Climate Vulnerability and Capacity Analysis (CVCA) and Community-Based
Risk Screening Tool: Adaptation and Livelihoods (CRiSTAL) Tools
Training Workshop for the Global Water Initiative-Ethiopia
October 12th-16th, 2009
Oromia Region, Ethiopia
By
Katharine Cross, Cynthia Awuor and Shannon Oliver
Executive Summary
The Howard G. Buffet Foundation Global Water Initiative was developed in
September 2006 with the aim of “ensuring that vulnerable populations world-wide
have reliable access to clean water in such a way that their dignity, rights, culture
and natural environment are not negatively impacted”. The initial focus of
Empowering Poor People to Manage Water in Arid and Semi-Arid Lands in Ethiopia
is on provision of improved water, sanitation and hygiene in…. Within this context it
was decided to carry out a climate change vulnerability assessment using a
combination of adaptation and participatory tools including CRiSTAL (Communitybased Risk Screening Tool - Adaptation & Livelihoods) and the Climate Vulnerability
and Capacity Analysis (CVCA) methodologies. Results of these assessments are
found here and detail the climatic hazards anticipated for the region, the resources
community member have at their disposal, and the expected impacts to these
resource from climate change. Finally, current project activities are reviewed within
the context of climate change, and revised project activities are proposed to mitigate
further impacts to livelihoods within the region. Feedback on the process and a way
forward for the region are included as guiding documents on further activities.
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TABLE of CONTENTS
1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 4
1.1
Workshop opening ............................................................................................ 6
1.1.1
Expectations ................................................................................................................... 6
1.1.2
Ground Rules .................................................................................................................. 7
2 Climate Change and Vulnerability Assessment Tools ......................................... 7
2.1
Introduction to Climate Change ...................................................................... 7
2.1.1
Discussions on climate change ................................................................................ 8
2.2
Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into Projects and Programmes 9
2.3
Climate Change Assessment Tools................................................................ 10
2.3.1
The Climate Vulnerability and Capacity Analysis (CVCA) Tool ............... 10
2.3.2
The Community-based Risk Screening Tool: Adaptation and
Livelihoods (CRiSTAL) ....................................................................................................................... 11
2.4
The Rain Calendar and Vulnerability Matrix ............................................. 12
2.4.1
Rain Calendar .............................................................................................................. 12
2.4.2
Vulnerability Matrix.................................................................................................. 13
2.5
Review of Field Guide ...................................................................................... 14
3 Project information ...................................................................................................... 14
3.1
Project description and context .................................................................... 14
4 Climate Change Context .............................................................................................. 15
4.1
Regional Notes ................................................................................................. 15
4.2
Country Notes ................................................................................................... 15
4.3
Ecological Zone Notes ..................................................................................... 15
4.4
Rain calendars ................................................................................................. 16
4.4.1
Rain Calendar – Dawe and Darara Delecha villages ..................................... 16
4.5
Climate-related Hazards, Impacts and Coping Strategies ....................... 18
4.6
Hazard 1 ........................................................................................................... 20
4.6.1
Dawe – Drought .......................................................................................................... 20
4.6.2
Darara Delecha – Drought ...................................................................................... 20
4.7
Hazard 2 ........................................................................................................... 21
4.7.1
Dawe – Extreme Heat ............................................................................................... 21
4.7.2
Darara Delecha – Extreme Heat ........................................................................... 21
4.8
Hazard 3 ........................................................................................................... 21
4.8.1
Dawe – Desertification............................................................................................. 21
4.8.2
Darara Delecha – Floods ......................................................................................... 21
5 Livelihood Context ........................................................................................................ 22
5.1
Overview of Livelihood Resources Framework .......................................... 22
5.1.1
Livelihood resources – Oromia ............................................................................ 22
5.1.2
Impacts of Climate-related Hazards to Livelihood Resources ................. 23
6 Analysis of project activities ..................................................................................... 25
6.1
Revised Project Activities ............................................................................... 26
6.2
Synergies and Barriers................................................................................... 30
7 Feedback on Field Exercise ....................................................................................... 33
8 Way Forward .................................................................................................................. 34
8.1
Way Forward –Borena Zone .......................................................................... 35
8.2
Way Forward – Misraq Shewa Zone ............................................................. 36
Appendix 1. Participants list ............................................................................................. 41
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Appendix 2. Workshop Program ..................................................................................... 43
Appendix 3. Field form........................................................................................................ 46
Appendix 4: Supplementary materials .......................................................................... 51
TABLE of FIGURES
Figure 1.1. Map of Regions and Zones of Ethiopia ..................................................................... 5
Figure 2.1. The Greenhouse Effect ................................................................................................... 8
Figure 2.2. Example of Rain Calendar ........................................................................................ 13
Figure 4.1Merged Rain Calendar – Dawe village ..................................................................... 17
Figure 4.2. Merged rain calendar - Darara Dalecha village.................................................. 17
TABLE of TABLES
Table 4.1 Climate context - Dawe .................................................................................................. 18
Table 4.2 Climate context – Darara Dalecha .............................................................................. 19
Table 5.1, Resources strongly influenced by hazards – Dawe ............................................ 23
Table 5.2. Resources strongly influenced by hazards – Darara Dalecha ........................ 24
Table 8.1 Way Forward ..................................................................................................................... 39
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1 Introduction
The Howard G. Buffet Foundation Global Water Initiative was developed in
September 2006 with the aim of “ensuring that vulnerable populations world-wide
have reliable access to clean water in such a way that their dignity, rights, culture
and natural environment are not negatively impacted”. The objectives of the
initiative are to support integrated water management programs in identified
countries, to develop a water constituency in those countries and regions, and to
influence beyond this initiative for wider scale-up.
The initiative is being implemented in three geographic clusters namely: Central
America (El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua), West Africa (Burkina
Faso, Ghana, Mali, Niger, and Senegal) and East Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania
and Uganda). In Kenya, the HGBF-GWI program is being implemented by CARE,
Action Against Hunger, and Catholic Relief Services.
The GWI programme in East Africa has three strategic objectives:
SO1: Good Governance- Improved local and community governance and the
enabling policy framework.
SO2: Sustainable Multiple Uses of Water - Efficient, effective and equitable domestic
and productive uses of water, sanitation, hygiene, and watershed management.
SO3: Risk Management - Vulnerable rural communities and their environments have
increased resilience to water-related shocks.
The results under SO3 include:
IR3.1 Community and local stakeholders’ capacity to plan, organize, manage and
adapt to water related shocks and conflict over scare water resources have
improved.
IR3.2 Risk management initiatives are in place at regional and national levels to
address water-related shocks in the context of global climate change.
Within this context it was decided to carry out a climate change vulnerability
assessment using a combination of adaptation and participatory tools including
CRiSTAL (Community-based Risk Screening Tool - Adaptation & Livelihoods) and
the Climate Vulnerability and Capacity Analysis (CVCA) methodology to fulfill the
results under SO3, as the tools enable project planners and managers to: (a)
understand the links between local livelihoods and climate; (b) assess a project's
impact on livelihood resources important for climate adaptation; and (c) devise
adjustments to improve a project's impact on these key livelihood resources.
A workshop was convened in Hawassa, Ethiopia with a field trip to Dawe village in
Arsi Negele woreda and Derara Dalecha village in Dugeda Bora woreda, both in the
Misraq Shewa Zone within the Oromia Region in the Rift Valley (see Figure 1.1).
However there were representatives from both the Misraq Shewa Zone and Borena
Zones where GWI works in Ethiopia.
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Figure 1.1. Map of Regions and Zones of Ethiopia
Participants included representatives of CARE Ethiopia, CRS, Oxfam America and
their partners including government representatives. . The objectives of the
workshop were:
1. Gain understanding and skills to carry out climate vulnerability assessments
at project sites using CVCA and CRiSTAL Tools
2. Apply vulnerability assessment tools to the project sites
3. Facilitate work plan for a way forward in integrating climate change
adaptation into the GWI program in Ethiopia.
4. Facilitate team building among participants.
This report covers the information provided in the workshop (sections 1-2) and the
results from the climate change vulnerability assessment including field data and
data analysis (sections 3-6,). Feedback from the workshop is summarized in section
7 and section 8 plots a way forward for the project in applying the information
gained from the process to ensure project activities are more resilient to climate
change impacts. A list of participants can be found in Appendix 1 and a program for
the workshop can be found in Appendix 2.
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1.1 Workshop opening
Meaza Kebede, the GWI-Ethiopia Coordinator, opened the meeting and asked
participants to take a few minutes to get to know their neighbor. Each person
introduced their neighbor giving their name, the organization they work for,
profession, and hobby. The participants list is available in Annex 1.
1.1.1 Expectations
Workshop participants were from Oxfam America, Action for Development
Rift Valley Children and Women Development, CARE Ethiopia, Catholic Relief
Service, Meki Catholic Services, Arsi Negelle Woreda, Dugda Woreda, Bora Woreda,
Miyo Woreda and the Oromia Regional State Bureau. Participants’ expectations
were as follows:
 To adopt a local strategy for reforestation
 Identify and understand the drivers to, as well as contribution of individuals,
groups and society to climate change
 How to take climate change impacts into account in project planning/
amendment to mitigate against these impacts on people’s livelihoods
(including rural livelihoods).
 To understand how to assess communities’ vulnerability to climate change
and their adaptive capacity; analyze risks and potential adaptation measures.
 To get acquainted with climate change and vulnerability assessment and
monitoring tools, and their application at local level.
 To learn about the impacts of global climate change, impacts on Ethiopia, its
impacts on the pastoral livelihoods, and propose adaptation strategies at
community level.
 To understand the relationship between community-based risk screening
and livelihoods. .
 To learn about the causes, coping mechanisms and ways to solve problems
caused by climate change at global and country level (in Ethiopia).
 To gain knowledge and skills on climate change adaptation, and how to
mainstream climate issues in the management of CARE Ethiopia’s
programs/projects.
 To gain a paradigm shift, be able to understand climate vulnerability related
data, and share information on this.
 To network and share information with other experts.
 To receive a certificate of training at the end of the workshop.
 To access the training manual hardcopy (or soft copy) so that all trainees can
use the knowledge and skills acquired during the workshop.
 To understand how the CVCA and CRiSTAL tools practically help staff in
development programs, the difference between them and other tools; and
the advantages and disadvantages of using them
 To relate scientific data with actual existing conditions, in order to try and
solve problems
 Take into account global issues in the context of a participatory approach.
