Jhunjunu district situated in the northern part of state is bounded by Churu and Sikar districts of Rajasthan in north-west, south west and south east and Hissar and Mahendra garh districts of Haryana in north east. It lies between 27° 38' & 28° 31' north latitude and
75° 02' and 76° 06' east longitude with greatest length 137 km. in N-S and 110 Kms. in
EW.
The district covers an area of 5928 sq. kms. comprising the tehsils namely Jhunjhunu,
Chirawa, Khetri, Nawalgarh and Udaipurwati. The district has only two meter gauge rail lines . The Jaipur to Loharu section and Churu-Sikar section passing though Bissau. The district has no national highway but is well connected by state highways to the different district head quarters.
Physiographically the district is a mass of rolling sand dunes, hillocks and low lying mounds in its western part. The south eastern part, has off shoots of Aravalli range of hills, which extend fro'm south of Udaipur wati tehsil and continue up to Khetri &
Singhana following an almost NE-SW trend. The average elevation is 300-450 mt. above
MSL with highest peak near Lohagarh at 1051 mts. above MSL.
Shifting sands, active dunes and soil erosen are hallmark of western and central part of the district. The inland drainage is related to Kanllu river system. There are four major streams in the district namely Dohau, Chandrawati, Udaipur-Lohagarh ki Nadi & Sukh
Nadi. The ground watter table, varies form 5 to 45 mts.
Geology
Geologically the district is covered by wind blown sand except for a linear out crop of
Aravalli mountain system trending NNE-SSW. These are exposed from south of
Udaipurwati in SSW to Singhana in NNE for a strike length of about 70kms. and the width is about 20kms. in north and about 5 kms. in south. Apart from these, small isolated outcrops of the rocks of Delhi Supergroup and Malani Igneous suite are found around Bhurri, Jhunjhunu, Baggar, Makhar Nand, Risora, Rizhani etc.
The general geological succession of the district is as follows :
Recent
Post –Delhi
- Alluvium, Aeolian sand
- Pegmatite- Erinpura Granite,
Intusives - Epidiorite, dolerite, albitite,
Ajabgarh
Group
granite (Malani Igneous Suite) amphibolite.
- Phyllites, phyllites interbedded with quartzites, biotite schiest,
calcgneisses etc.
Alwar Group - Quartzite, schist, flaggy quartzite, grit, arkose, felspathic
quartzite etc.
- Pre-Aravalli Basement - (unexposed)
The Alwar group of rocks are extensively exposed in the South - Eastern part of the district around Udaipurwati. These are also exposed in the NorthEastern part of the district around Khetri but here they are thin and narrow. Around Udaipurwati, the Alwars are exposed in the central part of the basin with the Ajabgarhs being exposed along the

basin margins. The Alwars are represented by grit, arkose, felspathic quartzite, conglomerate, pebbly quartzite (with iron ore), flaggy quartzite, massive quartzite with minor schist and phyllites. These have been intruded by post Delhi instrusives such as amphibolite granite, pegmatite, quartz veins etc.
The Ajabgarhs are continuously exposed from South of Udaipurwati to Gudha Ponkh and reappear from Babai to Singhana. Between Gudha Ponkh to Babai, isolated outcrops of the Ajabgarhs are exposed.
The Ajabgarhs are represented by limestone, dolomite, impure crystalline siliceous limestone, calcgneisses, schists, phyllites, carbon phyllites, interbedded quartzites and phyllites, quartzites, orthoquartzites, tremolite marble etc. intruded by post Delhi intrusives viz. Amphibolite, granite, albitites, pegmatites, epidiorite, quartz veins etc.
The post-Delhi intrusives of acidic as well as basic type are exposed throughout the Delhi group of rocks exposed in the district. These have been themselves subjected to further metamorphism.
The basic intrusives include epidiorite, diorite amphibolite etc. which are fine grained massive and melanocratic. A large body of these instrusives is located around Babai while small outcrops are found near Udaipurwati, Bagora Papurna etc.
The granite, albitite and pegmatite intrusives are extensively exposed in the area. The albitites are profusely intruding the Ajabgarhs in the area and appear to play an important role in the copper mineralisation in Khetri area. The granites are emplaced along the core portions of Alwars as well as Ajabgarhs. Extensive outcrops of the same are seen around
Bagora, Udaipurwati, Manaksas, Bagoli, Mandaora, Gudha-Gaurji and Hukumpura
Bamlawas. These granites belong to the Erinpura group of granites whilte the granites belonging to the Malani Igneous Suite are exposed around Jhunjhunu, Kalipahari, Bakra,
Makhar, Nand, Rasora, Rizhani etc.
The pegmatite bodies have discordent relationship with the granites, suggesting a later emplacement of the former.
Mineral Resources of the District
Jhunjhunu is fairly endowed with various minerals whose industrial use has immensely contributed to the economy of the district. Of these, the most important is the copper belt of Khetri from which mining has been carried out since time immemorial. The different minerals found in the district can be enlisted as under:-
Copper-Gold-Silver
Out of the three copper producing belts of India, the Khetri copper belt has a special importance due to the ancient workings and its configuration. The Khetri Copper belt extends for a strike length of 80 kms. from Raghunathgarh in South to Singhana in North.
The off-shoots and parallel mineralised zones have been identified around Deoru,
Banswas, Dhola Mala etc.
Khetri Copper Belt
The main ore producing centres in this belt are Madankudan,Kolihan and Chandmari which consist. of about 120 M.T. proved reserves containing 0.88% to 1.4% Cu. Another
46.60 M.T. probable reserves with average 0.91% Cu. have been further assessed from these areas. The copper concentrate produced at the Khetri Copper Smelter also contains
1-2 gm. of Gold and 8-10 gm. silver per tonne; which is being extracted as a by-product.
The mining and further exploration activities are being carried out by M/ s. Hindustan
Copper Limited.

