. Many, M. M. (2009). Termination as a therapeutic intervention when treating children who have experienced multiple losses. Infant Mental Health Journal, 30, 23–39. Margola, D., Facchin, F., Molgora, S., & Revenson, T. A. (2010). Cognitive and emotional processing through writing among adolescents who experienced the death of a classmate. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 2 (3), 250– 260. Martin, G., & Waite, S. (1994). Parental bonding and vulnerability to adolescent suicide. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia, 89, 246–254. 21 U Martinson, I. M., Davies, E. B., & McClowry, S. G. (1987). The long–term effects of sibling death on self–concept. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 2, 227–235. Martinson, I. M., & Campos, R. G. (1991). Adolescent bereavement: long–term responses to a sibling's death from cancer. Journal of Adolescent Research, 6, 54–69. Marttunen, M. J., Aro, H. M., & Lönnqvist, J. K. (1993). Adolescence and suicide: a review of psychological autopsy studies. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2, 10– 18. Mauk, G. W., Gibson, D. G., & Lodgers, P. L. (1994). Suicide postvention with adolescents: school consultation practices and issues. Education & Treatment of Children, 17, 468–483. Mauk, G. W., & Weber, C. (1991). Peer survivors of adolescent suicide: perspectives on grieving and postvention. Journal of Adolescent Research, 6, 113–131. Maundeni, T., & Malinga-Musamba, T. (2013). The role of informal caregivers in the wellbeing of orphans in Botswana: a literature review. Child and Family Social Work, 18, 107–116. McClatchey, I. S., Vonk, M. E., Lee, J., & Bride, B. (2013). Traumatic and complicated grief among children: One or two constructs? Death Studies, doi: 10.1080/ 07481187.2012.725571 McClatchey, I, S., Vonk, M. E., & Palardy, G. (2009). Efficacy of a camp-based intervention for childhood traumatic grief. Research on Social Work Practice, 19, 19–30. McClatchey, I. S., & Wimmer, J. S. (2012). Healing components of a bereavement camp: children and adolescents give voice to their experiences. Omega, 65, (1), 11–32. McClenahan Bradach, K. & Jordan, J. R. (1995). Long–term effects of a family history of traumatic death on adolescent individuation. Death Studies, 19, 315–336. McCown, D. E. (1984). Funeral attendance, cremation, and young siblings. Death Education, 8, 349–363. McCown, D.E., & Davies, B. (1995). Patterns of grief in young children following the death of a sibling. Death Studies, 19, 41–53. McCown, D. E., & Pratt, C. (1985). Impact of sibling death on children's behavior, Death Studies, 9, 223–335. McDonald, M. (1964). A study of the reactions of nursery school children to the death of a child's mother, Psychoanalytical Study of the Child, 19, 358–377. McFerran, K., Roberts, M., & O’Grady, L. (2010). Music therapy with bereaved teenagers: A mixed methods perspective. Death Studies, 34, 541–565. McGovern, M., & Barry, M. M. (2000). Death education: Knowlegde, attitudes, and perspectives of irish parents and teachers. Death Studies, 24, 325–333. McLevin, L. A., & Muller , R. T. (2006). Childhood trauma, imaginary companions, and the development of pathological dissociation. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 11, 531– 545. McNeil, J. N., Silliman, B., & Swihart, J. J. (1991). Helping adolescents cope with the death of a peer: a high school case study. Journal of Adolescent Research, 6, 132–145. McQuaide, S. (1995). Storying the suicide of one’s child. Clinical Social Work, 23, 417–428. Mehlum, L. (1994). Young male suicide attempters 20 years later: the suicide mortality rate. Military Medicine, 159, 138–141. 22 V Melhem, N. N., Day, N., Shear, M. K., Day., R., Reynolds, C. F., & Brent, D. (2004). Traumatic grief among adolescents exposed to a peer’s suicide. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 1411–1416. Melhem, N. M., Moritz, G., Walker, M., Shear, M. K., & Brent, D. (2007). Phenomenology and correlates of complicated grief in children and adolescents. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 493–499. Melhem, N. M., Porta, G., Shamseddeen, W., Payne, M. W., & Brent, D. A. (2011). Grief in children and adolescents bereaved by sudden parental death. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68, (9), 911–919. Melhem, N., Walker, M., Moritz, G., & Brent, D. A. (2008)). Antecedents and sequelae of sudden parental death in offspring and surviving caregivers. Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine, 162, 403–410. Melvin, D., & Lukeman, D. (2000). Bereavement: A framework for those working with children. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 5, 521–539. Mendhekar, D. N., & Lohia, D. (2010). Complicated grief in a two-and-a-half-year-old child. Singapore Medical Journal, 51 (2), 34–36. Meshot, C. M., & Leitner, L. M. (1992–93). Adolescent mourning and parental death. Omega, 24, 287–299. Metel, M., & Barnes, J. (2011). Peer-group support for bereaved children: A qualitative interview study. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 9 MAY 2011, DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-3588.2011.00601.x. Mireault, G. C., & Compas, B. E. (1996). A prospective study of coping and adjustment before and after a parent’s death from cancer. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 14, 1–18. Miller, J. B. M (1971). Children's reactions to the death of a parent: a review of the psychoanalytic literature, Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 19, 697–719. Mishara, B. L. (1999). Conceptions of death and suicide in children ages 6–12 and their implications for suicide prevention. Suicide and life–threatening behavior, 29, 105– 118. Mishne, J. M. (1984). Trauma of parent loss through divorce, death and illness, Human Sciences, 74–88. Mitchell, N. L., & Schulman, K. R. (1981). The child and the fear of death, Journal of the National Medical Association, 73, 963–967. Moriarty, I. (1978). Mourning the death of an infant: the siblings' story, The Journal of Patoral Care, 32, 22–33. Mosher, C. E., & Danoff-Burg, S. (2005). Psychosocial impact of parental cancer in adulthood: A conceptual and empirical review. Clinical Psychology Review, 25, 365– 382. Moss, M. S. & Moss, S. Z. (1983–84). The impact of parental death on middle aged children, Omega, 14, 65–75. Moody, R. A., & Moody, C. P. (1991). A family perspective: helping children acknowledge and express grief following the death of a parent. Death Studies, 15, 587–602. Mufson, T. (1985). Issues surrounding sibling death during adolescence. Child and Adolescent Social Work, 2, 204–218. 