 To learn about the current environmental issues and tools that can help in
the application of environmental protection
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The training will help staff to contribute to controlling environmental
degradation
To increase awareness and knowledge on what climate change means and its
impacts on development endeavors and environment.
To get familiar with the CRiSTAL tool and understand its compatibility with
Participatory Rural Appraisal Tools.
How to design, implement and monitor project activities in due
consideration of climate change adaptation.
To successfully facilitate learning and enable participants to have confidence
to carry out climate change vulnerability assessments, and make decisions on
adaptation options to integrate into their projects.
To simplify knowledge and understanding of climate change and its impacts.
To learn about the work participants are engaged in and how it is affecting
communities.
To establish a task force at project level for the application of the Tools in the
GWI projects in Ethiopia.
To understand climate change mitigation and the opportunities therein.
1.1.2 Ground Rules
To facilitate good coordination of the process, it was agreed that everyone would
keep phones on silent mode, to ensure that there are no side meetings, participants
and facilitators would ask /answer questions, respect each other, incorporate
energizers and observe punctuality.
2 Climate Change and Vulnerability Assessment Tools
This section provides background on climate change and the assessment tools used
during the workshop.
2.1 Introduction to Climate Change
Climate change is defined as any change in climate over time due to natural
variability or human activities. Climate change is the gradual warming in the earth’s
average temperature due to increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases that may
result in significant impacts on local climate and people. These gases include carbon
dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, Hydro fluorocarbons (HFCs), Perfluorocarbons
(PFCs) and Sulfur hexafluoride. Human activities that exacerbate climate change
include burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and land degradation among others.
Climate variability is the change that is seen from season to season and climate
change is the change observed over an average of 30 year blocks.
A description of the greenhouse effect can be found in Figure 2.1 below. This is a
process which maintains the earth’s surface temperature at levels most suitable to
existing life and ecology. Increased greenhouse gases are thought to exacerbate the
greenhouse effect, thereby contributing to increased warming of the earth’s
temperatures.
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Source: UNEP, obtained from http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/greenhouse-effect
Figure 2.1. The Greenhouse Effect
2.1.1 Discussions on climate change
Details of current trends in Ethiopia along with predicted impacts were discussed
and illustrated that there has been an increase in the number of hot days and hot
nights as well as a decrease in rainfall for the Southeastern part of the country.
Additionally, it was stated that more frequent extreme events including droughts
and unpredictable rainfall have been observed. Further expected impacts to the
country and region were discussed and can be found in Section 4 (Climate Change
Context) of this document.
Participants sought clarification on why there would be a need for a change in
lifestyles in dealing with climate change. Many people in developed countries, and
the wealthier ones in developing countries, should strive to adopt greener lifestyles.
For example, people and families could choose to share one car, practice car pooling
much more, and use products with adequate packaging. These actions would help
reduce their carbon footprints, thereby contribute to reductions in greenhouse gas
emissions.
Participants asked for an explanation on carbon trading. It was explained that
carbon trading was developed through the international climate change policy
(Kyoto Protocol). Trees absorb carbon dioxide, so the trading scheme has been
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designed so that developed countries stipulate a limit to the amount of greenhouse
gases that they can emit and issue permits with an equivalent amount of credits.
Any industry or country that exceeds their emissions cap would then buy credits
from other companies and countries that have emitted less greenhouse gases than
their capped level. Various institutions engaged in the carbon trading scheme
estimate the amount of CO2 absorbed by the Clean Development Mechanism project
implementers and estimate the cost of payment, which is about 4$/year/hectare of
reforested area. She noted that the financial returns are quite low, and not highly
viable for incorporating other issues such as addressing poverty. It was pointed out
that it is important to plant trees that have other benefits such as fruits and
medicinal herbs, since trees have many other environmental benefits. Developed
and developing countries need to cooperate much more to achieve a better
development path in developing green industries, financing mechanisms and
technology transfers.
2.2 Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into Projects and Programmes
Integrating climate change adaptation into development activities is important for
increasing the sustainability of such activities. For example, if crops are failing
consistently due to climate hazards (e.g. extreme drought and rain) and a
community does not alter their agricultural practices they will continue to suffer
from the impacts of climate change. If the hazards are properly analyzed, the
community will be more adequately prepared to deal with the expected impacts.
Additionally, integrating adaptation allows for project activities to be avoided that
inadvertently increase vulnerability to the hazards and impacts from climate
change. This might arise from development projects that require large financial or
temporal investments from the local community, which may lead to a decreasing
capacity to cope with climatic variations (decreased resilience). For example, if
there is large financial investment into a high yield monoculture, but the crop is
destroyed then the community is worse off than when they started. Finally,
integrating adaptation into development activities lends to a direct reduction in the
target community’s vulnerability. This may be done through the education that
takes place with that target community/population, through the incorporation of
adaptation measures, as well as through the increased awareness of climatic
variation on a regional and local scale that can aid in driving future development
practices.
As a first step however, it is important to consider whether or not a particular
project would benefit from or require the integration of adaptation measures. In
order to do this, the project context must be considered; including local livelihoods,
resources, and socio economic activities. Essentially, the project needs to be
examined holistically in order to determine if there are direct or indirect links with
climate change. All climate sensitive projects such as agriculture, pastoralism, water
resource management, etc should integrate adaptation. Non-climate-sensitive
projects may not need to integrate adaptation, however implementers should be
aware of the impacts climate change may exert in their project population and
maximize their contribution to empowering target communities in areas of
adaptation.
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To assess whether a project is climate sensitive, the project team should answer the
following questions:
 Does the project take place in a climate-sensitive location?
 Are the target groups for the project particularly vulnerable to climate change?
 Are the project activities sensitive to climate change?
Women in developing countries are generally considered to be more vulnerable to
climate change, due to their roles in society. For example, in Northern Kenya, when
there is drought, the men migrate to seek employment in order to earn income. The
women remain behind to take care of the children and homes. When drought
becomes severe, they cannot easily move to other areas to access markets and
resources needed for survival. In this manner, they have decreased capacity to cope
with potential negative impacts of climate change. Projects aimed at involving or
impacting women therefore, should consider climate change adaptation measures to
ensure the vulnerabilities experienced women are not increased unnecessarily.
Projects that are not directly impacted by climate change still need to consider the
implications of climate change on their target populations and investments.
Consider the example of an HIV/AIDS project, where the target population or
project area is experiencing extreme weather events. The people who are affected
by HIV/AIDS may have compound effects from the flooding or drought due to their
already diminished health status and the associated reduced resilience. Within such
a project, project activities could aim to help the vulnerable groups adapt through
access to, and use of early warning information to prepare accordingly. Other help
may come in the form of disaster relief or relocation prior to an expected event.
2.3
Climate Change Assessment Tools
Currently, the majority of development projects are not designed with an explicit
consideration of climate risks and how they can affect local livelihoods. Even less
common are projects that take into account the longer-term implications of climate
change and how project activities might (a) be affected by those impacts, and/or (b)
influence local adaptive capacity. The following sections summarize two tools being
utilized by GWI – Running Dry Partners in an effort to determine where
vulnerabilities persist within project areas, as well as identify potential climaterelated hazards to more appropriately direct project activities.
2.3.1 The Climate Vulnerability and Capacity Analysis (CVCA) Tool
The Climate Vulnerability and Capacity Analysis (CVCA) Tool was developed by
CARE International and is a methodology to assist in analyzing the implications of
climate change for target communities and populations.
The main objectives of the CVCA are to:
1. Analyze vulnerability to climate change and adaptive capacity at the
community level.
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2. Combine local information with scientific data to yield greater
understanding about the expected impacts of localized climate
change.
The CVCA toolkit has a variety of approaches that can be used to obtain information
on climate change and how communities might adapt. It can be used to conduct
analyses at the individual/household, local government/community, or national
levels. Information is obtained through:
• Secondary research
• Institutional mapping
• Policy analysis
• Key informant interviews
• Participatory tools (e.g. hazard mapping, seasonal calendars, historical
timelines, rain calendar, vulnerability matrix, and the Venn diagram)
The CVCA process guides participants through questions on different areas related
to climate change adaptation including resilient livelihoods, disaster risk reduction,
capacity development, and addressing the underlying causes of vulnerability. It
focuses on climate change, communities and the enabling environment, and
emphasizes multi-stakeholder analysis, collaborative learning and dialogue through
hazard and capacity analysis. A copy of the CVCA handbook can be found at
www.careclimatechange.org/cvca.
2.3.2 The Community-based Risk Screening Tool: Adaptation and Livelihoods
(CRiSTAL)
The Community Based Risk-Screening Tool – Adaptation and Livelihoods (CRiSTAL)
was developed by IISD, IUCN, SEI and Inter-Cooperation to aide in analyzing
vulnerability assessment information gathered through the CVCA process or other
methods. It is a decision-support tool with the goal of promoting integration of risk
reduction and climate change adaptation into community-level projects. The tool
helps users to understand the links between livelihoods and climate, and assess the
impacts of projects on a community’s ability to adapt. The tool can also be used to
identify possible adaptation approaches based on input from the community and
facilitators.
It is a decision-support tool that aims to provide a logical, user-friendly process to
help better understand the links between climate-related risks and peoples’
livelihoods. In so doing, successful adaptation strategies can be developed and
better supported at the local and regional level.
There are 2 modules in the CRISTAL tool; the first examines what the climate change
context is. It looks at impacts and coping strategies as well as the livelihood context.
The second module looks at the impacts of projects (or proposed adaptation
activities) on livelihood activities, and how project activities can be adjusted to
reduce vulnerability and enhance adaptive capacity. While the process is not specific
to resource management, the spreadsheets enable investigators to specify how
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livelihood, resources and community resilience may be affected by projected climate
change.
The CRiSTAL Tool and handbook are available at www.cristaltool.org.
2.4 The Rain Calendar and Vulnerability Matrix
Participants were taken through the field form (please see Appendix 3) which
outlines how to undertake the vulnerability assessments using the rain calendar and
vulnerability matrix that are contained in the CVCA. The field form had been
translated into the local language, Oromo, and additional corrections and
explanations were added as needed.
The first step in any field activity involving local communities is to introduce the
project and facilitators. It is important to explain the exercises that will be carried
out as part of the vulnerability assessment, how long it will take (about 3 hours
depending on familiarity of the facilitators with the tools) and that the community
would be split into smaller focus groups for the assessment.
