Name: ______________________________
Homework/class-work Unit#2 basic chemistry and hydrocarbons (25 points)
Think and try every question. There is no reason for a blank response or an I don’t know. Any blanks will receive a zero.
Every assignment must be done on a separate piece of paper. Each assignment must be complete, neat, in complete sentences
and done on time for full credit. Any assignment may be used as a take home or pop quiz at any time. One missing or late
assignment will lose 5 points, 2 will lose 15 points, 3 will be considered incomplete and given a zero.
1. Chemistry reading: read and answer what follows.
Date: ______________________
What is matter?
Everything in the universe is made up of matter. Matter is defined as anything that takes up space and has mass.
Some properties of matter:
All matter has mass. Mass is the amount of matter an object contains.
All matter has weight. The pull of gravity on an objects mass gives use the property of weight.
What is a element?
Elements are a special type of matter that cannot be broken down into anything that is simpler.
For example: If you have the element silver, nothing you can do to it will make it any simpler. You can add heat, cold,
chemicals or anything else and still have silver.
You can use silver to make more complex molecules, BUT YOU CANNOT BREAK IT DOWN.
Atomic Structure
Atoms are tiny units that determine the properties of matter. Atoms are the building blocks of molecules.
What’s in an atom?
Atoms have two regions and are made of electrons protons and neutrons.
Region 1: The nucleus. The nucleus is the center of an atom and contains 99.9% of the mass (weight). Inside the nucleus you
will find the Protons, which have a positive charge, and the neutrons which are neutral.
Region 2: Electron orbitals. The electrons are found in the electron orbitals which surround the nucleus. Electrons have a
negative charge. They are so tiny that they amount to only 0.1% of the mass (weight).
Subatomic particle
Proton
Neutron
Electron
Charge Location
positive, +1
Neutral, 0
Negative, -1
Mass (g)
Nucleus 1 (1.67x10-27)
Nucleus 1 (1.67x10-27)
Orbitals 0 (9.11x10-31)
Atoms have no overall charge. For example let us look at helium.
Helium has 2 protons = +2 charge
Helium has 2 neutrons = 0 charge
Helium has 2 electrons = -2 charge
Overall charge 0 charge
The positive attracts the negative holding the atom together
All known elements are organized into the periodic table of
elements. If it is an element it will be on this table. If it is
not on the table it is not an element.
Organization of the Periodic table of Elements
1. The table is organized with the first element hydrogen
having 1 proton and the second element helium having 2
protons etc. It is organized in increasing proton number.
2. The horizontal rows are called periods. The number of
protons increase across a period as you go from left to right.
3. The vertical columns are called groups. The elements in a
group have the same number of electrons in their outermost
shell and their properties are very similar.
Using the Periodic Table
1. Each element has a different 1 or 2 letter chemical symbol.
2. Every element has a different atomic number. The atomic number is the number of protons in the element.
3. Each element has a different atomic mass. The atomic mass is the weight of the element. The atomic mass = the # of
neutrons + # of protons. When looking at the periodic table of elements the larger number is the atomic mass.
What are compounds?
When the atoms of two or more elements combine they form a compound.
Compounds act differently than the elements that make them up.
Water is a very common compound made of 2 parts hydrogen and 1 part oxygen.
Alone hydrogen is an explosive gas and oxygen is gas in air that animals inhale.
Together they form water, a clear liquid essential for life.
What are molecules?
Atoms join to make molecules. Molecules are the smallest unit of a substance that
have all the properties of that substance. The words compound and molecule are basically the same.
What are mixtures and solutions?
Mixtures are special combinations of molecules in a solid, liquid or gas state. Mixtures can be separated back into the
molecules that make them.
A solution is a special mixture in the liquid state. Every solution has two parts:
1. Solute: Usually a solid. It is what gets dissolved.
2. Solvent: Usually a liquid. It is what does the dissolving.
What are chemical bonds?
+
_
Atoms combine with other atoms to become more stable.
Atoms are most stable when their outermost energy level
(orbital) is full of electrons.
Types of bonds:
1. Covalent: Atoms share electrons and form a compound.
The molecules that make up living things like your body, is
held together by covalent bonds.
2. Ionic: One atom will steal 1 or more electrons from
another (different) atom. The atom that steals the negative
electrons will become negatively charged. The atom that
loses the electrons becomes positively charged. These
opposite charges attract and hold the compound together.
Ionic bonds are the strongest type of bond.
Sodium will lose an electron to chlorine. Sodium will
become positive while chlorine will become negative. The
opposite charges will hold the molecule together.
3. Hydrogen: Weakest bond that holds two or more water
molecules together.
What are Solids, liquids and gases?
Solids have a rigid structure and has a definite shape and definite volume. The atoms and molecules in a solid are packed very
close together and do not have much room to move.