Apart from these, smaller deposits, within this belt have been explored by various agencies viz. state Department of Mines & Geology, G.S.I., M.E.C.L., A.M.S.E. etc.
Due to their efforts the following prospects have been further proved :
Akwali - 1.65M.T. proved reserves, 1.5% Cu.
Satkui - 3.88 M.T. proved reserves, average grade of 1.19% Cu, 200-300
ppm. Co, 50-150 ppm Ni, 0.5 to 1.5 ppm Au and 2-8 ppm Ag.
Karmari - 5.2 M.T. reserves with 0.51% Cu.
Banwas - 1.37 M.T. reserves with 2.33% Cu.
Apart from these mineralized zones have been located near Dhanota, Kakrana, Naveri,
Goria etc. in which further exploration activity is being carried out.
Iron
Iron ore in the form of a mixture of haematite and magnetite occurs near Jaonda where about 0.25 M.T. of reserves with 65% to 70% Fe have been estimated. Micaceous haematite has also been found in this area. Another 0.38 M.T. reserves with 55% - 65%
Fe have been reported from Soir Zamalpura area. Minor occurrences have been also reported between Rajpur and J aintapura and Kali Pahari area.
Cobalt
G.S.I. has reported presence of Cobalt associated with pyrrhotite in Akwali - Babai section of Khetri Copper bolt. The ore is a mixture of Cobaltite and Danite with about
2.83% Co content.
Limestone
Limestone is reported from Khiror-Basawa-Parasrampura area, teh. Nawalgarh, It occurs beneath a thick soil cover and only intermittent exposures are found. This limestone band extends for about 10 km. strike length and a small part of it is leased out. In the surrounding areas, prospecting by the state department of Mines and Geology has established a strike length of 1900 meters with 164 M.T. reserves, taking 60 mts. thickness of the band. The limestone is grey to dark grey, medium grained, crystalline and contains 44% to 53% CaO with 0% to 13% SiOz and upto 3% MgO. Small occurrences of limestone are also reported in the form of small bands and pockets around
Paprna, Meena Ki Dhani etc.
FIuorite
A small occurrence of fluorite is located near village Chhapoli, Teh. Udaipurwati. This prospect was worked by R.S.M.D.C. previously, though no mining activity is being carried out now.
Quartz – Feldspar
Minor occurrences of quartz-feldspar have been reported from localities in teh.Khetri and teh. Udaipurwati. .
Clays-Red Ochre
A few leases for clays and red ochre are existing in the district near Gudha, Ponkh,
Girawadi, Udaipurwati, Mehrana etc.

Soapstone - Pyrophyllite
Soapstone-pyrophyllite occurrences have been reported from Khoh, Guda, Mehrana etc. of teh. Udaipurwati and Khetri.
Calcite
Calcite is being mined in minor quantities around villages Dada, Bansiyal, Badalwas etc. of teh. Khetri.
Granite
Granites belonging to the Erinpura as well as Malani Igneous suite are exposed intermittently in the district. The prominent exposures are of Nand, Rizhani, Maragsar,
Makhar, Rasoda & Jhunjhunu of teh. Jhunjhunu and Hukumpura Bamlawas, teh.
Udaipurwati. Granite leases are in operation in these areas from which blocks of sizes upto 3 x 1.5 x 1.5 mts. are being excavated. The granite of the district is light to dark grey pink and red. The red granite of Makhar is also being exported. A total of 31 plots are existing in the district.
Marble
Marble occurrences are reported from Papurna, Meena Ki Dhani, Bhagwatwala ki Dhani etc. of teh. Khetri. The marble is grey, medium to coarse grained, hard and compact. The block size is upto 2.5 x 1 x 1 TIlt. in these areas. A total of 27 plots are presently exisiting in the district.
Mineral based Industries
The district consists of 1 large scale unit, 7 medium scale units and 1374 small scale units at present. The large scale unit is that copper smelting of Hindustan Copper Ltd., Khetri, which has a capacity of 31000 TPA. Out of the 7 medium scale units, 5 are cement plants, viz.
(i) Thar Cement Ltd., Sitapur- Jhajhar- Teh. Nawalgarh.
(ii) Chinar Cements, Basawa, Teh. Nawalgarh.
(iii) Moti Cements, Jhunjhunu.
(iv) Shakambhari Cements, Sonasar, Hamiri Road, Jhunjhunu.
(v) Gupta Cements, Chirawa.
The 1374 small scale units consist of 71 granite cutting - polishing units (31 Chirawa and
40 in Jhunjhunu ) and about 5-6 stone crushers, apart from other Agro Industries, Steel,
Cattle feed, pipes etc.
There is scope for setting up of granite cutting polishing units, stone crushers and cement plants based on Basawa lim.estone deposits.
Mineral Administration
Mineral administration work in the district is looked after by mining engineer Sikar.
Which is under Suptdg. mining engineer J aipur region. The geological work is carried out by office of Superintending geologist Jaipur. The telephone numbers of these offices are as below.
Suptdg Geologist Jaipur 0141-314895
Mining Engineer Sikar 01572- 59183
During the year 1999-2000, two projects have been proposed for geological investigations in this district.