2.4.1 Rain Calendar
Once the project and facilitators have been introduced, the next step is to complete
the rain calendar. The rain calendar helps users to gather rainfall and temperature
information for specific local areas from the communities. The objectives of this
tool are: to enable facilitators to understand what is “normal” and “abnormal”
rainfall and temperature from the perspective of community members; to examine
changes in rainfall and temperature patterns; to brainstorm on future rainfall
scenarios and potential responses; and to evaluate the use of weather and climate
information for planning. The key information to be gathered in the rain calendar
includes: the onset and cessation of rainfall; the duration, distribution and quality of
rainfall; unusual temperature increases and decreases; the major impacts of
observed changes on livelihoods; and any major weather-related events
experienced by the area of interest. The exercise usually takes one hour to complete
and while gathering information for the calendar, it is important to take notes on
issues such as coping strategies, health, cultural and socio economic impacts.
When developing the rain calendar, the first step is to decide on symbols that will
represent “normal” and “abnormal” conditions. Then, ask the group about rainfall
and temperature over the past few years and find out what the perceived impacts to
their livelihoods are for these conditions. The rain calendar is a good way to raise
awareness on, and present climate change, and can aide in guiding later CVCA and
CRiSTAL activities.
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Figure 2.2. Example of Rain Calendar
2.4.2 Vulnerability Matrix
The next step is to gather information on the main livelihood activities and the
natural, physical, financial, human and social resources that support these activities.
The top three resources under each category (natural, physical, financial, human
and social) are then ranked. This is followed by identifying the top three climatic
hazards, followed by the top 3 impacts of each hazard. The most significant coping
strategy that is currently being utilized is then recorded for each impact. The
participants are asked whether the coping strategy is working and if they feel the
strategy is sustainable. If it is not considered sustainable, an alternative coping
strategy, and the resources needed to implement that strategy, is recorded. If there
is time, then the groups are asked to rank the level of influence of hazards on the
livelihood resources. Further discussion questions can be also asked including:
who has access and control over identified resources in the community; what are
observed changes in the environmental conditions, hazards and livelihoods; and
other questions regarding socio-political or other issues that affect vulnerability.
At the end of the exercise, facilitators summarize the process, outline the next steps
and take time to ask the group what they learned. It is important to manage time,
schedule the visit at an appropriate occasion (i.e. not during harvest season),
provide refreshments, and energize the community.
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2.5 Review of Field Guide
Information should be provided on key issues to take into account during planning
for data collection in the field. Emphasis is placed on: the need to plan carefully;
obtaining support from community leaders; adequate preparation; provision of
relevant field research materials; management of community expectations and
potential conflicts; balanced participation by all; creation and maintenance of trust;
and finishing gracefully. This should be followed by logistical preparations for field
visits to the specified communities.
The sections below provide a summary of the analysis highlighting the information
collected through application of the CVCA in the field, and entered into the CRiSTAL
tool. Additional information to support the analysis including presentations from
the workshop, CRiSTAL worksheet, field forms, photos and background information
are available in Appendix 5.
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Project information
3.1 Project description and context
Project Description: The initial focus of Empowering Poor People to Manage Water
in Arid and Semi-Arid Lands in Ethiopia is to see poor rural communities in arid and
semi-arid zones reduce their vulnerability to water-related shocks and improve
their quality of life through Integrated Water Resource Management.
Project Context:
In the Rift Valley focal area, most of the inhabitants are engaged in agriculture and
dependent on this sector for their food and income needs. The major problems
affecting the livelihoods of communities include poor access to potable water and
sanitation facilities, high degree of land degradation and deforestation, lack of
access to improved agricultural inputs, limited capacity to devel op efficient
irrigation systems, lack of market integration, a high prevalence of malaria,
HIV/AIDS and other preventive diseases.
Agriculture is entirely dependent on rainfall, which is unreliable in terms of its
amount and distribution. In this semi arid climate, rainfall is erratic and
concentrated from the middle of June to the end of August. Evapotranspiration is
three times higher than rainfall. As a result, crops and livestock production are
suffering from moisture stress and cyclical drought. Land degradation is another
critical problem in the area because of lack of conservation awareness, deforestation
overgrazing, expansion of farmlands and population pressure.
The main goal of the program in Ethiopia is to see improved access to safe water
and improved hygiene/sanitation practices in two distinct zones of the Oromia
Region characterized by aridity and pastoralist communities. The program will
work with the Oromia Regional Government, local leadership at the woreda level
and planning committees to identify sites for water and sanitation infrastructure
and target interventions appropriately. Key activities under this project will
involve:
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Builds capacity of local communities to manage their water resources
Establish appropriate and sustainable water delivery and sanitation systems
Strengthen understanding and sustainable management of water resources
through environmental protection and conservation of water resources
Address trans-boundary issues in water basin management
Strengthen integrated water resource management and water resources
Build capacity for inclusive, participatory and accountable decision making.
Improve the dissemination of information on the success and failures of different
water interventions
Increase the scale of interventions so that access to water and water-related
benefits reach all populations within target areas
Climate Change Context
4.1 Regional Notes
Current observations of climate change impacts from 1900 to 2005 in East Africa
demonstrate increasing temperatures. Rainfall patterns show high spatial and
temporal variability across the region. There are currently no records of significant
trends in rainfall for the region. However, it has been generally observed that in the
last 30 years, the frequency, intensity and severity of droughts have increased e.g.
from 7 years, to 5 years to almost every other year (especially in the 1990s and
2000s). Future climatic projections for the region indicate that mean temperatures
will increase further. In addition, it is likely that the region will have an increase in
average annual rainfall. However, the southern part of East Africa (from the
Equator) is expected to experience reduced rainfall, while the northern part is
expected to receive increased rainfall (that is likely to fall intensely over short
periods). It should be noted that there are uncertainties in climate projections for
East Africa's rainfall, since the seasonal weather in the region is highly influenced by
the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. Therefore it is likely that high
inter-annual variability will continue to be observed in the region.
4.2 Country Notes
Mean annual temperature in Ethiopia has increased by 1.3°C between 1960 and
2006. Over the same duration, no statistically significant trend in mean rainfall was
observed in any season. It is anticipated that temperatures will continue to increase
by between 1.1 to 3.1°C by 2060. Currently, there is no indication of rainfall
predictions for Ethiopia for the future due to lack of trends on past rainfall and data
gaps. However, if the region's climate predictions apply, then some parts of the
country will experience increased episodes of intense rainfall.
4.3 Ecological Zone Notes
In Central Ethiopia, increasing temperatures have been observed by communities in
recent years. In addition, rainfall seasons are increasingly unpredictable and some
episodes on intense rainfall and flooding have been observed. Future climate
projections for central Ethiopia have not been assessed currently. However, if the
Eastern Africa region's climate change predictions apply, then the Central part of
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Ethiopia may experience increasing temperatures and increased flooding due to an
increase in intense rain episodes. In the area of the project, temperature has
increased about 1.8C over 10 years. Frequent drought is common every 2 to 3
years, along with frequent crop failure and livestock deaths. Rainy season will be
extended 1 to 2 months and there is anticipated to be relatively continuous flooding
in the highlands. This year there has been late rain so many crops have been
destroyed and there is an increased number of people relying on aid.
4.4 Rain calendars
The information for the vulnerability assessment was gathered from community
members from Dawe and Darara Delecha villages the woredas of Arsi Negele and
Dugda Bor respectively. .
4.4.1 Rain Calendar – Dawe and Darara Delecha villages
Information on rain and temperature patterns was gathered from the different age
and gender groups and then merged together through a discussion. Figure 4.1
shows the merged information for Dawe village and Figure 4.2 for Darara Deleha
village. Photos are not available of the rain calendars from each individual group.
One issue noted was that the Ethiopian calendar is different than the more widely
used Gregorian calendar and this can cause confusion in interpreting data. It is
recommended to use the local calendar when gathering and analyzing information
on climate patterns from the community.
The short rainy season known as Afarassa is usually between March and May, and
the long rainy season, known as Gana is from July to the end of August. Birra is from
September to November and bona (dry season) is from December to February. In
Dawe, it was observed that the temperature had been high in 2009 and there had
been little rainfall. On the other hand, 2008 had had high rainfall and good crop
production. The temperature was high with little rainfall also in 2006. Similar
trends were observed for Darara Delecha.
16
Figure 4.1Merged Rain Calendar – Dawe village
Figure 4.2. Merged rain calendar - Darara Dalecha village
17
4.5 Climate-related Hazards, Impacts and Coping Strategies
Developing a summary of climate-related hazards, their impacts on the community
and existing coping strategies for these hazards is crucial in developing a
community adaptation strategy. Additionally, the efficacy and sustainability of each
coping strategy must be determined in order to identify where progress can be
made for sustainable adaptation. The main climate-related hazards, their impacts
and key current coping strategies identified in Dawe and Darara Dalecha villages are
indicated in Table 4.1 and 4.2, respectively.