Liquids have no structure and take the shape of the container they are placed in. The atoms and molecules in a liquid are
packed further from each other and have more freedom to move. Liquids have indefinite shape and definite volume.
Gases have no structure and do not take any shape. The atoms and molecules are free to move anywhere. When enough
energy is absorbed the particles will move so fast they will escape into the gas form. Gases have indefinite shape and volume.
Phase changes
Whenever a phase change occurs energy is released or gained.
Types of phase changes:
1. Freezing: Liquid to a solid
2. Melting: Solid to a liquid
3. Evaporation: Liquid to a gas
4. Condensation: Gas into a liquid
5. Sublimation: Solid directly into a gas
6. Deposition: Gas directly into a solid
Use your reading to answer the following:
1. Element
2. Atom
3. Nucleus
4. Neutron
5. Proton
6. Energy levels (orbitals)
7. Electron
8. Matter
9. Mass
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
10. Weight
11. Solid
12. Liquid
13. Gas
14. Plasma
15. Freezing
16. Melting
17. Evaporation
18. Condensation
19. Sublimation
20. Deposition
21. Compound
22. Covalent bond
23. Ionic bond
24. Mixture
25. Solution
26. Solute
27. Solvent
Found in the nucleus, ____________________ have a positive charge.
In this state of matter, the atoms are held tightly together. There is very little room for atoms to move. It has definite volume and
shape. ____________________.
____________________ bonds are bonds where one atom steals an electron from another. These are the strongest type of bond.
____________________ is the amount of matter an object has.
____________________ is a phase change from a solid to a liquid.
A ____________________ is the substance that gets dissolved in a solution.
The ____________________ is the center of an atom that contains 99.9% of the mass and takes up very little space. Here you
will find the protons and the neutrons.
A ____________________ is the substance that does the dissolving in a solution.
Found in the orbitals (energy levels) of an atom, ____________________ are tiny negatively charged particles.
____________________ bonds are bonds where atoms share electrons to form a compound. These are the type of bonds that
make up the human body.
____________________ is a phase change from a liquid to a solid.
____________________ are substances that cannot be broken down into something else (simpler substance) no matter what you
do to it.
Considered the fourth state of matter, ____________________ is a high temperature physical state of matter in which atoms lose
their electrons.
____________________ is a phase change from a gas directly into a solid.
Anything that occupies space and has mass is ____________________.
____________________ is a phase change from a liquid to a gas.
Found in the nucleus of an atom, ____________________ have no charge (neutral).
A ____________________ is a special kind of mixture in which one or more substances are dissolved evenly into another
substance.
In this state of matter the atoms are more loosely packaged than in a solid. There is moderate room for atoms to move. It has a
definite volume but indefinite shape. ____________________.
A ____________________ is a combination of substances in which the individual elements retain their original properties. The
elements can be easily separated.
____________________ is a phase change from a gas to a liquid.
____________________ are the smallest particle of an element that has the same characteristics of that element. All elements are
made up of these.
____________________ is a phase change of a solid directly into a gas.
The pull of gravity on an object’s mass gives the object the property of ____________________.
____________________ are substances that are composed of atoms of two or more elements that are chemically combined.
When these substances are formed the atoms loose their original properties.
____________________ surround the nucleus and contain the electrons.
27. In this state of matter atoms are not packed together at all. There is enough space for atoms to move at random (unless high
pressure is exerted on it). It has indefinite volume and indefinite shape. ____________________.
2. Chemistry review:
Match the following:
1. Matter
2. Weight
3. Sublimation
4. Gas
5. Solute
6. Electron
7. Covalent bond
8. Evaporation
9. Liquid
10. Melting
11. Ionic bond
12. Nucleus
13. Solution
14. Freezing
15. Proton
Date: ___________________
A. Contains the protons and neutrons
B. What gets dissolved in a solution
C. Phase change when lava becomes rock
D. It has indefinite volume and shape
E. The accumulative effect of mass and gravity
F. Going from a liquid to a gas
G. Bond caused by the attraction of ions
H. A subatomic particle with a positive charge
I. It has definite volume and indefinite shape
J. Anything that occupies space and has mass
K. A subatomic particle found in the orbitals
L. Bond caused by sharing electrons
M. Going from a solid to a liquid
N. A solid directly into a gas
O. A combination of a solute and a solvent
3. Hydrocarbon homework:
Date: _____________________
1. Give the name, structural formula, and condensed formula for the 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 carbon alkanes.
2. Give the name, structural formula, and condensed formula for the 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 carbon alkenes.
3. Give the name, structural formula, and condensed formula for the 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 carbon alkynes.
4. Give the name, structural formula, and condensed formula for the 3, 4, 5 carbon alcohols.