1. Exploration for cement grade limestone near village Gothara, Tehsil Nawalgarh,
Dist. Jhunjhunu.
2. Evaluation studies for marble deposits in Jaipur,Sikar & Jhunjhunu district.
There are 31 leases of major minerals and 158 for minor minerals in the district. The total revenue earned during 1997-98 was Rs. 600.65 lacks.
Two foreign companies M/s Acc Riotinto Exploration Ltd. and Mls Meridian Minerals have been granted license to carry out aerial geophysical survey for locating minerals in this district. The aerial survey has been completed. The data is being processed.
Unpublished Geological Reports of Jhunjunu district
(A) Geological Survey of India & others
( Available with deptt. of Mines & Geology)
Kumar, vinod; 1985-86, Integrated remote sensing survey of mineralised zones in parts of
Khetri area, Sikar and Jhunjunu districts.
Grover, A. K.
1986-87, Investigation for base metals in Manahsas (Pb-Zn) and Heori
(Cu.) prospects southern Khetri copper belt, Jhunjunu districts.
Gathania, R.C.; 1986-87, Integrated remote sensing studies of the Northern part of Khetri copper belt and adjoining areas Jhunjhunu & Sikar districts.
Gathania, R.C.; 1983-87, Structure, stratigraphy and sulphide mineralisation of South
Khetri copper belt. Jhunjhunu & Sikar district.
Dassarma, D. C., 1984-86, Geomorphological studies of factor controlling oxidation of sulphide mineralisation in the southern extension of the Khetri copper belt Sikar &
Jhunjhunu district.
Gangopadhyay, S.; 1974-75, Report on the studies of the post Delhi granitic intrusives in the Khetri copper belt with special reference to their bearing on sulphi~e mineralisa tion.
1973-74, Report on the regional geochemical survey for polymetalic mineralisation in Mandhaora-Chhapli-Bagora area Khetri copper belt, Jhunjhunu & Sikar districts.
Basu & Chaurasia; 1975-76, Report on the systematic geological mapping around
Singhana, Pacheri, Dasi Nalpur, Ajitsagar and Sohla areas, J1hunjunu district.
Jhanwar, Mathur; Investigation of iron ore depostis in parts of Sikar & Jhunjhunu district by Geological Mapping on Air Photographs & Plane table mapping. Harpavat; 1973-74,
Report on the regional geochemical survey for polymetalic mineralisation in Mandhaora-
Chhapoli-bagora area Khetri Copper belt, Jhunjhunu & Sikar district.
Harpavat; 1973-74, Report on the Geology and Copper Mineralisation in Manasagar block, Khetri Copper Belt, Jhunjhunu district.

Ragunandan; 1973-75, Report on large scale geological Mapping, Geochemical sampling and drilling in Karodh North Block, (near Rajota) Khetri Copper Belt district Jhunjunu.
Harpavat; 1973-76, Report on exploration for copper in the Banwas area, Khetri Copper
Belt Jhunjhunu district. Basu, 1976-78, Report on the geological mapping of Malani
Igneous rocks in and around Jhunjhunu town, district, Jhunjunu.
Srivastava, Haque; 1967-71, Report on the Geological Mineralisation and exploration in
Papurana section, Khetri Copper Belt district Jhunjhunu.
Wakhloo, Shanmugam; 1970-72, Report on the exploration for copper ore in Deoro block, Kolihan section, Khetri Copper Belt, district Jhunjhunu.
(B) Department of Mines & Geology
Shrivastava; S.B.L. 1956-57, Mineral survey report of Sikar & Jhunjhunu districts.
S.B.L. Srivastava & Surana, R.L.,A report on the investigation of fluortite deposit in
Chowkri-Chhapoli area, Sikar & Jhunjhunu district.
Agwani, M. U.; Ranawat, T. S.; 1979, A report on investigation for cement grade limestone in the applied area by M/ s Iunalur Paper Mills in Sikar and Jhunjunu districts and feasibility study for setting up a major cement plant.
Sharma, M.M. Trivedi; A. K.; 1979, A report on recomaissance for economic minerals near village Chirana, Teh. Ddaipur district Jhunjunu.
Luhadia, K. C., Bhatnagar, A. P.; 1980-81, A report on investigation for limestone in
Basawa, Parasrampur area of teh. Udaipurwati & Nawalgarh.
Gupta, S. K.; A report on geophysical survey for limestone in Basawa- Khiror area.
Sharma, M.M.; 1989-90, A report on study of granite in teh. & distt. Jhunjhunu.
Bhargava, S. C. & Bhargawa, M. K.; Reconnaissance for granite, Basematals and other economic mineral around Udaipurwati, Kho-Mandaora, Maota etc. Teh. Udaipurwati, district Jhunjunu.
Dodia, S. N. & Sharma, M. M.; Prospecting for granite, limestone etc. near village
Cudhaga-vrji, Budhariyaki-dhari chanara tech. Udaipurwati district Jhunjunu.
Gupta, S.K.; Report on Geoyhysical investigations for limetstone in Basawa-khiror area district - Jhunjunu.