Table 4.1 Climate context - Dawe
Current coping
Hazard
Impacts
strategy
Selling of forest
products
(charcoal and
Famine
wood)
Drought
Livestock
Deaths
Human
Diseases
Human
Diseases
Extreme
Heat
Crop failure
(shortage of
food)
Declining water
levels
(lakes/ponds)
Desertifi
cation
Decline in soil
fertility (crop
productivity)
Alternate
Coping Strategy
Petty trading
Migration
Migration
Using traditional
medicine
Plantation and
conservation of
trees on bare
land
Selling and using
forest products
Mobility
towards
alternative
water sources
Ban sale of fire
wood & seedling
plantation
Notes
No other
coping
strategies
identified
Use of modern
health services
Plantation and
conversation of
tress on bare
land
No other
coping
strategies
identified
Early warning
system
Management to
protect the water
sources
Harmonizing
traditional and
modern land use
management
systems
18
Hazard
Impacts
Food shortages
Decline in
livestock
productivity
Current coping
strategy
Selling of
livestock
Preparation of
hay for breeding
animals
Table 4.2 Climate context – Darara Dalecha
Current coping
Hazard
Impacts
strategy
Sale of livestock
Crop failure
Sale of firewood
Drought
Livestock
losses
Water
shortages
Walking long
distances to fetch
water
Green harvest
Infrastructure
damage
Pasture
damage
Moving to non
affected
settlements
Move to other
grazing areas
Notes
Develop
irrigation system
Preparation of
hay for breeding
animals
Alternate
Coping Strategy
Introduce and
promote furrow
irrigation to
supplement rain
fed agriculture
Promote trading
and casual labor
in non-farm
activities to
diversify
incomes
No other
coping
strategies
identified
Notes
Poor persons
sell firewood
& engage in
casual labor
Drill boreholes
Adopt and
promote early
maturing crop
species
Crop damage
Floods
Alternate
Coping Strategy
permanent resettlement in
non-flood
affected areas
Promote destocking (to
reduce the
number of
livestock)
Early
harvesting
may not
always apply
and reploughing/replanting may
compliment
Bunding to
divert flood
waters may
also be used
19
Hazard
Impacts
Increased
physical
fatigue
Extreme
Heat
Increased
malaria
Livestock
diseases
4.6
Current coping
strategy
Adjustment of
working hours to
reduce exposure
to the sun's heat
Use of the seeds
of Hygenia tree to
treat malaria
Use of traditional
medicines to treat
livestock
Alternate
Coping Strategy
Adjustment of
working hours
to reduce
exposure to the
sun's heat
Introduce and
distribute
malaria
impregnation
bed nets
Seek veterinary
services for
livestock
treatment and
vaccination
Notes
Hazard 1
4.6.1 Dawe – Drought
The primary impacts from drought are famine, human diseases and livestock death.
Current coping strategies consist of selling forest products such as charcoal or
wood, migration and the use of traditional medicine (respectively). While all
current coping strategies are perceived to be working by the community, only
migration to avoid drought was thought to be sustainable. In order to prepare for
future impacts, alternative coping strategies proposed by the community included
petty trading activities to supplement crop failures and the use of modern health
services in place of traditional medicines.
4.6.2 Darara Delecha – Drought
The primary impacts from drought are crop failure, water shortage and losses to
livestock. Current coping strategies consist of selling firewood, selling livestock or
walking long distance to fetch water. While all current coping strategies are
perceived to be working by the community, none of the strategies are perceived to
be sustainable. In order to prepare for future impacts, alternative coping strategies
proposed by the community include the introduction and promotion of furrow
irrigation to supplement rain fed agriculture, the promotion of casual labor in nonfarm activities to diversify incomes and the drilling of boreholes. Currently, poor
persons sell firewood & engage in casual labor.
20
4.7
Hazard 2
4.7.1 Dawe – Extreme Heat
Extreme heat is expected to increase the prevalence of human diseases, contribute
to crop failure and food shortages, and decrease the water levels of local lakes and
ponds. Currently, community members plant and conserve trees, sell forest
products to buy food and have been working towards alternative water sources.
Again, all coping strategies are thought to be working, but only forest planting and
conservation is thought to be sustainable. In order to cope in the future,
implementing an early warning system to harvest or otherwise protect crops as well
as increasing the use of integrated water management practices will help to protect
the community.
4.7.2 Darara Delecha – Extreme Heat
Increases in malarial outbreaks, other livestock disease and general physical fatigue
have been seen with an increase in extreme heat in the area. In order to cope with
these impacts, community members have adjusted working hours to avoid exposure
during the hottest part of the day, utilized the seeds of the Hygenia tree for the
treatment of malaria and used traditional medicines for treating their livestock.
These strategies are seen as efficacious, although the use of traditional medicines is
not thought to be sustainable in the face of climate change. Other strategies
proposed during the session included the distribution and promotion of
impregnated bed nets for protection from malarial vectors and seeking veterinary
services for livestock.
4.8
Hazard 3
4.8.1 Dawe – Desertification
Desertification is expected to decrease the soil fertility in the region, reducing the
crop and forest productivity. Desertification will also aggravate food shortages and
cause a decline in livestock productivity, which will translate to reduced incomes.
Currently, there is a ban on the sale of fire wood to prevent desertification. Seedling
planting, selling of livestock and hay production for breeding animals are also being
utilized. All strategies are perceived to be working by the community, but only hay
production is thought to be sustainable. Alternative coping strategies include the
harmonization of traditional and modern land use management practices as well as
to develop an irrigation system to protect crops and increase food production.
4.8.2 Darara Delecha – Floods
Floods are expected to cause damage to infrastructure (homes and roads), damage
to crops and loss of/damage to pastures. Currently, community members utilize
green harvesting, movement to non-affected settlements and movement to other
grazing areas to cope with these hazards. All coping strategies appear to be
working, however only green harvesting appears to be sustainable for the longer
term. Continued protection from these hazards, will arise from the adoption and
21
promotion of early-maturing crop species, permanent resettlement and the
promotion of de-stocking. Other potential coping strategies would be to implement
re-ploughing or re-planting, or to bund areas for flood management.
5
Livelihood Context
5.1
Overview of Livelihood Resources Framework
When analyzing a community’s vulnerability to climate change, it is important to
find out what resources are important to peoples’ livelihoods in the project area.
This will allow for better focus in determining which coping strategies are most
important, and in what sequence to address the variety of potential climatic risks.
To this end, the Livelihood Resources Framework places specific resources into five
resource categories as described below:
Natural Resources: These are the natural resource stock upon which people rely
both directly (i.e. for income or medicine) and indirectly (i.e. flood control or
protection from storms). These should come from the surrounding environment
such as trees or land.
Physical Resources: Those resources that make up the basic infrastructure and
productive capital for transport, buildings, water management, energy and
communications. Differing from natural resources, physical resources should come
from man-made aspects of the surrounding environment.
Financial Resources: Encompassing not only the stocks or monetary savings of
people within the community, financial resources also account for flows of money
such as income and how that income is generated. This includes savings, cash,
jewelry or remittances.
Human Resources: The skills, knowledge, capacity and good health that are
important to the pursuit of positive livelihoods are the key aspects of Human
Resources. They include traditional knowledge, education level and folk knowledge
in arts and crafts.
Social Resources: Social Resources are those of the formal and informal
relationships and institutions within a community, from which people draw upon
support and knowledge.
Examples would include church groups, farmer
associations and political organizations.
5.1.1 Livelihood resources – Oromia
For Empowering Poor People to Manage Water in Arid and Semi-Arid Lands in
Oromia Region, the specific resources identified in Table 5.1 were most important
to peoples’ livelihoods in Dawe and Darara Dalecha communities:
Table 5.1 Summary of livelihood resources
22
Natural
Resources
- Land
- Water
- Forests
Natural
Resources
- Land
- Water
- Forests
Physical
Resources
- Agricultural
implements
- Health posts
- Hand pumps
Physical
Resources
- Farm and
water
infrastructure
- Roads
Dawe
Financial
Resources
-Selling livestock,
crop and charcoal
products
Human
Resources
- Educated
persons skills
(teachers, etc)
- Traditional and
indigenous
knowledge
- Community
member health
Darara Dalecha
Financial
Human
Resources
Resources
- Sale of crops and - Farming skills
livestock
- Livestock
- Micro-credit
rearing skills
schemes
- Craft making
skills
Social
Resources
- Gada
(traditional
institution)
- Iddir (local
social
institution)
- Wijo
(traditional
support
system)
Social
Resources
- Gada system
- Iddir
- Church
5.1.2 Impacts of Climate-related Hazards to Livelihood Resources
Upon identifying the climate-related hazards and the relevant livelihood resources
within the project region, the next step is to determine the impact of these hazards
on the livelihood resources in order to more effectively analyze current and possible
coping strategies. The following Table shows the importance of each hazard on the
various livelihood resources identified in the Oromia Region vulnerability
assessment training,
Table 5.1, Resources strongly influenced by hazards – Dawe
Drought
Extreme Heat
Natural resources
Land
Land
Water
Water
Forest
Forest
Physical resources
Hand pump
Hand pump
Financial resources Selling livestock and Selling livestock and
livestock products
livestock products
Selling crop
Selling charcoal
products
Selling charcoal
Human resources
Health of
Health of
community
community
members
members
Educated persons
skills (teachers,
Desertification
Land
Water
Forest
Hand pump
Selling livestock and
livestock products
Selling crop
products
Selling charcoal
Health of
community
members
23
Social resources
Iddir (local social
institution)
etc)
Farmer groups
Wijo (traditional
support system)
Table 5.2. Resources strongly influenced by hazards – Darara Dalecha
Drought
Floods
Extreme Heat
Natural resources
Land
Land
Water
Forest
Physical resources
Financial resources Sale of crops
Sale of crops
Sale of crops
Sale of livestock
Sale of livestock
Micro-credit
Micro-credit
schemes
schemes
Human resources
Social resources
Iddir (local social
institution)
Within Dawe community desertification has the greatest impact across multiple
sectors of livelihood resources, with the most significant impacts seen on natural
resources (land, water and forest) and financial resources (livestock, crops,
charcoal). Drought shows the greatest impacts to natural resources, with some
important impact also being seen on financial resources. Extreme heat appears to
have slightly less influence on the community and livelihood resources, with the
greatest impacts in areas of natural resources, as well as human resources such as
the skills of educated people and the health of community members.
Darara Dalecha community will be most greatly impacted by drought, particularly in
areas of natural (land, water, forests) and financial (crops, livestock, micro-credit
schemes) resources. Flooding will have its greatest impact on financial resources as
well. Extreme heat was seen to mostly directly affect the land, with a reduction in
crop yield translating to diminished financial livelihoods.
5.1.3 Importance of Livelihood Resource on Implementing Coping Strategies
For each of the livelihood resources detailed earlier in this report, an analysis of
their importance to implementation of sustainable coping strategies (existing or
alternate) was done.
Dawe – Information from the CRiSTAL process shows that financial and human
resources are key elements for successful implementation of petty trading,
migration and the use of modern health services to cope with drought. Petty trading
will directly impact the financial resources available to a community, which may
then be utilized to access modern health services. It was also clarified that good
24
health of the community members, skills of educated people, selling of livestock,
wijo (traditional support system) and water resources are all crucial to
implementing the three coping strategies for adaptation to drought.
In the face of extreme heat, natural, human and financial resources show the
greatest importance in the planting of trees, development of an early warning
system and managing the protection of water resources. Trees both protect land
and water resources and will play a key role in the human resources. Protection of
water resources will facilitate adaptation across all resources and an early warning
system will aide in all areas, with diminished importance on physical resources.
