Culver City H.S. • AP Chemistry
8,9,10 · Bonding, IMFs, Liquids & Solids
BIG PICTURE CHART
ATOMS
H
He
Li Be
B
C
N
O
F
Na Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl Ar
K
Ca Sc
Rb Sr
Y
Ti
V
Ne
Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir
I
Xe
Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Electronegativity: how much an atom wants an electron from another
atom. (“TUG OF WAR”) [Noble Gases have no EN.)

Across period: increase protons, electrons more attracted to the
nucleus, increase EN

Down family: increase layers of electrons, electrons less attracted
to the nucleus, decrease EN
Metals
Low EN; lose eForm + ions
Non-Metals
High EN; gain eForm – ions
“Strong Non-Metals”
“Weak Non-Metals”
N, O, F, Cl
All Others
Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn
COVALENT BONDS
BONDS
Non-Polar Covalent Bond
IONIC BOND
Polar Covalent Bond
δ+
δ–
+
METALLIC BOND
–
+
+
Example
Cl – Cl
Lewis Structures
Cl Cl
H Cl
Description
Electrons shared equally
between atoms.
Electrons shared unequally
between atoms.
Electrons transferred;
Attraction between oppositely
charged ions.
Metal cations surrounded by
“sea of electrons.”
How do you
Know?
Between non-metal atoms:
strong NM + strong NM
weak NM + weak NM
Between non-metal atoms:
strong NM + weak NM
Between cation and anion,
often M and NM.
Between metal atoms.
COMPOUNDS
Non-Polar Compound
Polar Compound
Ionic Solid
Metallic Solid
SOLIDS
Description
Properties
Inter-Particle
Forces
K – Cl
K
+
K–K
Cl -
Either:
(1) Compound has polar covalent
(1) All non-polar covalent bonds
bonds, AND
OR
(2) Polar bonds do not cancel out.
(2) Polar bonds cancel out.
How do you
Know?
Examples
H – Cl
Molecular Solid



Network Solid
He, Kr, N2, F2, Br2, I2, P4, S8

H2O, NH3, CO2, NO2, C6H12O6 
Organic Compounds
Molecules of covalent compounds
held by weak IMFs.


Low MP and BP
Poor Conductors
Inter-Molecular
Forces (IMFs)


Ionic Compounds (cation + anion) Metals: Pb, Ag, Au, Cu, Fe, Zn

NaCl, KCl, KI, FeCl3, CaCO3, Alloys: Brass (Cu+Zn),
Bronze (Cu+Sn),
CaCl2, MgSO4, Fe2O3, AgNO3
Stainless Steel (Fe+Cr+C)
All non-metal atoms connected
Repeating lattice of
A lattice of metal cations
with covalent bonds.
cations and anions.
in a sea of electrons.
Cdiamond, Cgraphite
SiO2 (sand, glass, quartz)
High MP and BP
Poor Conductors
(except graphite)
Covalent
Bonds




Brittle
High MP and BP
Dissolves in H2O
Conducts as (ℓ) , (aq), (g)
Ionic Bonds
IMFS
London Dispersion Forces
Dipole-Dipole Interactions
Hydrogen Bonding
Examples
CO2
HCl
H2O
Description
Attractions between temporary
induced dipoles; main IMF in
non-polar compounds.
Attractions between opposite
charges of polar molecules.
Special kind of Dipole-Dipole
Interactions where H is tethered
between N, O, or F.
How do you
Know?
Non-Polar Compounds
Polar Compounds
Polar Compounds with
H-N, H-O, or N-F



Lustrous / shiny
Malleable / Ductile
Conducts heat + electricity
Metallic
Bonds