Statistical information of Jhunjhunu district 1990 & 97-98

C lay is the earthy hydruou aluminium silicate formed by the decomposition of preferably feldspathic materials which possess the property of plasticity when suitably tempered with water. The ciitaria for any material to be called as clay are, (i) it must be natural material with plastic properties, (ii) It must have essential composition of particles of very fine size, and (iii) The essential composition of crystalline fragments of mineral should be hydrous alumino-silicate. The commercial value of clays depends mainly on their physical properties like plasticity, strength, shrinkage, vitrification range and refractoriness, fired colour, porosity and absorption. The various clays namely ball clay, china clay & fire clay are found in the state.
BALL CLAY
Ball clay is a plastic sedimentary clay. It imparts high green strength and good workability to pottery bodies. The name 'Ball clay' derives from the original method of production which consisted of cutting out the clay in open pits into cubes or balls. The primary mineral phase is Kaolinite. Micaceous minerals and quartz are the dominent minerals present as impurities along with minor amount of tourmaline, feldspar, chlorite, montmorillonite, interstratified clay minerals, various titanium compounds, siderite, pyrites, limonite and haematite.
Ball clays have no definite chemical composition and in that respect they do not differ greatly from china clays However, it often contains a large proportion of silica and is more plastic. More than 850/0 of the particles are finer than 1 micron. A linear dry shrinkage of about 12% is often regarded as a permissible maximum limit for a ball clay.
Most of the clays range between 125 and 250 p.s.i. in tensile strength and between 150 and 500 p.s.i. modulus of rupture. The fired colour ranges from white to buff and PCE is generally below cone 33.
Ball clay is used in manufacture of sanitaryware, floor & wall tiles, electrical porcelain & semivitreous whiteware to the extent of 35% in body composition.
The important deposits of ball clay are located in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Kerala
& Bikaner district of Rajasthan.
Occurrences in Rajasthan
Rajasthan contributes about 40% of ball clay to the total country's production. There are81 mining leases for ball clay in the state and about 544.370 tonnes mineral was produced during the year 1997-98. The description of the deposits in the state is given below :
Bikaner district
Kolayat-Kotri-Gurha : Kolayat-Gurha belt extend from Kolayat in the south to Gurha in the north over a distance of 15 km. There are three horizons of clay, the richest middle horizon has five clay bands alternating with ferruginous sandstone, grits & siltstone. The clay bands are 1.5 to 4 m in thickness. The two bands in the lower horizon are 1.5 to 2.5 m. in thickness. The upper horizon has a single clay band varying from 2m to 6.5 m. in

thickness. The clay is white often interlayered with impure clays, highly plastic, fine grained and composed mostly of kaolinite. The water of plasticity is about 27.6%.
Chandi: The deposit occurs 1 km. north of Chandi. The thickness of the clay band varies from 1 to 8 mt. Estimated reserve is 3 million tonnes. The PCE value of orton cone is 30-31 i.e. 1650-1680oC The water of plasticity 27.6%, fires of a cream colour.
Mudh : Mudh deposit lies N.W. of village Mudh, about 4.8 km. from Sri Kolayatji
Railway station; clay is greyish white in colour, practically free from grit and is mainly kaolinite, fine grained; good plasticity. Water of plasticity 27.6% and has a clay substance of 61.2% PCE values of orton cone 30-31 i.e. 1650-1680oC, fires to a cream colour. The reserves at Mudh and Kotri are expected to be about 2 M.T.
Gurha : A large clay deposit is located near village Gurha. The deposit is very extensive with an average thickness of about 3 m. The estimated reserve is about 2 M.T. The clay is dull white in colour, slakes in water readily and has a soapy hand feeling.
The other minordeposi ts in districts are Kharicharan, Nal, lndo -ka-Bala Suraj ki Dhan etc.
Ball clay's also reported from Khardia, Literia in Pali district; Chhor, Devikot, Kita,
Manda in Jaisalmer district; Mundwa, Sardena, Nimri Chandawatan, Haludah, Khajwana,
Rolchandewaten, Indawar in Nagaur district and Bhopa-Parmel-ki-Dhani in Barmer district.
CHINA CLAY
The name 'Kaolin' is said to have originated from the Chinese world kao liaug, meaning high ridge a local designation for the area where white china clay was found. It is an altered product derived by weathering or hydrothermal action from rocks rich in feldspar.
Crude China clay consists mainly of three substances, viz (i) true clay particles or clay substances (ii) Quartz grains of various sizes and (iii) Undecomposed feldspar. The china clays may be of primary, secondary or residual in origin.
The colour of Kaolin in the green state may vary from white, pale cream, cream to light grey depending on the nature and amount of impurities present in them. It is soft witha soapy touch and consists of small flakes of scales. The true sp. gr. of kaolin ranges from
2.55 to 2.65 and when dispersed completely in water, about 60% of the particles are below 2 micron.
China clay is the basic ingredient in ceramic body composition for the manufacture of porcelain glazed earthen-ware and stoneware. Good quantity of china clay is also used in paper, textile & rubber industries and limited quantity is used in manufacture of pharmaceuticals & insecticides. .
Occurrences in Rajasthan
Rajasthan contributes about 35 % of china clay to the total country's production. There are 65 mining leases for china clay in the state and about 184430 tonnes minerals was produced during the year 199798 . The description of the deposits in the state is given below:

Bhilwara district
Kotri & Jahajpur : Extensive good quality clay deposits are reported from Kotri &
Jahajpur area. These deposits are quite suitable to various ceramic products. The silica ranges from 46 to 54% & alumina ranges from 29-34%. Iron content varies but not more than 1.12% . The firing characteristics showed white to creamish white colour at 1400oc.
The estimated reserv~s are about 1.5 & 2.5 m.t. respectively.
Other small deposits in district are Bhadupur, Mangrop etc.
Chittorgarh District
Eral : Deposits occurs east of Chittorgarh fort. Clays is greyish white, fine grained and fairly plastic. It analyses Si0
2
- 58.35, A1
2
0
3
- 27.79, Fe
2
0
3
- 0.85 ,Na
2
O & K
2
O - 0.66 and
LOI - 9.6% The reserves is about 4 M.T.
Sawa : Fairly extensive deposit occurs near village Sawa 20 km. south of Chittorgarh. It is greyish white, fires to a buff colour and is moderately plastic and showing Si02-
66.78%, A1203- 23.59% Fe203-1.31 %, Na2O-K2O 1.33%, and LOI- 5.660/0. The estimated reserve is about 6 M.T.
Other china clay deposits/workings are located at Bansi, Badi Sadri, Bhagawanpura,
Chingsi and white clay at Kantharia, Binot and Samor.
Jaipur district
Small China clay deposits are located near Jorda, Fetehpura, Buchara Khelno,
Kishorepura, Sonarupa, Gol, Jonpura etc. villages.
Sawaimadhopur district
Small occurrences/workings of China clay were noticed near villages Methasur, Phalodi
Raesena, Basu etc. villages.
Sikar District
Clay deposits are located near Mahawa, Purushottampura villages.
Jodhpur district
Occurrences/working of low grad clay is reported from Jewaria, Jodhpur, Ramasani-
Rampura, Kheradia villages.
Udaipur district
Karbariyon-ka-Guda: This deposit is located 7 km. ESE of Udaipur. The thickness of the clay band is more than 17 m. The inferred reserves are of the order of 3.99 M.T.
Small occurrences / workings were also noticed in near Manak Chowk area of Bundi district;, Chawondia, Kirala, Kharda-ki-Dani, Jeoria, Rupnas, Kaproda villages of Pali district. Bararo, Sarolkhera area of Kota district; near village Phagwara in Nagaur district;
Goredang, Malia, Lugia area of Ajmer district; near village Gunga, Nagurda of Barmer district; in Girwari of Jhunjhunu district.
In Nagaur district while carrying out exploratory drilling for lignite extensive deposite of clay was encountered but the availability is subject to opencast mining for lignite.

SPECIFICATION FOR BALL CLAY & CHINA CLAY IN
VARIOUS INDUSTRIES
Ball Clay
Ball clay is highly plastic variety of clay of Kaolinite group like china clay and fireclay, but has less refractorines china clay, except that the ball clay contains a large proporation of silica.
The main utility of ball clay lies in its plasticity, high b~ing qualities and tensile strength.
It is therefore used in blend with non-plastic to semi-plastics clays for obtaining requisite plasticity. It is added in various proporations for the preparation of body composition of vitreous sanitarywares, bath tub tiles, hotel chinawares, floor and wall tiles, spark plug, porecelain etc.
The ISI has prescribed the following specification (IS: 4589 -1968) for ball clay for use in the ceramic industry:- The material shall be in the form of lumps of powder, free from any foreign matter and shall be highly plastic when wet. The lumps shall slake in water and form a smooth suspension when disperesed. The colour of the material when fired at
1350
0
C shall be light grey or light cream and free from any specks or patches.
Chemical Analysis
Fe
2
O
3
TiO
2
Fe
2
O
3
+ TiO
2
Al
2
O
3
by weight
-
-
-
-
1.5% max.
1.5% max.
2.75% max.
25% min.
LOI by wight - 10.5% min.
The following grade for ceramic industry for estimation of reserves of ball clay have been recommended.
Chemical Physical
Fe
2
03
Ti0
2
A1
2
O
3
LOI
Fe
2
O
3
+ Ti0
2
-
-
-
1.5 max. Fired colour :-
1.5 max.
- 25% min.
- 10.5% min.
Light grey or light cream.
Plasticity Highly plastic when wet.
2.75% max. (by weight) Free from any foreign matter
China Clay
China clay, also called kaolin falls under kaolinite felspars, granite, gneiss and pegamtite rocks by hydrothermal action of aqueous solution. Chinaclay usually carried some impurities in a small quantity such as silica, iron, magnesium, titanium, calcium, potassium, sodium oxides, mica, tourmaline of china clay depends much upon the impurities present. Chinaclay is mainly used in ceramics, textiles, paper, rubber, paints, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals industries. it is also used in insecticides, white cement and refractory bricks manufacturing.

