Terms you should know about the English grammar test:
1. the simple subject: the main noun in a sentence
2. the complete subject: the main noun and its modifiers and determiners in a
sentence.
3. the main verb: the main verb (a verb that not a in a verbal form) in a sentence.
4. structure name: the name of a structure unit in a sentence.
5. grammatical category: whether a word or a phrase or a clause is a noun, pronoun,
verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, determiner, etc.
6. grammatical function: whether a word or a phrase or a clause functions as a
noun, adjective, adverb, etc.
7. grammatical position: whether a word or a phrase or a clause is in subject position,
object position, subjective complement position, objective complement position.
8. a gerund: a structure unit in a sentence which functions as a noun
9. a participle: a structure unit in a sentence which functions as an adjective
10. an infinitive: a structure unit in a sentence which functions as a noun, an adjective,
or an adverb.
11. a participle phrase: a phrase which functions as an adjective
12. a participial phrase: a phrase which functions as an adverb
13. a subordinate clause: a clause that can not stand alone
14. phrase name: whether a phrase is a noun phrase, adjective phrase, adverb phrase,
prepositional phrase, etc.
15. an appositive: a noun that is placed next to another noun to refer to the same noun
(thing or person)
16. an appositive clause: a noun clause that is placed to another noun to refer to the
same noun; an appositive clause is a complete clause.
17. a relative clause: a subordinate clause which is introduced by a relative pronoun
(who, which, that…) or a relative adverb (when, where, why, how); a relative
clause introduced by a relative pronoun is not a complete clause (a subject or an
object is missing) whereas a relative clause introduced by a relative adverb is a
complete clause.
18. a restrictive or nonrestrictive relative clause: a relative clause that is separated
by a comma is a nonrestrictive relative clause, meaning the relative clause does
not limit the meaning of the noun it modifies: “only one” or “all of them”; a
relative clause that is not separated by a comma is a restrictive relative clause,
meaning the relative clause limits the meaning of the noun it modifies: “one of
them” or “some of them.”
19. a subordinate/dependent clause: a clause that begins with a subordinating
conjunction or a relative pronoun and contains both subject and a verb. This type
of sentence can not stand alone as a sentence.
20. sentence type:
According to structure: a. simple (one main clause)
e.g. The birds twitter.
b. compound (two or more main clauses)
e.g. The birds twitter and the flowers bloom.
c. complex (one main clause and one or more
dependent clauses)
e.g. When I am happy, I sing.
d. compound-complex (two or more main clauses
and one or more
dependent clauses)
e.g. If you are happy and free from care, the world seems bright
and cheerful, and everybody seems to be your friend.