23 W Mulder, A. M., Methorst, G. J., & Diekstra, R. F. W. (1989). Prevention of suicidal behavior in adolescents: the role and training of teachers, Crisis, 1, 36–51. Mullarky, K., & Pfeffer, C. R. (1992). Psychiatric treatment of a child suicide survivor, 13, 70–75. Muller, O., (1997). Barn og foreldres selvmord. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologiforening, 34, 859–867. Muňiz-Cohen, M., Melhem, N. M., & Brent, D. A. (2010). Health Risk Behaviors in Parentally Bereaved Youth. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 164(7), 621-624. doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.101 Musaph, H. (1990). Anniversary reaction as a symptom of grief in traumatized persons, Israelian Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences, 27, 175–179. Neimeyer, R. A,. & Pfeiffer, A. M. (1994). Evaluation of suicide intervention effectiveness. Death Studies, 18, 131–166. Newman, M. (1995). Helping children after a traumatic bereavement. Bereavement Care, 14, 18–19. Nickerson, A., Bryant, R. A., Aderka, I. M., Hinton, D. E., & Hofmann, S. G. (2013). The impacts of parental loss and adverse parenting on mental health: Findings from the national comorbidity servey-replication. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 5, (2), 119–127. Nickman, S. L. Silverman, P. R., & Normand, C. (1998). Children’s construction of a deceased parent: the surviving parent’s contribution. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 68, 126–134. Nicolson, N. A. (2004). Childhood parental loss and cortisol levels in adult men. Psychoneurocrinology, 29, 1012–1018. Norris-Shortle, C., Young, P. A., & Williams, M. A. (1993). Understanding death and grief for children three and younger. Social Work, 38, 736–742. Nuehring, E. M., & Barr, W. E. (1980). Mastectomy: impact on patients and families, Health and Social Work, 5, 51–59. Nöstlinger, C., Bartoli, G., Gordillo, V., Roberfroid, D., & Colebunders, R. (2006). Children and adolescents living with HIV positive parents: Emotional and behavioural problems. Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies, 1, 29–43. Oates, M. D. (1993). Death in the school community: a handbook for counselors, teachers, and administrators. USA: American Counseling Association. O’Brien, J. M., Goodenow, C., & Espin, O. (1991). Adolescents’ reaction to the death of a peer. Adolescence, 26, 431–440. O’Halloran, C., & Altmaier, E. M. (1996). Awareness of death among children: does a life– threatening illness alter the process of discovery? Journal of Counseling & Development, 74, 259–262. O'Hara, D. M., Taylor, R,. & Simpson, K. (1994). Critical incident stress debriefing: bereavement support in schools – developing a role for an LEA educational psychology service. Educational Psychology in Practice, 10, 27–34. Olesen, P. (1999). (Red.): Min mor døde. Min far døde. Vejle: Kroghs forlag. Olowu, A. A. (1990). Helping children cope with death. Early Children Development and Care, 61, 119–123. Oliviere, D., Abeles, M., & Pike, M. (1995). Bereavement groups with a difference. Bereavement Care, 14, 14–16. 24 X Oltjenbruns, K. A. (1991). Positive outcomes of adolescents' experience with grief. Journal of Adolescent Research, 6, 43–53. Openshaw, L. L. (2011). School-based support groups for traumatized students. School Psychology International, 32 (2), 163–178. Orbach, I., & Bar-Joseph, H. (1993). The impact of a suicide prevention program for adolescents on suicidal tendencies, hopelessness, ego identity and coping. Suicide and Life–threatening Behavior, 23, 120–129. Orbach, I., Weiner, M., Har-Even, D., & Eshel, Y. (1994–95). Children’s perception of death and interpersonal closeness to the dead person. Omega, 30, 1– 2. Orbach, L., Lotem-Peleg, M., & Kedem, P. (1995). Attitudes toward the body in suicidal, depressed, and normal adolescents. Suicide and Life Threatening behavior, 25, 211– 221. Ottosen, M. H. (1999). Samboskab, forædreskab og samlivsbrud. Tidsskrift for Velferdsforskning, 2, 149–160. Owusu-Bempah, J. (1995). Information about the absent parent as a factor in the well–being of children of single–parent families. International Social Work, 38, 253–275. Packman, W., Horsley, H., Davies, B., & Kramer, R. (2006). Sibling bereavement and continuing bonds. Death Studies, 30, 817–841. Palmo, A. J., Langlois, D. E., & Bender, I. (1988). Development of a policy and procedures statement for crisis situations in the school, The School Counselor, 36, 94–102. Palumbo, J. (1981). Parent loss and childhood bereavement: Some theoretical considerations, Clinical Social Work Journal, 9, 3–33. Papadatou, D., Metallinou, O., Hatzichristou, C., & Pavlidi, L. (2002). Supporting the bereaved child: Teacher’s perseptions and experiences in Greece. Mortality, 7 (3), 324–339. Paris, M. M., Carter, B. L., Day, S. X., & Armsworth, M. W. (2009). Grief and trauma in children after the death of a sibling. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 2, 71–80. Partridge, S., & Kotler, T. (1987). Self–esteem and adjustment in adolescents from bereaved, divorced, and intact families: family type versus family environment. Australian Journal of Psychology, 2, 223–234. Patterson, P., Rangganadhan, A. (2010). Losing a parent to cancer: a preliminary investigation into the needs of adolescents and young adults. Palliative and Supportive Care, 8, 255–265. Payne, B. J., & Range, L. M. (1996). Family environment, attitudes toward life and death, depression, and suicidality in elementary–school children. Death Studies, 20, 481– 494. Peck, M. L., & Berkowitz, I. H. (1987). Youth Suicide: the role of school consultation, Pearlman, M. Y., Schwalbe, K. D., & Cloitre, M. (2010). Grief in childhood. Fundamentals of treatment in clinical practice. Washington: American Psychological Association. Peters, M. J., & Weller, E. (1994). (Letter to the Editor). Resolved: several weeks of depressive symptoms after exposure to a friend's suicide is "Major Depressive Disorder". Journal of Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33, 584–586. Pettle, S. A., & Lansdown, R. G. (1986). Adjustment to the death of a sibling. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 61, 278–283. Pettle, S. A., & Britten, C. M. (1995). Talking with children about death and dying. Child: Care, Health & Development, 21, 395–404. 25 Y Pfeffer, C. R. (1997). Child survivors of suicide: psychosocial characteristics. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 65–74. Pfeffer, C. R., Hurt, S. W., Kakuma, T., Peskin, J. R., Siefker, C. A. & Nagabhairava, S. (1994). Suicidal children grow up: Suicidal episodes and effects of treatment during follow–up. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 33, 225–230. Pfeffer, C. R. et al. (1993). Suicidal children grow up: rates and psychosocial risk factors for suicide attempts during follow–up. Journal of the American Academy for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 106–113. Pfeffer, C. R., Altemus, M., Heo, M., & Jiang, H. Salivary Cortisol and psychopathology in children bereaved by the September 11, 2001 terror attacks. Biological Psychiatry, 61, 957–965. Pfeffer, C., Karus, D., Siegel, K., & Jiang, H. (2000). Child survivors of parental death from cancer or suicide: depressive and behavioral outcomes. Psycho-oncology, 9, 1–10. Pfefferbaum, B., Gurwitch, R., McDonald, N., Leftwich, M., Sconzo, G., Messenbaugh, A., & Schultz, R. (2000). Posttraumatic stress among young children after the death of a friend of acquaintance in a terrorist bombing. Psychiatric Services, 51, 386–388. Pfefferbaum, B., North, C. S., Doughty, D.E., Pfefferbaum, R. L., Dumont, C. E., & Pynoos, R. S. (2006). Trauma, grief and depression in Nairobi children after the 1998 bombing of the American embassy. Death Studies, 30, 561–577. Pitcher, G. D., & Poland S. (1992). Crisis Intervention in the Schools. New York: The Guilford Press. Podell, C. (1989). Adolescent mourning: The sudden death of a peer. Clinical Social Work, 17, 64–78. Pohlman, J. C. (1984). Illness and death of a peer in a group of three–year–olds. Death Education, 8, 123–126. Poijula, S., Wahlberg, K-E., & Dyregrov, A. (2001). Adolescent suicide and suicide contagion in three secondary schools. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health, 3, 169–175. Pollock, G. H. (1978). On siblings, childhood sibling loss, and creativity, The American Journal of Psychoanalysis, 6, 443–481. Pollock, G. H. (1986). Childhood sibling loss, a family tragedy, Pediatric Annals, 15, 309– 314. Pollock, G. H. (1962). Childhood and sibling loss in adult patients, Archives of General Psychiatry, 7, 87–97. Pollock, G. H. (1972). Bertha Pappenheim's pathological mourning: possible effects of childhood sibling loss, 20, 476–493. Potter, L. B., Rosenberg, M. L., & Hammond W. R. (1998). Suicide in youth: A public health framework. Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 484–487. Powell, M. (1991). The psychosocial impact of sudden infant death syndrome on siblings, The Irish Journal of Psychology, 1991, 12, 235–247. Poznanski, E. O., & Arbor, A. (1972). The "replacement child": a saga of unresolved parental grief, Behavioral Pediatrics, 81, 1190–1193. Preschy, M. K. (1997). Helping teens work through grief. Washington, Taylor & Francis Group. 26 Z Pruchno, R. A., Cartwright, F. P. & Wilson-Genderson, M. (2009). Effects of marital closeness on the transition from caregiving to widowhood. Aging & Mental Health, 13, 808–817. Pynoos, R. S. (1992). Grief and trauma in children and adolescents. Bereavement Care, 11, 2–10. Pynoos, R. S., Nader, K., Frederick, C., Gonda, L., & Stuber, M. (1987). Grief reactions in school age children following a sniper attack at school. Israeli Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences, 224, 53–63. Quarmby, D. (1993). Peer group counselling with bereaved adolescents. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 21, 196–211. Radovanovic, H. (1993). Parental conflict and children's coping styles in litigating separated families: relationships with children's adjustment. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 21, 697–713. Rafman, S., Canfield, J., Barbas, J., & Kaczorowski, J. (1997). Children’s representations of parental loss due to war. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 20, 163– 177. Rambøll, (2012). Cost-benefit-analyse born, unge & sorg. Rapport, Hannemanns Allé 53 DK2300 København S, 1–63. Ranheim, U. (Ed.). (2002). Vær der for meg – om ungdom, død og sorg. Vollen: Tell Forlag A.S. Raphael, B., Cubis, J., Dunne, M., Lewin, T., & Kelly, B. (1990). The impact of parental loss on adolescents' psychosocial characteristics. Adolescence, 15, 689–700. Rask, K., Kaunonen, M., & Ilmonen–Paunonen, M. (2002). Adolescent coping with grief after death of a loved one. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 8, 137–142. Raundalen, M. (2000). Hva skal vi si til barn om selvmord? Suicidologi, 5, 12–15. Raveis, V. H., Siegel, K., & Karus, D. (1999). Children’s psychological distress following the death of a parent. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 28, 165–180. Reckling, A. E., & Buirski, P. (1996). Child abuse, self–development, and affect regulation. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 13, 81–99. Rehnstam, M. (Ed.). (2002). När klassen berörs av dödsfall. Varberg: Argument Förlag AB. Reid, J. K., & Dixon, W. A. (1999). Teacher attitudes on coping with grief in the public school classroom. Psychology in the Schools, 36 (3), 219–229. Reinherz, H. Z., Giaconia, R. M., Silverman, A. B., Friedman, A., Pakiz, B., Frost, A. K., & Cohen, E. (1995). Early psychosocial risks for adolescent suicidal ideation and attempts. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 5, 599–611. Reinherz, H. Z., Giaconia, R. M., Hauf, A. M. C., Wasserman, M. S., & Silverman, A. B. (1999). Major depression in the transition to adulthood: risks and impairments. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108, 500–510. Reiswig, R. (2011). Creating space for mourning a lost father and husband after September 11: A therapist’s reflections. Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychotherapy, 10, 238–241. Reiswig, R. (2011). Support Group II: Maternal representation of the lost father. Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychotherapy, 10, 224–228. Rheingold, A. A., Smith, D. W., Ruggiero, K. J., Saunders, B. E., Kilpatrick, D. G., & Resnick, H. S. (2004). Loss, trauma exposure, and mental health in a representative 27 AA sample of 12-17 year old youth: Data from the national survey of adolescents. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 9 (1), 1–19. Rheingold, A. A., Zinzow, H., Hawkins, A., Sounders, B. E., & Kilpatrick, D. G. (2011). Prevalence and mental health outcomes of homicide survivors in a representative US sample of adolescents: data from the 2005 national survey of adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 1–8. Rickgarn, R. L. V. (1987). The death response team: responding to the forgotten grievers, Journal of Counseling and Development, 66, 197–199. Rich Wheeler, S., & Austin, J. K. (2001). The impact of early pregnancy loss on adolescents. American Journal of Maternal Child Nursing, 26, 154–159. Riches, G., & Dawson, P. (2000). Daughters’ dilemmas: grief resolution in girls whose widowed fathers remarry early. Journal of Family Therapy, 22, 360–374. Rigy, M. (1995). The summer the world betrayed me. Bereavement Care. Ringler, L., & Hayden, D. (2000). Adolescent bereavement and social support: peer loss compared to other losses. Journal of Adolescent Research, 15, 209–230. Roberts, R. E., Roberts, C. R., & Chen Y. R. (1998). Suicidal thinking among adolescents with a history of attempted suicide. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 1294–1300. Roberts, W. B., Jr. (1995). Postvention and psychological autopsy in the suicide of a 14– year–old public school student. School Counselor, 42, 322–330. Robertson, L., Skegg, K., Poore, M., Williams, S., & Taylor, B. (2012). An adolescent suicide cluster and possible role of electronic communication technology. Clinical Insight, 33, (4), 239–245. Robin, M. W. (1979). Life without father, a review of the literature, International Journal of Group Tensions, 1–4, 169–194. Robinson, N. S. (1995). Evaluating the nature of perceived support and its relation to perceived self–worth in adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 5, 253–280. Robinson, L., & Mahon, M. M. (1997). Sibling bereavement: A concept analysis. Death Studies, 21, 477–499. Rodgers, B., Power, C., & Hope, S. (1997). Parental divorce and adult psychological distress: evidence from a national birth cohort: a research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 867–872. Ronsmans, C., Chowdhury, M. E., Dasgupta, S. K., Ahmed, A., & Koblinsky, M. (2010). Effect of parent's death on child survival in rural Bangladesh: a cohort study. The Lancet, 375(9730), 2024-2031. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60704-0 Rosen, H. (1985). Prohibitions against mourning in childhood sibling loss, OMEGA, 15, 307– 316. Rosen, H., & Cohen, H. L. (1981). Children's reactions to sibling loss, Clinical Social Work Journal, 9, 211–219. Rosen, G. (1982). Replacement children: expanding the concept, Journal of Development and Behavioral Pediatrics, 3, 239–241. Rosenheim, E., & Reicher, R. (1984). Informing children about a parent's terminal illness. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 26, 995–998. Rosenheim, E., & Reicher, R. (1986). Children in anticipatory grief: the lonely predicament, Journal of Clinical Psychology, 15, 115–119. 28 BB Rosenheim, E., & Ichilov, Y. (1979). Short–term preventive therapy with children of fatally– ill parents, Israel Annual of Psychiatry, 17, 67–73. Rosenthal, P. A. (1983). Catastrophic events: reaction of preschool age children and their families. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 14, 106–116. Rosner, R., Kruse, J. & Hagl, M. (2010). A meta-analysis of interventions for bereaved children and adolescents. Death Studies, 34, 99–136. Rostila, M., & Saarela, J. M. (2011). Time does not heal all wounds: Mortality following the death of a parent. Journal of Marriage and Family, 73, 236–249. Rostila, M., Saarela, J., & Kawachi, I. (2012).The forgotten griever: A nationwide follow-up study of mortality subsequent to the death of a sibling. American Journal of Epidemiology Advance Access, doi: 10.1093/aje/kws163. Rostila, M., Saarela, J., & Kawachi, I. (2013). Fatal stroke after the death of a sibling: A nationwide follow-up study from Sweden. PLoS ONE, 8, (2): e56994. Doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056994 Rostila, M., Saarela, J., & Kawachi, I. (2013). Suicide following the death of a sibling: a nationwide follow-up study from Sweden. BMJ Open, doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013002618. Rostila, M., Saarela, J., & Kawachi, I. (2013). “The psychological skeleton in the closet”: mortality after a sibling’s suicide. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, doi:10.1007/a00127-013-0780-1 Rothenberg, E. B. (1994). Bereavement intervention with vulnerable populations: A case report on group work with the developmentally disabled. Social Work with Groups, 17, 61–75. Rotheram-Borus, M. J., Piacentini, J., Miller, S., Graae, F. & Castro-Blanco, D. (1994). Brief cognitive–behavioral treatment for adolescent suicide attempters and their families. Journal of the Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33, 508–517. Rotheram-Borus, M. J., Weiss, R., Alber, S., & Lester, P. (2005). Adolescent adjustment before and after HIV-related parental death. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 221–228. Rubel, B. (Ed). (2009). But I didn’t say goodbye. New Jersey: Griefwork Center Inc. Rubenstein, J. L., Halton, A., Kasten, L., Rubin, C., & Stechler, G. (1998). Suicidal behavior in adolescents: Stress and protection in different family contexts. American Journal of Orthopsychiaty, 68, 274–284. Russell, B. (1929). Your child and the fear of death. Forum, 81, 174–178. Rød, P. A., Ekeland, T-J., & Thuen, F. (2008). Barns erfaringer med konfliktfylte samlivsbrudd: Problemforståelse og følelsesmessige reaksjoner. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening, 45, 555–562. Rølmer, S., & Olesen, P. Børn om mors og fars død. Vejle: Kroghs forlag. Saldinger, A., Cain, A., Kalter, N., & Lohnes, K. (1999). Anticipating parental death in families with young children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 69, 39–48. Saldinger, A., Cain, A., & Porterfield, K. (2003). Managing traumatic stress in children anticipating parental death. Psychiatry, 66, 168–181. Saldinger, A., Cain, A. C., Porterfield, K., & Lohnes, K. (2004). Facilitating attachment between school-aged children and a dying parent. Death Studies, 28, 915–940. Saldinger, A., Porterfield, K., & Cain, A. C. (2004). Meeting the needs of parentally bereaved children for child-centered parenting. Psychiatry, 67, 331–352. 29 CC Saler, L., & Skolnick, N. (1992). Childhood parental death and depression in adulthood: Roles of surviving parent and family environment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 62, 504–516. Salladay, S. A., & Royal, M. E. (1981). Children and death: Guidelines for grief work. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 11, 203–213. Salloum, A. (2008). Group therapy for children after homicide and violence: A pilot study. Social Work Practice, 18, 198–211. Salloum, A., Avery, L., McClain, R. P. (2001). Group psychotherapy for adolescent survivors of homicide victims: A pilot study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 1261–1267. Salloum, A., & Overstreet, S. (2008). Evaluation of individual and group grief and trauma interventions for children post disaster. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 37, 495–507. Saltzman, W. R., Pynoos, R. S., Steinberg, A. M., Eisenberg, E., & Layne, C. M. (2001). Trauma and grief–focused intervention for adolescents exposed to community violence. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research & Practice, 5, 291–303. Samide, L. L., & Stockton, R. (2002). Letting go of grief: Bereavement groups for children in the school setting. Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 27, 192–204. Sanchez–Cardenas, M., Mammar, N., Venisse, J-L., & Robin, D. (1995). Complication of bereavement as seen in infant anorexia and adolescent anorexia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorder, 17, 39–44. Sandler, I. (2008). Implications of parental bereavement and other family adversities for preventive and health promotion pediatric services. Archives Pediatric Adolescent Medicine, 162, 487–488. Sandler, I. N. (2010). The Family Bereavement Program reduces problematic grief in parentally bereaved youths. Evidence-Based Mental Health, 13, 115. Sandler, I., Ayers, T. S., Tein, J.-Y., Wolchik, S., Millsap, R., Khoo, S. T., et al. (2010). Sixyear follow-up of a preventive intervention for parentally bereaved youths. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 164 (10), 907–914. Sandler, I. N., Ma, Y., Tein, J., Ayers, T. S., Wolchik, S., Kennedy, C., & Millsap, R. (2010). Long-term effects of the family bereavement program on multiple indicators of grief in parentally bereaved children and adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78, 131–143. doi:10.1037/a0018393 Sandler, I. N., West, S. G., Baca, L., Pillow, D. R., Gersten, J. C., Rogosch, F., Virdin, L., et al. (1992). Linking empirically based theory and evaluation: the Family Bereavement Program. American Journal of Community Psychology, 20(4), 491–521. Sandstrøm, S. (2002). Sorgbearbetning i skolan, Lindkøping Universitet, 1–42. Schachter, S. (1991–92). Adolescent experiences with the death of a peer. OMEGA, 24, 1–11. Schmiege, S. J., Khoo, S. T., Sandler, I. N., Ayers, T. S., & Wolchik, S. A. (2006). Symptoms of internalizing and external problems. Modeling recovery curves after the death of a parent. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 31, 152–160. Schoeman, L. H., & Kreitzman, R. (1997). Death of a parent: Group intervention with bereaved children and their caregivers. Psychoanalysis and Psychotheraphy, 14, 221– 45. Schoenfelder, E. N., Sandler, I. N., Millsap, R. E., Wolchik, S. A., Berkel, C., & Ayers, T. S. (2013). Caregiver responsiveness to the family bereavement program: What predicts 30 DD responsiveness? What does responsiveness predict? Society for Prevention Research, doi:10.1007/s11121-012-0337-7 Schrimshaw, S. C. M., & March, D. M. S. (1984). I had a baby sister but she only lasted one day, Journal of the American Medical Association, 251, 732–733. Schwab, R. (1997). Parental mourning and children’s behavior. Journal of Counseling & Development, 75, 258–265. Schwartzberg, S. S., & Janoff–Bulman, R. (1991). Grief and the search for meaning: exploring the assumptive worlds of bereaved college students. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 10, 270–288. Schwirian, P. M. (1976). Effects of the presence of a hearing–impaired preschool child in the family on behavior patterns of older "normal" siblings, A. A. D., August, 373–381. Segal, R. M. (1984). Helping children express grief through symbolic communication. Social Casework: The Journal of Contemporary Social Work, December, 590–599. Seguin, M., Lesage, A., & Kiely, M. (1995). History of early loss among a group of suicide survivors. Crisis, 16, 121–125. Sekaer, Christina. (1987). Toward a definition of 'Childhood Mourning', American Journal of Psychotherapy, XLI, 201–219. Servaty-Seib, H., & Pistole, M. C. (2006-2007). Adolescent grief: relationship category and emotional closeness. Omega, 54, 147–167. Sethi, S., & Bhargava, S. C. (2003). Child and adolescent survivors of suicide. Crisis, 24, 4– 6. Shapiro, D. N., Howell, K. H., & Kaplow, J. B. (2013). Associations among mother-child communication quality, childhood maladaptive grief, and depressive symptoms. Death Studies, 38, (3), 172–178, doi:10.1080/07481187.738771 Shear, M. K. (2009). Grief and depression: treatment decisions for bereaved children and adults. American Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 746–748. Shuchman, M., Silbernagel, K. H., Chesney, M. A., & Villarreal, S. (1996). Interventions among adolescents who were violently injured and those who attempted suicide. Psychiatric Services, 47, 755–757. Siegel, K., Karus, D., & Raveis, V. H. (1996). Adjustment of children facing the death of a parent due to cancer. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 442–450. Siegel, K., Mesagno, F. P., & Christ, G. (1990). A prevention program for bereaved children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 60, 168–175. Siegel, B. S. (1985). Helping children cope with death. AFP, 31, 175–180. Siegel, K. M., Mesagno, F. Palamara, Karus, D., Christ, G., Banks, K., & Moynihan, R. (1992). Psychosocial adjustment of children with a terminally ill parent, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 327–333. Siehl, P. M. (1990). Suicide postvention: a new disaster plan–what a school should do when faced with a suicide, The School Counselor, 38, 52–57. Silverman, M. .M., & Maris, R.W. (1995). The prevention of suicidal behaviors: an overview. Suicide & Life Threatening Behavior, 25, 10–21. Silverman, S. M., & Silverman, P. R. (1979). Parent–child communication in widowed families, American Journal of Psychotherapy, 33, 428–441. Silverman, P. R. (2000). Death in Children’s Lives. Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford. 31 EE Silverman, P. R., Baker, J., Cait, C. A., Boerner, K. (2003). The effects of negative legacies on the adjustment of parentally bereaved children and adolescents. Omega, 6, 335– 352. Silverman, P. R., Nickman, S., & Worden, J. W. (1992). Detachment revisited: The child's reconstruction of a dead parent. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 62, 494–503. Silverman, P. R., Weiner, A., & Ad, N. E. (1995). Parent–child communication in bereaved Israeli families. Omega, 31, 275–293. Silverman, P. R., & Worden, J. W. (1992). Children's reactions to the death of a parent in the early months after the death. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 62, 93–104. Silverman, P. R., & Worden, J. W. (1992). Children’s understanding of funeral ritual. Omega – Journal of Death and Dying, 25, 319–331. Slaby, A., & Garfinkel, L. F. (1994). No one saw my pain. Why teens kill themselves. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. Slap, G. B., Vorters, D. F., Chaudhuri, S., & Centor, R. M. (1989). Pediatrics, 84, 762–772. Saler, L., & Skolnick, N. (1992). Childhood parental death and depression in adulthood: Roles of surviving parent and family environment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 62, 504–516. Small, J., & Greenway, M. (1988). The rediscovery of the lost twin: an account of therapy for a child and his parents. British Journal of Psychotherapy, 5, 19–29. Smilansky, S. (1987). On death. Helping children understand and cope. New York: Peter Lang. Smith, W. (2007). Grandad’s ashes. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Song, S. H., Kim, B. N., Choi, N. H., Ryu, J., McDermott, B., Cobham, V., et al. (2012). A 30-month prospective follows-up study of psychological symptoms, psychiatric diagnoses, and their effects on quality of life in children witnessing a single incident of death at school. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 73, 5, 594–600. Sood, B., Weller, E. B., Weller, R. A., Fristad, M. A., & Bowes, J. M. (1992). Somatic complaints in grieving children, Comprehensive Mental Health Care, 2, 17–25. Sorensen, J. R. (1989). Responding to student or teacher death: preplanning crisis intervention, Journal of Counseling and Development, 67, 426–427. Sossin, K. M., & Cohen, P. (2011). Children’s play in the wake of loss and trauma. Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychotherapy, 10, 255–272. Sossin, K. M. (2011). Support group II: An evolving approach: Reflections on group process in the early years. Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychotherapy, 10, 217– 223. Spuij, M., Dekovic, M., & Boelen. (2013). An open trial of ”grief-help”: A cognitivebehavioural treatment for prolonged grief in children and adolescents. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, doi: 10.1002/cpp.1877 Spuij, M., Prinzie, P., Dekovic, M., van den Bout, J., & Boelen, P. A. (2013). The effectiveness of Grief-help, a cognitive behavioural treatment for prolonged grief in children: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BioMed Central, doi:101186/1745-6215-14-395 Sroufe, L. A. (2013). The promise of developmental psychopathology: Past and present. Development and Psychopathology, 25, 1215–1224. 32 FF Stephenson, J. S. (1985). Death and the campus community: organizational realities and personal tragedies. In E. S. Zinner (Ed.), Coping with Death on Campus. New Directions for Student Services, 31, Jossey-Bass, 5–13. Stone, G. L. (1993). Psychological challenges and responses to a campus tragedy: The Iowa experience. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 8, 259–271. Stoppelbein, L. A., & Greening, L. (2000). Posttraumatic stress symptoms in parentally bereaved children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 1112–1119. Straume, M. (1999). Sorggrupper for barn som har mistet søsken i kreft. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening, 36, 107–115. Streufert, B. J. (2004). Death on campuses: Common postvention strategies in higher education. Death Studies, 28, 151–172. Stubenbort, K., Donelly, G. R., & Cohen, J. A. (2001). Cognitive-behavioral group therapy for bereaved adults and children following an air disaster. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research and Practice, 5, 261–276. Størksen, I., Røysamb, E., Gjessing, H. K., Moum, T., & Tambs, K. (2007). Marriages and psychological distress among adult offspring of divorce: A Norwegian study Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 48, 467–476. Susz, E., & Marberg, H. M. (1978). Autistic withdrawal of a small child under stress, Acta Paedopsychiatrica, 43, 149–158. Sutherland, S. (1984–85). Children's anniversary reactions to the death of a family member, OMEGA, 15, 291–305. Sveen, J., Eilegård, A. Steineck, G., & Kreicbergs, U. (2013). They still grieve – a nationwide follow-up of young adults 2–9 years after losing a sibling to cancer. Psycho-Oncology, doi: 10.1002/pon.3436 Swanson, S. A., & Colman, I. (2013). Association between exposure to suicide and suicidality outcomes in youth. Canadian Medical Association Journal, doi:101503/cmaj.121377 Swenson, C. C., Saylor, C. F., Powell, P., Stokes, S. J., Foster, K. Y., & Belter, R. W. (1996). Impact of a natural disaster on preschool children: adjustment 14 months after a hurricane. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 66, 122–130. Swihart, J., Silliman, B., & McNeil. J. (1992). Death of a student: implications for secondary school counselors, The School Counselor, 40, 55–61. Tamm, M.E., & Granqvist, A. (1995). The meaning of death for children and adolescents: a phenomenographic study of drawings. Death Studies, 19, 203–222. Taylor, L. K., Weems, C. F., Costa, N. M., & Carrion, V. G. (2009). Loss and the experience of emotional distress in childhood. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 14, 1–16. Teja, S. & Stolberg, A. L. (1993). Peer support, divorce and children's adjustment. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 20, 45–64. Tein, J-Y., Sandler, I. N., & Ayers, T. S. (2006). Mediation of the effects of the family bereavement program on mental health problems of bereaved children and adolescents. Prevention Science, 7, 179–195. Thibault, C. (1992). Preventing suicide in young people, above all it's a matter of life. Canada's Mental Health, 40, 2–7. Thompson, R. A. (1993). Posttraumatic stress and posttraumatic loss debriefing: brief strategic intervention for survivors of sudden loss. The School Counselor, 41, 16–22. 33 GG Thupayagale-Tshweneagae, G., & Mokomane, Z. (2012). Inclusiveness: a mental health strategy for preventing future mental health problems among adolescents orphaned by AIDS. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 19, 746–750. Titelman, D. (1991). Grief, guilt, and identification in siblings of schizophrenic individuals. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 55, 72–84. Tompkins, T. L. (2007). Parentification and maternal HIV infection: Beneficial role or pathological burden? Journal of Child Families Studies, 16, 113–123. Tompkins, T. L. (2007). Disclosure of maternal HIV status to children: To tell or not to tell…. That is the question. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 16, 773–788. Tonkins, S. A. M. (1996). A treatment outcome study of bereavement groups for children. Child & Adolescent Social Work Journal, 13, 3–21. Tooley, K. (1975). The choice of a surviving sibling as "scapegoat" in some cases of maternal bereavement – a case report, Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 16, 331–339. Tremblay, G. C., & Israel, A. C. (1998). Children’s adjustment to parental death. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 5, 424–438. Trent, Bill. (1985). Helping children cope with death, Canadian Medical Association Journal, 133, 1157–1161. Tsuchiya, K. I., Agerbo, E., & Mortensen, P. B. (2005). Parental death and bipolar disorder: A robust association was found in early maternal suicide. Journal of Affective Disorders, 86, 151–159. Turner, M. (2005). Someone very important has just died. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Turton, P., Badenhorst, W., Pawlby, S., White, S., & Hughes, P. (2009). Psychological vulnerability in children next-born after stillbirth: a case-control follow-up study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 1451–1458. Tyrka, A. R., Wier, L., Price, L. H., Ross, N., Anderson, G. M., Wilkinson, C. W., & Carpenter, L. L. (2008). Childhood parental loss and adult hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal function. Biological Psychiatry, 63, 1147–1154. Umberson, D., & Chen, M. D. (1994). Effects of a parent's death on adult children: relationship salience and reaction to loss. American Sociological Review, 59, 152– 168. Valente, S. M., & Saunders, J. M. (1993). Adolescent grief after suicide. Crisis, 14, 16–22, 46. van der Velden, P. G., Kleber, R. J., Fournier, M., Grievink, L., Drogendijk, A., & Gersons, B. P. R. (2007). The association between dispositional optimism and mental health problems among disaster victims and a comparison group: A prospective study. Journal of Affective Disorders, In press, Corrected Proof, Available online. Van Eerdewegh, M. M., & Clayton, P. J. & Van Eerdewegh, P. (1985). Variables influencing early psychopathology, British Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 188–194. Van Eerdewegh. M. M., Bieri, M. D., Parrilla, R. H., & Clayton, P. J. (1982). The bereaved child. British Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 23–29. Varmbrod, M. E. Taylor. (1986). Counseling bereaved children: stages in the process, The Journal of Contemporary Social Work, June, 351–359. Vida, S., & Grizenko, N. (1989). DSM–III–R and the phenomenology of childhood bereavement: A review, Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 34, 148–|55. 34 HH Vieland, V., Whittle, B., Garland, A., Hicks, R., & Shaffer, D. (1991). Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 811–815. Wagner, B. M. (1997). Family risk factors for child and adolescent suicidal behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 246–298. Wagner, B. M., & Cohen, P. (1994). Adolescent sibling differences in suicidal symptoms: the role of parent – child relationships. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 22, 321– 337. Waldo, M., Harman, M. J., & O’Malley, K. (1993). Homicide in the university residence halls: One counseling center’s response. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, vol.8, ch.13, 273–284. Walker, C. L. (1993). Sibling bereavement and grief responses. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 8, (5), 325–334. Wass, H., Miller, M. D., & Thornton, G. (1990). Death education and grief/suicide intervention in the public schools, Death Studies, 14, 253–268. Webb, N. B. (Ed.). (2002). Helping bereaved children. New York: The Guilford Press. Webb, N. B. (2011). Play therapy for bereaved children: Adapting strategies to community, school, and home settings. School Psychology International, 32 (2), 132–143. Weber, J. A., & Fournier, D. G. (1985). Family support and a child's adjustment to death, Family Relations, 34, 43–49. Weinberg, R. B. (1989). Consultation and training with school–based crisis teams, Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 20, 305–308. Weinberg, R. J., Dietz, L. J., Stoyak, S., Melhem, N. M., Porta, G., Payne, M. W., & Brent, D. A. A prospective study of parentally bereaved youth, caregiver depression, and body mass index. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 74, (8), 834–840. Weller, E. B., Weller, R. A., Fristad, M. A., Cain, S. E., & Bowes, J. M. (1988). Should children attend their parent’s funeral? Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27, 559–562. Weller, E. B., Weller, R. A., Fristad, M. A., & Bowes, J. M. (1990). Dexamethasone suppression test and depressive symptoms in bereaved children: a preliminary report, Journal of Neuropsychiatry, 2, 418–421. Weller, R. A., Weller, E. B., Fristad, M. A., & Bowes, J. M. (1991). Depression in recently bereaved prepubertal children. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 1536–1540. Wellisch, D. K. (1979). Adolescent acting out when a parent has cancer, International Journal of Family Therapy, 1, 230–241. Westgaard, H. (2004). ”Gje med handa di, ven”. Barn, 3, 45–55. Weston, D. L. & Irwin, R. C. (1963). Preschool child's response to death of infant sibling, American Journal of Diseases of Children, 106, 565–567. Widen, H. A. (1987). Phase–specific symptomatic response to sibling loss in late adolescence. Adolescent Psychiatry, 14, 218–229. Wilcox, H. C., Kuramoto, S. J., Lichtenstein, P., Långström, N., Brent, D. A., & Runeson, B. (2010). Psychiatric morbidity, violent crime, and suicide among children and adolescents exposed to parental death. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 49 (5), 514–523. Wilde, E. J., Kienhorst, W. M., Diekstra, R. F. W., & Wolters, W. H. G. (1994). Social support, life event, and behavioral characteristics of psychologically distressed adolescents at high risk for attempting suicide. Adolescence, 29, 49–60. 35 II Williams, M. L. (1981). Sibling reactions to cot death, Medical Journal of Australia, 2, 227– 231. Williams, K. (1997). Preventing suicide in young people: what is known and what is needed. Child Care, Health and Development, 23, 173–185. Wittmann. C., Moore, C., Van Niel, M. S., & Noam, G. (2007). Prolonged mourning in a fifteen-year-old girl. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 15, 301–311. Wolchik, S. A., Coxe, S., Tein, J. Y., Sandler, I, N., & Ayers, T. S. (2008-2009). Six-year longitudinal predictors of posttraumatic growth in parentally bereaved adolescents and young adults. Omega, 58, 107–128. Wolchik, S. A., Ma, Y., Tein, J. Y., Sandler, I. N., & Ayers, T. S. (2008). Parentally bereaved children’s grief: Self-system beliefs as mediators of the relations between grief and stressors and caregiver-child relationship quality. Death Studies, 32, 597–620. Wolfe, L. (2004). Should parents speak with a dying child about impending death? The New England Journal of Medicine, 351, 1251–1253. Wolfenstein, M. (1966). How is mourning possible? Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 21, 93–123. Wolfenstein, M. (1969). Loss, rage and repetition. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 24, 432–460. Wolters, W. H. G. (1988). Adolescents and suicide, recognition of signals and crisis intervention, International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 3, 217–225. Woodward, J. (1988). The bereaved twin, Acta GeneticaeMedicae et Gemellologiae, 37, 173– 180. Worden, J. W. (1996). Children and Grief. New York: Guilford Press. Worden, J. W., Davies, B., & McCown, D. (1999). Comparing parent loss with sibling loss. Death Studies, 23, 1–15. Worden, J. W., & Silverman, P. R. (1996). Parental death and the adjustment of school-age children. Omega: Journal of Death and Dying, 33, 91–102. Yang, S. C., & Chen, S-F. (2006). Content analysis of free-response narratives to personal meanings of death among Chinese children and adolescents. Death Studies, 30, 217– 241. Yates, T. T., & Bannard, J. R. (1988). The "haunted" child: grief, hallucinations, and family dynamics, Journal of American Academy for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27, 573–581. Youngblut, J. M. & Brooten, D. (2013). Parents’ report of child’s response to sibling’s death in a neonatal or pediatric intensive care unit. American Journal of Critical Care, 22, (6), 473–481, doi: 10.4037/ajcc2013790. Ytterhus, B., & Almvik, A. (1999). Har kommunene et hjelpetilbud til barn av alvorlig psykisk syke foreldre? Tidsskrift for norsk Lægeforening, 18, 2667 – 9. Zahner, G. E. P., & Murphy, J. M. (1989). Loss in childhood: anxiety in adulthood. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 30, 553–563. Zhao, G., Li, X., Zhao, J., Yang, H., & Stanton, B. (2007). Care arrangements, grief and psychological problems among children orphaned by aids in China. AIDS Care, 19, 1075–1082. Zall, D. S. (1994). The long term effects of childhood bereavement: impact on roles as mothers. Omega, 29, 219–230. 36 JJ Zvizdic, S., & Butollo, W. (2000). War–related loss of one’s father and persistent depressive reactions in early adolescents. European Psychologist, 5, 204–214. Øygarden, Bjørg (1999). Barnebøker om døden. Tidsskrift for Norsk Psykologforening, 36, 116–125. 37 KK