The uses and specifications of chinaclay in different industries are discussed below.
(A) Ceramics: The ISI has not standardised any specification for use of chinclay in ceramic industry. However, for the manufacture of ceramic products good quality chinaclay is required which should have water of elasticity 32%, shrinkage after drying should not be more than 7%, and total shrinkage after firing at a temperature of 1300° C not more than 10-14%. The colour should be perfectly white after firing. Grit should be low. For the manufacture of ordinary crockery and ceramic wares, presence of grit up to
2% is tolerated. But for the manufacture of high class crockery, grit below 10/0 is generally preferred. In the manufacture of high class ceramic products, the presence of lime, magnesia, iron oxides, alkalies and other impurities upto 2% is not harmful. Excess of iron, however, may colour the products. Also for the manufacture of electrical switches, the iron content should be as low as possible.
(B) Textile and Paper Coating: Chinaclay is utilised in textile industry as a sizing and packing material. For this purpose, the clay should be white in colour without tinting.
Grit is the most objectionable ingredient. Oxides of magnesium and iron should be as low as possible. Dull white clay is utilized in making coloured and khaki cloth.
Chinaclay is used for paper coating purpose in order to provide a smooth, even surface and to impart a glaze. Various grades of paper quality chinaclay of fine mesh are used depending upon the quality of the paper required to be manufactured. The whiteness, ink absorption, chemical inertness, uniformity of particle size and retentive properties determine the suitability of chinaclay for use in paper coating.
The ISI (IS: 505-19978) has standardised specifications for chinclay for use in textile and paper coating industry as follows.
(C) Rubber: In rubber industry, chinaclay is used as a filler and as a reinforcing and stiffening agent. For these purposes, light weight clay having a specific gravity 2.5% is tolerated. It should be of fine mesh and should be absolutely free from copper, which is

undesirable in rubber goods. The ISI (IS: 505-1978) has standardised the specification as given below.
(D) Paints: Chinaclay is used as an extender or suspending agent in the manufacture of white paint. The ISI has not standardised any specification for this use. However, the properties like antisetting and tinting effect, colloidal nature, softness, freedom from grit, white colour and fine size are some of the qualities which make chinaclay suitable for use in paint and distemper manufacture.
(E) Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical: There is no ISI specification. Superfine chin clay is utilized for specification. Superfine chinclay is utilized for the mal1ufacture of products like powder, adhesives, surgical plaster, lotion and ointment for external use, porcelain for dental preparation. Chinclay for medicinal purposes must be free from lead, arsenic and other metals which the human body will not to erate. It should have no frothing.
Particle size, frothing factors and sedimantation volumes are the three important factors considered in the selection of chinaclay for pharmaceutical purposes.
(F) Filler in paper: Inferior grade chinaclay may be used in the manufacture of brown paper, new print, hardboard paper and straw paper board. The ISI (IS: 50501978) have standardised the specifications as given below:

(G) Insecticides: Chinaclay is used in the manufacture of disinfectant like DDT. The ISI
(IS: 505-1978) has standardised the specifications for use of china clay in insecticide industry as given below.
For uses of chinaclay in other industries like white cement and refractory bricks, there is no standard specification whatsoever. In case of manufacture of refractory bricks, the coarse fraction of chinaclay from the sedimentation tank is used.
After examining for specifications standardised by ISI and the current trends in the user industries, following end use classifications of reserves have been recommended.
After examining for specifications standardised by ISI and the current trends in the user industries, following end use classifications of reserves have been recommended

la[;k 16¼17½ [kku@xzqi&1@93 %&loZlk/kkj.k dks lwfpr fd;k tkrk gS fd jkt- viz/kku [kfu fj;k;r fu;e]1986 ds fu;e 75 ds iz;kstukFkZ [kfut
LihyhVscy ykbeLVksu ¼fcfYaMx LVksu] dksVk LVksu½ fudV xzke lkyfj;k] fuEcksnk rglhy >kyjkikVu] ftyk >kykokM+ esa ¼iwoZ esa Lohd`r rFkk vkosfnu [kuu&iV~Vk o iwosZ{k.k vuqKk i= ds {ks=ksa dks
NksM+dj½ foHkkxh; iwosZ{k.k dk;Z gsrq
22-05 oxZ fdyksehVj dk {ks= ftldk bUnzkt dk;kZy; lgk;d [kfu vfHk;Urk]
>kykokM+ ds LVs.MMZ jftLVj esa fnukad 7-4-97 dks vkjf{kr vafdr fd;k x;k gS] vkjf{kr fd;k tkrk gS A vr% mijksä {ks= esa fnukad 7-4-97 ls [kfut fj;k;r fu;e] 1960 ,oa jktLFkku viz/kku [kfut fj;k;r fu;e] 1986 ds vUrxZr mä [kfut rFkk vU; [kfut ds fy;s fdlh Hkh iwosZ{k.k vuqKk i= vFkok [kuuiV~Vs ds vkosnu i= ij fdlh izdkj ls fopkj ugha fd;k tkosxk] tc rd fd mä {ks= jktLFkku jkti= esa izdkf'kr vf/klwpuk }kjk fjä ?kksf"kr ugha dj fn;k tkrk gS A ls efUnj jyk;rh xzke
,
ch
lh
Mh rd
, ch lh
Mh
,
fc;fjax
134 0 &30
180 0 &00
270 0 &00
360 0 &00
90 0 &00 nwjh
1850 ehVj
6-30 fd-eh-
3-50 fd-eh-
6-30 fd-eh-
3-50 fd-eh- dqy {ks= 22-05 oxZ fd-eh-