Human and natural resources are crucial for successful implementation of coping
strategies for desertification. These strategies include harmonizing traditional and
modern land use management systems, development of an irrigation system and
preparation of hay for breeding animals. The skills of educated peoples, traditional
knowledge and healthy community members are all necessary for expanding all
three coping strategies. Financial resources show some importance in all coping
strategies as well, since selling of livestock, selling of crops products and selling of
charcoal will be impacted by the success of each coping strategy.
Darara Dalecha – In order to cope with drought, the community members of Mekki
identified financial resources (sale of crops, sale of livestock and micro-credit
schemes) as well as natural resources (land, water and forests) as the most
important for implementation of coping strategies. Financial resources will be
directly impacted by the ability introduce and promote furrow irrigation (to
supplement rain-fed agriculture). The interplay of physical, financial and human
resources will facilitate the promotion of trading and casual labor in non-farm
activities for the diversification of incomes. Finally, natural resources are crucial in
the drilling of boreholes.
In order to cope with flooding, the adoption and promotion of early maturing crop
species, permanent resettling in non-flooded areas and the promotion of destocking
will be impacted primarily by natural and financial resources. The Gadda system
shows some importance in these strategies, as well as water infrastructure.
Again, financial and natural resources appear to most strongly impact the ability to
cope with extreme heat. Their importance in the introduction and distribution of
malaria impregnated bednets and the ability/need to seek veterinary services stems
from the need to pay for these services as well as the environmental determinants of
malaria and injured livestock. Iddir (social welfare system) was also seen to be
quite important to all three coping strategies.
6 Analysis of project activities
This section highlights the revisions made to incorporate climate change adaptation
into GWI activities being implemented by GWI partners in the Oromia Region. The
aim of these revisions is to make project activities resilient to current climatic
variability being observed in Dawe and Darara Dalecha, and to increase project
25
sustainability. It is important to conduct similar assessments in the future to help
monitor progress towards increasing resilience, as well as to identify and
appropriately deal with emerging climatic issues.
6.1 Revised Project Activities
Project activities identified for the GWI project in Oromia Region were screened to
assess their impact on livelihood resources that are both strongly influenced by
climate-related hazards and important to implementing sustainable coping
strategies. The level of impact was rated as positive, negative or neutral and could
be both positive and negative. For example, construction of low cost pit latrine’s can
have both a positive and negative influence on water as it can improve water quality
by reducing the spread of waste but it could decrease water quality, through
contamination if sited in a bad location. Project activities were revised in order to
strengthen positive impacts from current project activities, minimize negative
impacts from current projects and move currently neutral impacts (where
appropriate) toward positive impacts. The second column of Table 6.1 and Table
6.2 show how activities were revised according to this analysis. These revised
project activities were then screened to determine whether they were sustainable
with the impacts of climate change as summarized in column 3 of the tables.
Table 6.1 Summary of revised activities – Dawe
Original Project Activities
Revised project activities
Irrigation infrastructure
development
Irrigation infrastructure
development which considers
the impact on the catchment which includes ensuring good
drainage, awareness and
intervention on malaria, and
scale up of tree planting in the
catchment
Capacity building for farmers
on irrigation water
management (IWM)
None proposed
Experience sharing and
information exchange on
irrigation water management,
agronomy and marketing
None proposed
Revised Project Activities to
reduce climate change
impacts
Irrigation infrastructure
development which considers
impact on catchment area this means implementing
catchment conservation
measures, which includes
ensuring good drainage, soil
and water conservation
activities, awareness and
intervention on malaria, and
scale up of tree planting in
throughout the catchment
Capacity building of farmers
on irrigation water
management which includes
awareness on climate change
and how to adapt
Experience sharing and
information exchange on
irrigation water management,
agronomy and marketing. Also
26
Original Project Activities
Revised project activities
Training on gender,
leadership and decision
making for members of the
water user association
None proposed
Creating linkages between
producer cooperatives and
consumers to sell cash crops
Creating linkages between
producer cooperatives and
consumers to sell cash crops.
Note - Improving skills of
water management should be
linked to this activity
Facilitating debate and
dialogue forum between
farmers
Facilitating debate and
dialogue forum between
farmers that works with the
Geda system and also
discusses alternative income
generating activities
Establishing community
conversation enhancement
forums as an instrument for
implementation strategy
None proposed
Upstream catchment
management
Watershed management to
protect water resources,
sedimentation, and reduce
Revised Project Activities to
reduce climate change
impacts
includes, continuous training
that takes into account
impacts of changing climate
Training on gender,
leadership and decision
making for members of the
water user association.
Integrate information on
impacts of climate change and
adaptation strategies into the
training
Creating linkages between
producer cooperatives and
consumers to sell cash crops.
Note - Improving skills of
water management should be
linked to this activity. Training
on small business
management, and how to deal
with climate change impacts.
Providing information on local
and national markets
Facilitating debate and
dialogue forum between
farmers that works with the
Geda system and also discuss
alternative income generating
activities. Also includes
institutionalizing farmer
dialogue forum within the
government system
Establishing community
conversation enhancement
forums as an instrument for
implementation strategy,
institutionalizing within
traditional institutions, and
providing information and
building capacity of extension
and development workers on
adapting to change in climate
None proposed
27
Original Project Activities
Revised project activities
deforestation, also includes
linkage between upstream
and downstream communities
to manage natural resources
through a forum
Establishment of credit facility Establishment of credit facility
for alternative income
for alternative income
generating activities
generating activities that have
minimal negative impact on
the environment
Establishing and
strengthening early warning
system
None proposed
Revised Project Activities to
reduce climate change
impacts
Establishment of credit facility
for alternative income
generating activities that have
minimal negative impact on
the environment. Include
some activities on providing
rural insurance for liquid and
fixed assets. Use best practices
form Oxfam America which
have been tried in Tigrai
Establishing and
strengthening early warning
system. Install metrological
stations and train local
community to collect
meteorological information
28
Table 6.2 Summary of revised activities – Darara Dalecha
Original Project Activities
Revised project activities
Drilling boreholes and
construction of related
infrastructure for water
supply(drinking, livestock,
etc)
Design and drill more
boreholes according to
suitable technical
specifications and taking into
account the geo-physical
conditions of the area.
Combine this with effective
watershed management
practices to increase
underground water recharge
Development of irrigation
canals
Proper design, construction
and management of covered
irrigation canals through
follow up with the community
and rehabilitation
(stabilization)
Natural resource management
through tree planting
(biological), and soil bund
construction (physical)
None proposed
Revised Project Activities to
reduce climate change
impacts
Install proper casing on the
borehole to withstand floods.
Construct the well head using
concrete above the ground e.g.
1 meter (based on the
expected flood level). The
water pump should be
constructed in the borehole,
connect it to a pipe that is
connected to a generator
situated some distance away
from the borehole on elevated
ground. Construct a floodbarrier e.g. a dyke to protect
the borehole and the
associated infrastructure from
floods. Combine these with
proper watershed
management practices to
increase underground water
recharge
Plant appropriate, beneficial
and multi-purpose grass and
trees on the bund ridges and
in other areas to protect and
sustain them. The design of
the soil bunds should take into
consideration various physical
and conditions to determine
the spacing between the soil
bunds, depth, gradient.
Management of planted reforestation trees is necessary
to increase survival rates.
Reduce soil disturbance
through promotion of
minimum tillage
29
Original Project Activities
Revised project activities
Revised Project Activities to
reduce climate change
impacts
Promotion and construction of Training of Trainers among
Undertake flood mitigation
household pit latrines and
community members on basic through construction cut off
hygiene
hygienic practices. Provision
drains and diversion of
of technical support in the
surface runoff to water
design, citing, construction
reservoirs to minimize
and management of enclosed
flooding and percent
pit latrines will be carried out. contamination of water and
soil by pit latrines.
Creation of awareness on the
Include awareness creation on Appropriate awareness
environment among
climate change, its impacts,
creation strategies on climate
community members
vulnerability and adaptation
change and environment
in environmental awareness
should be employed e.g
creation efforts
through regular meetings,
radio, IEC materials (pictures),
experience sharing (peer
learning). The messaging
should be appropriate (should
be based on local issues and
based on participatory
assessments
6.2 Synergies and Barriers
The analysis in this section examines why the activities were revised and the
synergies and barriers that could facilitate or hinder implementation.
The following details synergies and barriers to revised project activities for
Dawe community:
Revised Activity 1. Irrigation infrastructure development
There may be potential to work with research institutions and the government on
the Rift Valley master plan to include integrated resource management and land use.
Several barriers were identified including the need to mobilize the community in
collaboration with government and other stakeholders. Experience sharing on how
to carry out catchment management is also necessary. Additional financial
investments, personnel time as these development activities can be quite large.
Furthermore, social conflicts may arise with livestock keepers as the process
demands area closures. Finally, population growth can put pressure on irrigation
infrastructure.
Revised Activity 2. Capacity building on irrigation water management (IWM)
Multiple barriers were brought up including the need to update information on
climate change at all levels. Additionally, this should be translated into a usable
form for the community. Intervention activities should consider government
30
interventions and work with government officials at all levels. Additional
information on other adaptation skills is necessary for successful implementation of
this activity.
Revised Activity 3. Experience sharing on IWRM, agronomy and marketing
Synergies may develop and several potential barriers arose during the training. A
need was identified to provide systematic training on climate change, including the
development of a guide or manual for various areas including agronomic practices,
water management, etc. Development of a learning alliance and the need to have
similar projects from which to gain experience were discussed as the community is
willing to visit other areas for experience sharing. There will be additional
resources necessary to promote and strengthen these types of activities.
Revised Activity 4. Training on gender, leadership and decision making for WUA
One major barrier to success in this area is that gender equity and rights are difficult
to discuss because of traditional and religious systems; time is needed to influence
these systems and leaders. There is also a new civil society law meaning that it is not
easy to work on advocacy issues. There is a need for additional resources to
continue work on this activity, particularly an incentives mechanism for outstanding
women to improve participation. One synergy notes was the possibility to integrate
these activities into life-skills training.
Revised Activity 5. Creating linkages between producer cooperatives and
consumers to sell cash crops
Multiple potential barriers developed including the need for collective action to
bring actors together; these goals cannot be achieved by a single NGO. In order for
this to be successful good transportation and access to markets are necessary - this
is a potential barrier because the road is not in a good state and the river has no
permanent bridge. The global market is dynamic and there is a need for continuous
follow up on market demand, which can be unpredictable. Finally, there currently is
no adequate storage for products, nor is there training on post-investment activities.
