REVIEW TEST 2: Chapters 4, 7, 8 & 9
READ CHAPTER SUMMARIES. REVIEW QUESTIONS suggested below – answers are
in back of your text.
Note: pages and figure numbers refer to the 6th edition text
(for 5th edition, refer to the review links already on the Notes and Assignments ESC 102
web page)
This review is a suggested list of terms and practice questions. This is NOT all-inclusive.
Check notes, power points, and textbook for topics covered in class that may not be included
here.
Review quizzes, notes and in-class work. Review power points and online practice questions.
.
Ch. 4: Terms page 83, including the following:
Relative dating and absolute dating
radioactive decay -- alpha decay - beta decay – fission track dating
catastrophism
principle of uniformitarianism
daughter – parent elements
half-life
decay curve
alpha decay, beta decay
relative dating principles: cross cutting relationships, lateral continuity, horizontality,
superposition, fossil succession, inclusions
tree ring dating
geologic time scale: based on fossil record until discovery of radiactive decay dating
unconformities (see notes and relative age quiz. Unconformities are explained in the lab
manual and in chapter 5, Fig. 5.5
Ch. 4 Review questions in Text (New Edition): Pg. 83 Q 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13
Figures 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.7B, 4.12
Ch. 7 Evolution
Terms Pg. 151 including
chromosomes – genes – alleles – DNA
inheritance of acquired characteristics
artificial selection, natural selection
Darwin—theory of evolution
Mendel -- genetics
convergent evolution, divergent evolution, parallel evolution, allopatric speciation
phyletic gradualism, punctuated equilibrium
mutation
species
mass extinction
living fossil
Figures 7.3, 7.5, 7.10, 7.11, 7.20
Review Questions Pg. 151 Q 1, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14
Chapter 8
Pg. 170 TERMS: Archean, Eoarchean, aerobic, anaerobic, back arc marginal basin, black
smokers, chemosynthesis, Precambrian Shield, Canadian Shield, craton, shield, platform,
continental accretion, prokaryotic cells, autotrophic, heterotrophic, granite-gneiss
complexes, greenstone belts, graywacke, ultramific rocks, pillow lavas, mafic rocks, partial
melting, magnetosphere, outgassing, photochemical dissociation, photosynthesis, monomers,
polymers, protobionts, proteinoids, radiogenic heat, differentiation of Earth, period of heavy
bombardment, stromatolites, zircons (minerals from igneous rocks), characteristics of life,
RNA, DNA
Figures 8.1, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.8, 8.9, 8.10, 8.11, 8.12, 8.13, 8.14, 8.15, 8.16, 8.19,
Review Questions Page 171: Q 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13,
Review of concepts:
Precambrian time: 88% of entire earth history
Eoarchean - first .6 billion years very little record except for rocks (i.e. Acasta gneiss 3.96by and
Australian zircons ~4 by
early earth: dim sun, closer moon, fast rotation (10 hour day) ,period of heavy bombardment,
heated surface, differentiation taking place (layering of earth's interior), no free oxygen, probably
thick atmosphere helped moderate and warm earth surface
high amount of radiogenic heat from radioactive decay inside earth. faster plate movement,
ultramafic rocks very low in silica.
Proposed origin of continental type crust (called "sialic" composition with more silica and
aluminum) as plates collided, ultramafic rock remelted partially to form basalt; then basalt
remelted partially to form andesitic crust (intermediate composition) which is more continental in
nature and prevented the growing continental crust from subduction (it was less dense).
continental accretion was taking place at a fast rate.
Every one of the continents has a precambrian "root" made of rocks that are either granite/gneiss
complexes (most common) or greenstone belts. (see below)
The precambrian or oldest rocks within a continent where exposed are called a "shield". where
buried, they are called a "platform". The entire ancient root of a continent including exposed and
buried rocks is referred to as a craton. Craton contains both shield and platform.
Accretion of small “continents” (volcanic island arcs) by tectonics – deformation belts.
Evidence: granite=gneiss complexes of Archean age.
Greenstone belts: three layers: bottom ultramafic, middle basalts, top sedimentary
*ultramafic: peridotite (mantle composition) – pillow lavas or basalts prove underwater formation
by underwater lava flows.
NOTE: ultramafic rocks do NOT form today as earth has cooled and can no longer melt
and crystallize these high temperature rocks
*mafic – basalt – these are more EVOLVED – meaning they probably formed from partial melting
of ultramafic material.
*sedimentary – these represent eroded pieces of continents that were deposited near continental
margins, probably at or below sea level. graywacke is the dark colored sandstone that contains
clay – eroded from mafic continental crust.
sedimentary rocks are found to be forming a syncline (low areas, like a basin, sinking)
cross bedding – these are patterns of sediments that are formed when deposited by moving water.
graded beds: when turbulant waters move sediments down a slope , graded beds form. the coarser
sediments drop out first, then medium, then fine on top.
THESE ARE FORMED BY
TURBIDITY CURRENTS. when the current repeats, a new deposit forms on top of the old –
with coarse, medium then fine.
Concept questions:
Understand how the Earth’s magnetosphere formed. How did Earth’s magnetic field affect the
early atmosphere?
Understand Stanley Miller’s experiment and how it relates to ideas about the origin of life.
Describe the significance of the Archean-age fossil stromatolite structures? What does the
existence of the organisms imply? What important effect did stromatolite-forming organisms
have on the atmosphere?
Review Chapter 9 Proterozoic
Terms:
banded iron formation, continental red beds, endosymbiosis, eukaryotic cells, Laurentia,
Midcontinent rift, orogen, Wopmay Orogeny, Wilson cycle, rifting, sandstone-carbonate-shale
assemblages, Ediacaran fossils Grenville Orogeny, supercontinents (Rodinia, Pannotia)
Figures: 9.2, 9.3, 9.6, 9.9, 9.10, 9.11, 9.13, 9.17, 9.19
Review Questions from Text: (answers pg. 430)
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 17, 18, 19