mijksä {ks= ds ekufp= ,oa fooj.k lwph dk;kZy; lgk;d [kfu vfHk;Urk
>kykokM+] ofj"B HkwoSKkfud dk;kZy;] >kykokM+ ,oa funs'kky;] mn;iqj esa ns[ks tk ldrs gSaA la[;k % i- 16¼17½ [kku@xzqi&1@93 %& loZlk/kkj.k dks lwfpr fd;k tkrk gS fd [kfut fj;k;r fu;e] 1960 ds fu;e 75 ds vUrxZr [kfut vykSg /kkrq ,oa vU; bdksuksfed feujY; fudV xzke Jhuxj] dkUgk[ksMh Qkjfd;k] fVdkoM+k
] rglhy ulhjkckn] ftyk vtesj esa ¼iwoZ esa Lohd`r rFkk vkosfnr
[kuu&iV~Vk o iwosZ{k.k vuqKk i= ds {ks=ksa dks NksM+dj½ foHkkxh; iwosZ{k.k dk;Z gsrq 130-125 oxZ fdyksehVj dk {ks= ftlds vkj{k.k dk bUnzkt [kfu vfHk;Urk] vtesj ds LVs.MMZ jftLVj esa fnukad 29-1-97 vafdr dj fn;k x;k gS] dks vkjf{kr fd;k tkrk gS A vr% mijksä {ks= esa fnukad 29-1-97 ls [kfut fj;k;r fu;e] 1960 ds vUrxZr mä [kfut rFkk vU; [kfut ds fy;s fdlh Hkh iwosZ{k.k vuqKk&i= ,oa
[kuu iV~Vksa ds vkosnu&i= ij fdlh izdkj ls rc rd fopkj ugha fd;k tk;sxk] tc rd fd mä {ks= dk jktLFkku jkt i= esa izdkf'kr vf/klwpuk }kjk fjä ?kksf"kr ugha dj fn;k tkrk gS A
{ks= dh fooj.k lwph fuez izdkj ls gS %& ls thVh&737
, ch lh
Mh rd
, ch lh
Mh
, fc;fjax
55 0 &15*
131 0 &15*
221 0 &15*
311 0 &15*
41 0 &15* nwjh
6-600 fd-eh-
6-875 fd-eh-
15-00 fd-eh-
6-875 fd-eh-
15-000 fd-eh- dqy {ks= , ch lh Mh o , 103-125 oxZ fd-eh- mijksä of.kZr {ks=ksa ds ekufp= ,oa fooj.k lwph dk;kZy; [kfu vfHk;Urk] vtesj] dk;kZy; v/kh{k.k Hkw oSKkfud] t;iqj rFkk funs'kky; [kku
,oa Hkw&foKku foHkkx] jktLFkku] mn;iqj esa ns[ks tk ldrs gS A

fnukad 23 flrEcj]1997 la[;k i- 16¼17½ [kku@xzqi&1@93 %& loZlk/kkj.k dks lwfpr fd;k tkrk gS fd [kfut fj;k;r fu;e] 1960 ds fu;e 75 ds vUrxZr [kfut xzsQkbV ,oa vU; mi;ksxh [kfu;ksa ds fy;s fudV xzke NksVh gksdjk yhyklksoM+h ftyk vtesj esa ¼iwoZ esa Lohd`r vFkok /k`r [kuu iV~Vk o iwosZ{k.k vuqKk i= ds
{ks=ksa dks NksM+dj½ foHkkxh; iwosZ{k.k dk;Z gsrq 60 oxZ fd-eh- {ks=] ftlds vkj{k.k dk bUnzkt [kfu vfHk;Urk] vtesj ds LVs.MMZZ jftLVj esa fnukad 1-11-94 dks fd;k x;k gS dks vkj{k.k fd;k tkrk gS A vr% mijksä {ks= esa fnukad 1-11-94 ls [kfut fj;k;r fu;e] 1960 ds vUrxZr mä [kfut rFkk vU; [kfutksa ds fy;s fdlh Hkh iwosZ{k.k vuqKk i= vFkok [kuu iV~Vs ds vkosnu i= ij fdlh izdkj ls rc rd fopkj ugha fd;k tkosxk] tc rd mä {ks= dks jktLFkku jkt i= esa izdkf'kr vf/klwfpr }kjk fjä ?kksf"kr ugha dj fn;k tkrk gS A
, ch lh
Mh ls
Vh- vkbZ- 823 rd
, ch lh
Mh
, fc;fjax
14 0 &00
127 0 &45
217 0 &45
307 0 &45
37 0 &45 nwjh
1-450 fd-eh-
4-00 fd-eh-
15-00 fd-eh-
4-00 fd-eh-
15-00 fd-eh-
dqy {ks= ,]ch]lh]Mh o , 60 oxZ fdyks ehVj mijksä {ks= ds ekufp= ,oa fooj.k dk;kZy; [kfu vfHk;Urk] vtesj] ofj"B
Hkw&oSKkfud] vtesj ,oa funs'kky; mn;iqj esa ns[ks tk ldrs gS A
flrEcj 23]1997 la[;k i- 16¼17½ [kku@xzqi&1@93 %& loZlk/kkj.k dks lwfpr fd;k tkrk gS fd [kfut fj;k;r fu;e] 1960 ds fu;e 75 ds }kjk iznÙk 'kkfä;ksa dk iz;ksx djrs gq,s jkT; ljdkj [kfut ykbZeLVksu ¼lhesUV la;a= gsrq½ fudVxzke