This was seen as a need for success in developing these linkages.
Revised Activity 6. Facilitating debate and dialogue forum between farmers
The overlap of traditional and political systems can be a barrier because there is a
dominance of the government system, and they can contradict each other.
Additionally, government policy can restrict this activity. There may be financial
constraints, as there is a need for more investment. Lack of follow-up may be an
issue if the forum is not properly institutionalized. However, good linkages have
been established the government to provide technical support within the forum.
Revised Activity 7. Establishing community conversation enhancement forums as
an instrument for implementation strategy
This needs favorable government policy and collective actions of multiple
stakeholders, as well as the willingness and commitment of other actors.
Revised Activity 8. Upstream catchment management
31
Many of the synergies and barriers for this activity reflect those of revised activity
#1 (above). The may also be competition over resources due to population
pressures. The current forum may not be effective as people need additional land .
Revised Activity 9. Establishment of credit facility for alternative income
generating activities
Financial capital, basic business skills are required. Due to continuous asset
depletion the sustainability will be challenged. There are existing institutions that
could provide credit, but they are far away and do not respond immediately to
provide credit to the farmers.
Revised Activity 10. Establishing and strengthening early warning system
A potential limitation to this activity is the accessibility of metrological data and the
skilled manpower necessary for the operation of instruments. These needs require
large financial investments and the ability to integrate traditional knowledge with
the technology, as weakening traditional knowledge can be a barrier. Learning from
other early warning systems can enhance this activity, as well as encouraging
traditional early warning practitioners.
The following details synergies and barriers to revised project activities for
Darara Dalecha community:
Revised Activity 1. Drilling boreholes and construction of related infrastructure
for water supply(drinking, livestock, etc)
One potential synergy is the community’s willingness and participation in the
drilling of boreholes and construction of related infrastructure. There is also a
potential for high-ground water in the community, and the government Water Use
and Management Policy supports maintenance and scaling up of such interventions.
Barriers include limited financial resources as well as limited technical resources in
the local area. Additionally, unproductive boreholes and the presence of high
fluoride content in drilled waters may reduce the drinkability/availability of water.
There may also be conflicts over water resources that develop due to inequity
among neighboring communities.
Revised Activity 2. Development of irrigation canals
Willingness and active participation of the community in the digging and
construction of irrigation canals may present as both a synergy and a barrier. Other
barriers include financial and technical limitations. Potential negative outcomes of
developed canals includes increased mosquito breeding grounds (which may lead to
increases in malaria, dengue or other vector-borne diseases), increases in salinity
over the long term, increases in water logging of the local area and increased rate of
water-table depletion.
Revised Activity 3.
Natural resource management through tree planting
(biological), and soil bund construction (physical)
Synergies may exist in developing the community’s participation in this activity;
there could be a barrier here however, if the community is unwilling to engage in
32
natural resource management. Several other barriers arose during the training and
including the land tenure system (land belongs to the government) so communities
may not be motivated to plant trees. Financial, technical and ecological limitations
persist including the availability of fast growing, multi-purpose trees and grass
species. The current, large livestock population, and subsequent overgrazing, as
well as pastoralists’ grazing patterns may negatively impact advances in this
activity.
Revised Activity 4. Promotion and construction of pit latrines and hygiene
Community willingness and active participation in the construction of latrines and
related infrastructure may prove beneficial or detrimental to success of this activity.
Other limitations such as financial and technical resources may present as a barrier
to latrine construction. Periodic flooding may damage infrastructure; if flood
volumes are very large, cut off drains would not adequately mitigate flood impacts.
Cultural norms regarding the handling and acknowledgement of human wastes may
present as a barrier as well. The construction of the physical structure of the pit
latrine using locally available materials may have negative environmental impacts.
Some synergies identified are that the government or other NGOs may be promoting
and supporting hygiene promotion and construction of pit latrines. Schools could
also provide pilot demonstration sites for proper design, construction and
management of pit latrines and hygiene practices.
Revised Activity 5. Creation of awareness on the environment
One synergy may arise from the community’s willingness and active participation in
awareness creation campaigns and activities, although if they are unwilling this may
be a barrier. Another synergy includes the technology and methodology utilized in
communication of messaging. As with all interventions, financial and technical
limitations on resource are a barrier to success. Information limitations in the form
of downscaled scientific climate information and projections currently exist as well.
Community members' attitudes may influence their receptivity to environmental
messages (they may not utilize the information and knowledge conveyed),
particularly due to deep-rooted poverty and the need for immediate survival takes
precedence over environmental conservation. Finally, the wide geographical
distribution of community members will pose a logistical barrier to implementation
of this activity.
7 Feedback on Field Exercise
Participants visited the communities of Dawe and Darara Dalecha in Oromia Region.
The outputs of the field exercise are provided in Section 4 and 5 under the climate
and livelihood context. This section outlines the feedback from the practical
exercise. Participants gave feedback on their experience collecting information
using the CVCA tools in the community, and provided ideas on how to improve the
assessment.
Some things that worked well included the discussions among communities such
that climate change was recognized as a problem. There was a good level of
knowledge on climate change. The women’s groups had perspective on climate
33
change impacts to livelihoods and the old men’s groups in Darara Dalecha had
information to provide on early warnings. Specific information on rainfall patterns
has been captured by the old men for the last couple of years which included
detailed information on the onset, cessation and number of days it rained.
Communities recognized that climate has been changing over the years, even before
the rain calendar exercise. Previously, there were 4 distinct seasons whereas there
is now only one season due to the reduction of the wet and the increase of the dry
season. Coping strategies (such as eating wild fruits) were a challenge because they
identified reliance on relief-food and waiting for “God’s help.” Some of the
community members are losing hope; they indicated that even if there is money
now, things are very expensive. There was a very high level of participation in the
field activity and an understanding of desertification and changing social patterns.
High temperatures are seen to disrupt adult relations, particularly within the older
women.
Challenges were identified such as managing community expectations –
communities wanted to focus on their own problems and were seeking solutions
from the facilitators’ organization. There was a need to distinguishing between the
hazards and their impacts since these are closely interlinked. Conflicts in the
discussions among some community members arose between those with access to
underground water (who are better off) and those who don’t have access to
underground water. It was important to discuss adapting to changes in activities
while providing information on activities based on traditional seasonal information
as well. Facilitators should be well versed in the use of the tools for the most
effective facilitation. Additionally, the facilitation approach needs to be more
interactive – the community needs to engage fully and it should not wear them out.
One way to do this would be to spread out the exercise over a few days vs. doing it
all in one day. It was recognized however that there may be the possibility of having
different community members coming back for subsequent sessions of the exercise
if it is broken up over more days. There were issues of differing information
(conflicting at times) among the differing groups. It may be beneficial to ensure
gender balance and appropriation among the facilitators (female facilitators for
female groups). Finally, questions on the rain calendar should be phrased in a
gender sensitive way, e.g. based on the specific gender livelihood activities. Women
could be asked about periods when water was available or not, in case they are not
able to clearly identify when there was rain or when there was no rain.
8 Way Forward
The final step in the CRiSTAL process is to complete a way forward assessment in
which the efficacy and lessons learned from the CRiSTAL process are determined and
documented for the particular project area. This will aid in future implementation of
the CRiSTAL process as well as provide a summary of key points for the project area
in question. For the Ethiopia program, the way forward was determined for the Rift
Valley (Misraq Shewa Zone) and Borena Zone.
34
8.1 Way Forward –Borena Zone
Do we have current activities whose intended results may be affected by
climate change and variability impacts?
 Water infrastructure development such as sand dams, ponds, traditional wells,
hand dug wells and boreholes. In the face of severe drought, there will be little
or no rain to fill the dams and for all water sources there is the danger of
complete exhaustion (over abstraction). There are also issues of siltation after
floods (especially for traditional wells), blockage of dams due to siltation or
damage to water infrastructure due to floods.
 Rangeland management such as conserving pasture land and establishing
institutions for natural resource management. There may be similar impacts
from flooding as mentioned above for water infrastructure. Additionally, in
severe drought the pasture may dry up.
 Water and Sanitation activities such as water for domestic supply, sanitation at
the household and institutional (schools and health posts) level and latrine
construction. There will be risks as with the above two activities as well as the
need for water to complete these activities. If there is a high impact of climate
change on water resource the sanitation will be affected
 Risk management – establishing better early warning system and capacity
building – because of climate change can be difficult to predict systems, need
special warning information
 Community participation – during severe drought people will migrate therefore
reducing community participation; more competition over scarce resources
leading to conflict
 Borana area is sensitive to climate variability so activities are affected – mostly
water scarcity and there is a problem of floods
Do we need to do anything to make these activities effective?
 Protection against siltation – catchment management by planting vegetation to
prevent erosion
 During heavy rain could capture water for other uses
 Emergency water transport to area
 De-stocking
 Need to assess the project activities through climate change lens
 Need community input and stakeholder suggestions
 Using development information centre – provides info on family planning,
HIV/AIDS, etc
Are there barriers to effect these changes?
 Pastoralist consider their livestock as a financial asset so there is resistance to
de-stocking
 Conflict over resources
 Due to regionalization, there is restriction of movement and disturbance of
traditional grazing system
 High degradation of resources and increase in human and livestock population
 Encroachment of range land by bush
35


Issue of termites
Deterioration of traditional institutions
Do we want to do things differently in future? What can we do differently? Yes
 Water policy is not adapted at the regional and local level as lack of capacity
 Work closely with all levels of resource management – customary institutions,
all levels of government
 Scale up intervention from project sites to wider area – scale up strategy for
resource management
 Need for improved communication with government at district level on the
project
 Research and studies on rangeland improvements – develop guidelines
 Conduct climate change research to guide project activities
 Engagement with multi-stakeholder platforms
Can undergoing a vulnerability assessment (CRiSTAL and CVCA) help us
achieve the changes we want?
 Yes because climate change is an issue so need concrete evidence to guide
direction of project
 Important information that can be generated with community and can be used
for other development activities
What do we want to do this year with CRiSTAL and CVCA and for which ongoing, planned, or to be planned project?
