Notes – Cells and Cell Transport
Organelle
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
Function
Control Center
Make Proteins
Proteins (Rough
ER), Smooth- full
of enzymes
HWY transports
UPS of cell
Modifies, sorts,
packages
Clean up – full of
enzymes
Storage Tank
Powerhouse ATP
Cellular
Respiration
Photosynthesis
Homeostasis –
allows things to
move in and out
of cell
Protection and
Support
Passive Transport
Diffusion, osmosis, facilitated
diffusion
NO Energy
High to Low
Plant/Animal
Both
Both
Both
Pro/Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Both
Eukaryotes
Both
Eukaryotes
Mostly animals
Eukaryotes
Large in Plants,
many small
vacuoles in
animals
Both
Plants DO have
Mitochondria!
Eukaryotes
PLANTS only
(Autotrophs)
Both
Eukaryotes
Plants
Both
Eukaryotes
Both
Active Transport
Endocytosis, Exocytosis, Phagocytosis,
PUMP
ENERGY - ATP
Low to High
--Passive transport does NOT require energy (ATP); moves from an
area of high
concentration to an area of low concentration (“downhill”-down the
concentration gradient)
--3 types of passive transport
diffusion>>particles move from higher to lower concentrations
osmosis>>water moves from higher to lower concentrations across
a membrane.
facilitated diffusion>>particles from higher to lower concentrations
using a channel/carrier protein
--Active transport does require energy (ATP); moves from an area of
low concentration to an area of high concentration (“uphill”-against the
concentration gradient)
--3 types of active transport:
endocytosis>>moving particles into the cell using energy
exocytosis>>moving particles out of the cell using energy
protein pumps>> moving particles through a pump into or out
through the cell membrane
If the solution is…
-Isotonic = the cell is balanced (homeostasis); Water can move in and out of
the cell at the same rate= NO NET MOVEMENT Isotonic – SAME, Water will
move in and out at SAME rate
-Hypotonic = there is more water and less solute outside of the cell than
inside the cell; water moves into the cell; the cell will swell/burst (in plants
turgor pressure increases, and the cell becomes turgid)
HypOtonic – LOW concentration in relation to cell, swell up like a
HIPPO (water must move in to make it swell)
-Hypertonic = there is less water and more solute outside the cell than
inside the cell; water moves out of the cell; the cell will shrivel and wilt. ---Hypertonic – HIGH concentration in relation to cell, shrink (water must
move out to make it shrink)
Photosynthesis/Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
Function
Energy storage
Energy release
Location
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Reactants
CO₂ and H₂O and light
C₆H₁₂O₆ and O₂
Products
C₆H₁₂O₆ and O₂
CO₂ and H₂O
Equation
6CO₂+ 6H₂O →C₆H₁₂O₆ +
6O₂
6O₂ + C₆H₁₂O₆ →CO₂ +
H₂O
CO2 is a product of cellular respiration and burning of fossil fuels
O2 is a product of Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis - Chloroplast
Cellular Respiration - Mitochondria
Most
ATP
comes
from
ETC
Aerobic – WITH Oxygen
Anaerobic – WITHOUT Oxygen – FERMENTATION – Alcoholic and
Lactic Acid
Lactic Acid causes burning and pain in muscles because of build-up
of lactic acid because there is not enough Oxygen present to keep
up with demand.
C6H12O6 + O2 yields 6CO2 + 6H20 + ATP
Reactants yield Products
Electron Transport Chain makes the most ATP!!!
ATP – energy cell uses to carry out cell processes.
ADP + P = stores energy ATP – P = releases energy
CELL CYLCE and MITOSIS
MITOSIS
PMAT
Prophase – Chromosomes appear
Metaphase – Chromosomes Line up in MIDDLE
Anaphase – Chromosomes move Apart or AWAY
Telophase – TWO distinct nuclear envelopes
Cytokinesis – cell division – animals form cleavage furrow.
Plates form cell plate
Mitosis
2 IDENTICAL Daughter Cells
Body Cells (Somatic)
2N – Diploid - Human 2 (23) = 46
PMAT – Mitosis
Meiosis
4 Genetically DIFFERENT
Sex Cells – Egg (1/3 polar), 4 sperm
1N Haploid – Human 1 (23)
PMAT x 2
Crossing over during Prophase I
Mendel Genetics
Mendel's Experiments
Mendel chose pea plants as his experimental subjects, mainly because they were
easy to cross and showed a variety of contrasting traits (purple vs white flowers,
tall vs short stems, round vs wrinkled seeds)
. Mendel chose true-breeding lines of each plant/trait he studied (true
breeding lines always produced offspring of the same type)
2. He crossed a true breeding plant with a plant of the opposite trait (purple x
white). He called this the Parental (P) generation.
3. He recorded data on the offspring of this cross (First Filial, F1)
4. He self pollinated the F1 offspring
5. He recorded data on the offspring of the second generation, calling it the
Second Filial generation (F2)
Analysis:
 The F1 generation always displayed one trait (he later called this the
dominant trait)
 The F1 generation must have within it the trait from the original parents the white trait
 The F2 generation displayed the hidden trait, 1/4 of the F2 generation had
it (he later called this hidden trait the recessive trait)
 Each individual has two "factors" that determine what external
appearance the offspring will have. (We now call these factors genes or
alleles)
Mendel established three principles (or Laws) from his research
1. The Principle of Dominance and Recessiveness - one trait is masked or
covered up by another trait
2. Principle of Segregation - the two factors (alleles) for a trait separate
during gamete formation
3. Principle of Independent Assortment - factors of a trait separate
independently of one another during gamete formation; another way to look at
this is, whether a flower is purple has nothing to do with the length of the plants
stems - each trait is independently inherited
Mendel's factors are now called ALLELES. For every trait a person have, two
alleles determine how that trait is expressed.
We use letters to denote alleles, since every gene has two alleles, all genes can
be represented by a pair of letters.
PP = purple, Pp = purple, pp = white
Homozogyous: when the alleles are the same, the individual is said to be
homozygous, or true breeding. Letters designating a homozgyous individual
could be capital or lowercase, as long as they are the same. Ex. AA, bb, EE, dd
Heterozygous: when the alleles are different, in this case the DOMINANT allele
is expressed. Ex. Pp, Aa
Monohybrid cross = a cross involving one pair of contrasting traits. Ex. Pp x Pp
Punnet Square: used to determine the PROBABILITY of having a certain type
of offspring given the alleles of the parents
Genotype: letters used to denote alleles (BB, Pp, etc)
Phenotype: what an organism looks like (brown, purple)
Examples of Punnet Squares:
Crossing true-breeding parents or homozygous black and white. BB
= Black, bb = white
1st example :
Genotype of offspring = 0:2:0 BB:Bb:bb
Phenotype = 4 Black:0 White
2nd example
Crossing heterozygous Dominant with homozygous recessive
Genotype of offspring = 0:2:2
Phenotype = 2 Black: 2 White