 Would apply CRiSTAL- CVCA in Borana – roll out
 Decide process to undertake vulnerability assessments - Include suggestions
such as hazard mapping, consolidating information, gender sensitive questions
 Include female facilitators
 Could divide area into two groups
 Can take representative Pastoral Associations (low level administrative system)
 Borana is affected by climate change
 Good time to undertake assessment – so there is some flexibility in adjusting
activities
 Can identify adaptation activities for the future
 But issues of financial limitations so need to focus can be managed within the
project constraints
 Need to prioritize activities
8.2
Way Forward – Misraq Shewa Zone
Do we have current activities whose intended results may be affected by
climate change and variability impacts?
Irrigation:
 Due to lack of catchment-level treatment activities, including soil & water
conservation.
36






Increased Malaria due to favorable mosquito breeding places as a result of
irrigation.
Conflicts (due to diversion of water)Reducing lake water levels
Agricultural components
Reduced pasture and frequent crop failure
Increasing salinity of water
Are there barriers to effect these changes?
 Effective community mobilization
 Effective harmonization of stakeholders (Need for participation of all
stakeholders & consensus on selection of adaptation interventions).
 Resources (technical & financial)
 Water allocation for development and environment is not quantified (need to
obtain tech support on this from others with experience.
 Lack of sufficient quantitative data on Climate Change impacts and
environmental change
Do we want to do things differently in future? What can we do differently?
 Introduce and establish micro credit schemes to diversify livelihoods and
 reduce tree cutting
 Link producer Cooperatives and consumer groups to create awareness about
Climate Change
 Rural insurance schemes
 Use drought tolerant crops &
 Creation of awareness on technical knowledge on fattening cattle (improve
quality- not quantity
 Strengthen early warning information (including indigenous early warning &
modern) & communicate it in a suitable way to the community & through
appropriate media. E.g. through notices
 Create awareness on the need for environmental conservation and sustainable
land use
 Establish a river based resource group to harmonize community and facilitate
proper water resource management.
Can undergoing a vulnerability assessment (CRiSTAL and CVCA) help us
achieve the changes we want?





Identify activities that can be improved: improve the activities during
implementation.
Negative: may bring change in the project that may not be feasible to integrate in
year 2 of the project (ongoing activities).
Monitoring tool: identify what is happening (well organized to logically organize
data)
Participatory
Scientific- generates information from the local level
37






Helps to diagnose and identify gaps (owing to CC) and revisions that can be
made to improve on interventions in future.
Decisions on whether or not to integrate are up to organizations.
Can help bring together stakeholders.
More thinking and decision making – next step.
Policy review on environment and climatic changes & make adjustments to help
improve conditions
Generate quantitative data to fill data gaps on environmental parameters
What do we want to do this year with CRiSTAL and CVCA and for which ongoing, planned, or to be planned project?
 Minor Changes that are manageable in year 2 can be integrated
 Any major adjustment activities could be incorporated in year 3
 Phased out quick start projects: several major activities identified: will be
discussed in the regional coord meeting to meeting to see whether interventions
could be incorporated
 Need to gather data from more kebeles
 Include information and awareness about CC in the community awareness and
training activities
 Organize (TOT) training for govt. and implementing partners on CC (the
concept). Integrate in other
 Review project activities from CC lens and include outputs of the analysis from
year 2.
 Plan year 3 activities considering gaps brought out upon review of year 2
 Make climate change a priority agenda item (experience sharing on
implementation from the field implementing) at country coord level
 Awareness creation on how climate change is affecting water resources and
irrigation potential and sustainability in the area
 Emphasis on quality of produce from farms vs. quantity
 Changes of seasons (4 to 2 due to CC)- how to sustain yields e.g. through growing
early maturing sp
38
Table 8.1 Way Forward
Borena Zone
When do we want
to do it?
Roll out vulnerability assessment With full participation of This GWI financial
in Borena
stakeholders
in
selected year – in the first
communities
or
all quarter of 2010
communities depending on
resources
(out
of
9
communities)
Misraq Shewa Zone
What Do we want to do?
How do we want to do it?
Who will do it?
Where? Resources/ Requir
CARE and AFD – Borana
may
need
facilitation
support
depending
on
available funds
Budget and funds
Vehicles and fuel
Technical assistance
What Do we want to do?
How do we want to do it?
When do we want Who will do it?
to do it?
Where? Resources/ Requir
-
- Hold another planning
session with all s/holders:
govt, Oxfam, CRS (on the
ground @ local level, share and
obtain information). Find the
gaps and work together to
identify solutions. Participants
can provide backstopping.
- The group should prepare on
how to engage with others and
so through the process of
implanting CVCA-CRiSTAL
- Collect data from the field
Share the outcomes of the
initial CVCA, CRiSTAL meeting
with other stakeholders e.g.
- Results sharingGWI team: Nov
- Consult Devt office
for an indication of
best times
- The govt staff in
the field meet
community every
week.
- Through the Iddir
(meetings)
- Once in 2 weeks
One in 3 weeks –
awareness creation
at Derara
-Mekki: review
cwored Transport, technical
as
and financial
where
vulnera
bility
assessm
ent
applied
-
-
Introduce and establish micro
credit schemes to diversify
livelihoods and
reduce tree felling
Link producer Coops and
consumer groups to create
awareness about CC
Rural insurance schemes
Use drought tolerant crops &
Creation of awareness on
technical knowledge on
fattening cattle (improve
quality- not quantity
Strengthen early warning
information (including
indigenous early warning &
All participants
and local partners
39
-
modern) & communicate it in
a suitable way to the
community & through
appropriate media. E.g.
through notices
Create awareness on the need
for environmental
conservation and sustainable
land use
community, govt, GWI team,
The regional meeting
- Think through capacity needs
for some of the activities
identified and bring in other
relavant stakeholders e..g.
govt, Met agency etc.
meeting in Oct 09
- Community:
regular community
meetings (based on
Community plan)
e.g every 2 to 4
weeks)
40
Appendix 1. Participants list
Participating
Organization
Oxfam America
Action for
Development
Rift Valley Children
and Women
Development
CARE Borana
CARE Addis
Catholic Relief Service
List of Participants
Fekadu Jotie
Tibebu Koji
Tesfaye Gesisa
Monitoring & Evaluation Officer
Water Program Officer
Planning and Research Officer
George Bayisa
Mohammed Gerju
Siraj Hussien
Disaster Prevention and
Rehabilitation Officer
Project Officer
Program Manager
Aman Gere
Usheto Weyu
Sintayehu Mesele
Project Officer
Project Officer
Knowledge Officer
Daniel Shiferaw
Project Manager
Birhanu Alemu
Water Engineer
Wondu Fisseha
Program Operations Manager
Meaza Kebede
Program Coordinator, GWI
Girma Asfaw
Water Resources Advisor
Bekele Abaire
Water & Sanitation Program
Manager
Monitoring & Evaluation Officer
Dejene Mideksa
Meki Catholic Services
Woredas & Regional
Offices Invited
Arsi Negelle Woreda
Dugda Woreda
Bora Woreda
Miyo Woreda
Position
Yonas Tsegaye
Muhedin Taha
To be identified
To be identified
List of Government
Bureaus & Offices
Rural Development Office
(3)
Water & Sanitation Officer
Environmental Protection
Office (2)
Water Resources Office,
WATSAN Section (3)
Water Resources Office,
Irrigation Section (1)
Cooperative Office (1)
Pastoralist Area
41
Oromia Regional State
Bureaus
Development
Coordination (2)
Land use &
Environmental Protection
(1)
Pastoralist Area
Development
Coordination (1)
Water Resources Bureau
(1)
42
Appendix 2. Workshop Program
The Climate Vulnerability and Capacity Analysis (CVCA) & Community-based Risk Screening Tool: Adaptation and
Livelihoods (CRiSTAL) Training Workshop
October 12th - 16th
Time
Activities
Facilitator(s)
Day 1:
8:30-9:00
- Participants Arrival and Registration
Meaza (GWI Program Coordinator)
- Participant Introductions
- Participants’ Expectations
- House Keeping
9:00-9:30
- Introduction to Climate Change, Vulnerability and Adaptation
Katharine / Cynthia
9:30-10:00
- Integrating Climate Change Adaptation into development Projects and
programmes
- Introduction to the CVCA & CRiSTAL Tools
Tea/Coffee break
Katharine / Cynthia
10:00-10:30
Katharine / Cynthia
10:3010:45
10:45- 11:15 - Introduction to the Rain Calendar and Vulnerability Matrix (includes an Katharine / Cynthia
overview of the field form)
11:15-11:45 Group break outs- Rain Calendar
Katharine/ Cynthia /Meaza
11:45-1:00
Group break outs - Vulnerability Matrix
Katharine/ Cynthia /Meaza
1:00-2:00
2:00-3:00
3:00-4:00
4:00-4:15
4:15-5:00
Lunch
Group reports, feedback on the Tools and Q & A
How to collect field information
Tea/Coffee Break
Plans for the Field Work & logistics
Day 2:
Katharine / Cynthia
Katharine / Cynthia
Meaza
43
7:30-9:00
9:00-1:30
1:30-2:30
2:30-4:00
4:00-4:15
4:15-4:30
4:30
8:30-9:30
9:30-10:15
10:1510:30
10:30-11:30
11:30-1:00
1:00-2:00
2:00-3:45
3:45-4:00
4:00-5:15
5:15-5:30
Travel to the field Site
-Introduction of the group to the community & purpose of our field visit
-Introduction to climate change, the field exercises & next steps
- Group Breaks outs (Groups to be determined)
Community Consultations-Rain calendar
Community Consultations- Vulnerability Matrix
Lunch
Community Consultations- Vulnerability Matrix Cont. & Discussion
Questions
Debrief with the community
Plan for Day 3
Travel back
Day 3
Assessment of the Field Exercise
Guidance on merging information on the Rain Calendar and Vulnerability
Matrix
Group break outs (if needed) - Merge the Rain Calendar
All
GWI Partners / Implementing
Organizations
Katharine /Cynthia with GWI
Partners /Implementing
Organizations
Same as above
All
Same as above
Meaza
Katharine/Cynthia
All
Katharine / Cynthia
All: Katharine/Cynthia to facilitate
this day with support from Meaza.
Tea/Coffee break
Group break outs- Merge the Vulnerability Matrix
Group Break Outs: Data Analysis using CRiSTAL
Lunch
Group Break Outs: Data Analysis using CRiSTAL (until entry of Project
Activities)
Tea/Coffee Break
Group Break Outs: Data Analysis using CRiSTAL
Plans for Day 4
All
All
All
All
All: Cynthia/Katharine
44
8:00-8:15
8:15- 10:15
10:15 10:30
10:30-1:00
1:00-2:00
2:00-3:45
3:45-4:00
4:00-5:30
Day 4
Rapid Assessment of the CRiSTAL Process (plenary)
Group Break Outs: Data Analysis using CRiSTAL
Tea/Coffee Break
Group Break Outs: Data Analysis using CRiSTAL
Lunch
Group Break Outs: Data Analysis using CRiSTAL
Tea/Coffee Break
Group Reports (Outcomes of the Analysis) and feedback on the process and
Tool.
Day 5
8:00-10:00
Action Plan for Application of CVCA & CRiSTAL in GWI Program Sites in
Ethiopia per focal area (in groups if needed)
10:00-10:30 Action Plan Presentation
10:30-10:45 Workshop Evaluation and follow up steps
10:45 -11:00 Tea Break
11:00-11:15 Workshop conclusion and Departure to Addis Ababa
Katharine / Cynthia
All: Katharine / Cynthia to facilitate
this day with support from Meaza
All
All
Katharine / Cynthia
Cynthia/Katharine
Group representatives
Cynthia
Meaza
45
Appendix 3. Field form
1.
Introduction/ Seensa
a. Brief of who you are, your organization and why you have come to the community.
Ibsa gabaabaa waa’ee eenyummaa kee, dhaabbata kee fi maaliif gara hawaasichaa
akka dhufte.
b.
Brief on what climate change is (the use of visual aids is preferable)
Jijjiirama qilleensa baramaa irratti ibsa gabaabaa ( wanta mul’atutti
fayyadamuun ni filatama)
C. Introduce the project / Pirojektichaan walbarsiisi.
d. Explain how you are going to collect information
Odeeffannoo akkamiin akka funaantu ibis.
e. Explain why you are asking people to split up into groups ( i.e. young men, young
women, old women)
Ummata gareetti ( jechuun, dargaggeessa, gargaggeettii, beerran) jedhaanii
hiruun maaliif akka barbaachisu ibis.
Group Information (Odeeffannoo Garee)
District ( Aanaa)
Village ( Ganda)
Group interviewed ( e.g. young men or women)
Garee gaafatame ( Fkf. Dargaggeessa ykn dargaggeettii)
No. of participants ( Lakk. hirmaattotaa)
Date ( Guyyaa)
2. Data collection in groups ( Gareen ragaa funaanuu)
a. Explain what we are doing very briefly and how the outputs will be used
Maal hojjachaa akka jirruu fi bu’aan isaa maaliif akka oolu gabaabsii ibsi
b. What is your main livelihood ( i.e. agriculture, livestock keeping, etc)?
46
Maddi jireenya keetii inni guddaan maali ( jechuun, qonna, loon horsiisuu, fi kk)?
c. Seasonal calendar ( see below)
Dhaha waqtiilee ( kan armaan gadii laali)

Rain days ( guyyoota roobaa)
ii. Floods ( lolaa)
iii. Temperature ( haala hoo’ina qilleensaa)
RAIN CALENDAR ( Yeroo roobaa)
MONTHS
Notes on Rainfall and Tem
( Ji’a)
( Yaadannoo haala roobaa
YEARS
(waggaa)
3. Livelihood resources – name them then rank them immediately
Madda jiruu fi jireenyaa – dura maqaa isaanii himi. Sana booda haala sadarkaa
isaaniitiin dafii tartiibaan kaa’i.
Livelihoods Brainstorm
Haala jiruu fi jireenyaa yaada burqisiisuu
Natural Resources ( Forest products, water, land, wetland systems)
Qabeenya uumamaa ( omisha bosona irraa argamu, bishaan, lafa, lafa jiidhaa)
Physical Resources ( Agricultural implements, bicycles, ploughs, roads, water pumps, water tanks,
wells, wheelbarrows)
Qabeenya fiizikaalaa ( meeshaalee qonnaa, bishkililiitii, nooyee(moofara), karaa, boombaa
bishaanii, taankii bishaanii, eela, …)
Financial Resources ( Access to markets, credit systems, insurance, liquid assets ( livestock, etc.),
loans, pension, remittances)
Qabeenya maallaqaa ( carraa gabaa, sirna liqaa, inshuuraansii, qabeenya salphumaan gara
maallaqaatti jijjiiramuu danda’u ( loowwan, fi kk), liqaa, soorama, durgoo)
47
Human Resources ( Traditional knowledge, weaving skills, education)
Qabeenya Humna Namaa ( Beekumsa aadaa, dandeettii wayyaa dhahuu, barnoota)
Social Resources: ( Church groups, farmer associations, political organizations)
Qabeenya Hawaasawaa ( Gareewwan mana amantaa, waldaa qotee bulaa, dhaabbilee siyaasaa)
4. Name climatic hazards and rank them (just choose top 3)
Explain that climatic hazards are caused by the weather.
Hazard - Potentially damaging physical events or phenomena that result from
weather or climate conditions (example: Desertification, drought, strong winds,
floods, extreme cold, extreme heat)
Balaawwan qilleensa baramaa himi; akka cimina isaaniitiin tartiibaan kaa’i (warra
guguddaa keessaa 3 filadhu)
Balaan qilleensa baramaa haala qilleensaa irraa akka dhuf ibis.
Balaa – taateewwan miidhaa fiduu danda’an kan haala qilleensa baratamaa yookiin
qilleensa yerootiin dhufan ( Fakkeenya: gammoojjummaa, hoongee, obomboleettii,
lolaa(galoo), qorra cimaa, hoo’a cimaa)
1. Identify the impacts of each hazard on the livelihood(s) & rank them (choose
the top 3).
Impact - The consequences of hazards on natural and human systems, and can
include crop damage, income losses and reduced soil fertility.
Miidhaa tokkoo tokkoon balaa jiruu fi jireenya irratti qabu adda baasuun sadarkaan
kaa’i ( warra guguddaa 3 filadhu)
Miidhaa – Daafaa uumaa fi namaa yoo ta’u, kunis miidhaa midhanii, galii dhabuu fi
hir’ina gabbina biyyee ta’uu danda’a.
2. Identify the coping strategies of each impact for hazard 1 (just choose top
1)
Coping strategies - Methods for using existing resources to achieve beneficial ends
during abnormal or adverse conditions (Casual labour, Crop shifting, Food rationing,
Food storage, Gathering of wild food, Income diversification, Tree/Crop replanting,
Water rationing)
Miidhaa balaa 1 dhufe irraa dandamachuu tooftaalee jiran ibis.
Tooftaalee dandamannaa - Maloota qabeenyuma jirutti fayyadamuun haala yaraa
jala darbuu ( hojuma argame hojjachuu, sanyii midhaanii jijjiiruun facaasuu,
48
midhaan nyaataa hiruu, midhaan kuufachuu, nyaata bosonaa funaannachuu, madda
galii baay’ifachuu, mukaa/midhaan deebisanii dhaabuu, bishaan hiruu)
3. Is the coping strategy working and is it sustainable? What is an alternative
coping strategy and what resources are needed to implement these coping
strategies?
Tooftaan dandamannaa kuni hojjataa? Itti fufiinsas qabaa? Tooftaaleen
dandamannaa kan biraa jiruu? Tooftaalee kanniin hojiirra oolchuuf qabeenya
akkamii barbaachisa?
4. Are there other causes of the impact (i.e. conflict, population changes)?
Sababoonni miidhaa kan biraa jiruu( jechuun, walitti bu’iinsi, jijjirama ummataa)?
5. Repeat steps 5 to 9 for hazard 2 and 3
Hojiiwwan lakk. 5 hanga 9 jiran balaa 2ffaa fi 3ffaaf irra deebiin hojjadhu.
Hazard
Impacts on the Livelihood ( Top
Coping Strategies (choose
Working?
Alt
(Top 3)
3 for each hazard)
top 1)
Sustainable?
ho
Balaa
Miidhaa jireenyarratti qabu
Tooftaalee dandamannaa
Hojjataa?
To
( Guguddaa 3)
(sadaniifuu waan guguddaa 3)
(isa guddaa 1 filadhu)
Itti fufiinsa
bir
qabaa?
oo
* If there is enough time continue with:
Yeroo gahaan yoo jiraate, kana itti fufi:
10. Influence of hazards on Key Resources ( 0-5)
Dhiibbaa balaan qabeenya baay’ee barbaachisaa ta’e irratti qabu ( 0-5)
0 = Hazard has no influence over the livelihood resource
( Balaan qabeenya jireenyaa irratti dhiibbaa hinqabu)
1 = Hazard has minimal influence over the livelihood resource
( Balaan qabeenya jireenyaa irratti dhiibbaa xinnaa qaba)
3 = Hazard has some influence over the livelihood resource
( Balaan qabeenya jireenyaa irratti dhiibbaa muraasa qab)
5 = Hazard has a very strong influence over the livelihood resource
( Balaan qabeenya jireenyaa irratti dhiibbaa baay’ee guddaa qaba)
HAZARDS ( BALAA)
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RESOURCES
( QABEENYA)
Natural ( Kan Uumamaa)
Physical ( Kan
Fiizikaalaa)
Financial ( Kan
maallaqaa)
Human ( Kan
namaa)
Social ( Kan Hawaasawaa)
11. FURTHER DISCUSSION –If there is time/ Marii dabalataa – Yeroon yoo jiraate

Who has control of resources and access to facilities?
Qabeenya eenutu too’ata? Eenyutu itti fayyadama?

Changes in environment, conditions, hazards, livelihoods
Jijjirama naannoo, haala, balaa, jireenya

Social or political and other issues that may have implications for
vulnerability
Dhimmoota hawaasawaa ykn siyaasaa fi kan biraa kan balaaf saaxilamuu
wajjiin walitti hidhannaa qaban
12. Conclusions / Goloba
1.
Ask group what they learned
Maal akka baratan garee gaafadhu
2.
Summarise the process and tell them the next steps
Adeemsicha walitti qabi; hojiin itti aanu maal akka ta’e itti himi.
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Appendix 4: Supplementary materials
Supplementary material to support this report contains the following information:
 CRiSTAL decision support tools for Dawe and Darara Dalecha villages
 Field forms for community groups at both villages
 Presentations
 Photos
 Background on climate change and tools
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