i<jkM+k] gk;yk] ckykcsjk Iyku ,oa la;a= rglhy xksxqUnk ftyk mn;iqj esa ½ iwoZ esa Lohd`r rFkk /k`r [kuu iV~Vk ,oa iwosZ{k.k vuqKk i= ds {ks=ksa dks NksM+dj½ foHkkxh; iwosZ{k.k ,oa vUos"k.k dk;Z gsrq 16-00 oxZ fdeh- {ks= ftldk bUnzkt dk;kZy; [kfu vfHk;Urk] mn;iqj ds ekud iaftdk esa fnukad 30-9-97 dks vafdr fd;k x;k gS dks mä fnukad 30-9-97 ls rhu o"kZ gsrq vkjf{kr fd;k tkrk gS A ls
Vh- vkbZ- 835 v c l n rd v c l n v
fc;fjax nwjh ehVj esa
340&00** 300-00
27&30**
117&30**
207&30**
297&30**
8000-00
2000-00
8000-00
2000-00
dqy {ks= v c l n ,oa v 16-00 oxZ fdyks ehVj mijksä of.kZr ds ekufp= ,oa fooj.k lwph dk;kZy;] [kfu vfHk;Urk] mn;iqj] v/kh{k.k Hkw&oSKkfud ¼QkLQsV½ mn;iqj ,oa funs'kd] [kku ,oa
Hkw&foKku foHkkx] 'kkL=h lfdZy] mn;iqj esa fujh{k.k gsrq miyC/k gS A
ekpZ 5]1998 la[;k i- 16¼17½ [kku@xzqi&1@93 %& loZlk/kkj.k dks lwfpr fd;k tkrk gS fd [kfut fj;k;r fu;e] 1960 ds fu;e 75 ds vUrxZr [kfut lksuk ,oa cslesVy ds fy;s fudV xzke Hkw[kh;k cekuiwjk ftyk cklaokM+k esa ¼iwoZ esa Lohd`r rFkk /k`r [kuuiV~Vksa o iwosZ{k.k vuqKki= ds {ks=ksa dks
NksM+dj½ foHkkxh; iwosZ{k.k dk;Z gsrq ¼rhu Cykd½ 69-658 oxZ fdyksehVj dk {ks= ftlds vkj{k.k dk bUnzkt dk;kZy; lgk;d [kfu vfHk;Urk] ckalokM+k ds LVs.MMZ jftLVj esa fnukad
25-9-93 dks vkjf{kr vafdr dj fn;k x;k gS dks lkr o"kZ ds fy;s vkjf{kr fd;k tkrk gS A

vr% mijksä {ks= esa fnukad 25-9-93 ls [kfut fj;k;r fu;e] 1960 ds vUrxZr mä [kfut rFkk vU; [kfutksa ds fy;s fdlh Hkh iwosZ{k.k vuqKk i= vFkok [kuu iV~Vs ds vkosnu i= ij fdlh izdkj ls rc rd fopkj ugha fd;k tkosxk] tc rd mä {ks= dks jktLFkku jkt i= esa izdkf'kr vf/klwfpr }kjk fjä ?kksf"kr ugha dj fn;k tkrk gS A ls
Cykd ¼,½ Hkwf[k;k rd
fc;fjax nwjh
Vh- vkbZ- 313 bZ
,Q th
,p bZ
,Q th
,p bZ
264 0 &00
90 0 &00
180 0 &00
270 0 &00
0 0 &00
2-75 fd-eh-
3-00 fd-eh-
8-35 fd-eh-
3-1 fd-eh
8-35 fd-eh-
dqy {ks= 25-885 oxZ fdyks ehVj ls
Cykd ¼ch½ ekoy rd fc;fjax nwjh
Vh- vkbZ- 336 vkbZ
,Dl ts vks ih
,y vkbZ
,Dl ts vks ih
,y
,Dl
254 0 &00
50 0 &00
50 0 &00
140 0 &00
155 0 &00
230 0 &00
320 0 &00
3-25 fd-eh-
0-25 fd-eh-
2-50 fd-eh-
5-025 fd-eh
5-300 fd-eh-
1-075 fd-eh-
10-15 fd-eh- dqy {ks= 21-725 oxZ fdyks ehVj ls
Cykd ¼lh½ ckouiqjk rd fc;fjax nwjh
Vh- vkbZ- 378
, ch lh
, ch lh
Mh
268 0 &00
50 0 &00
140 0 &00
230 0 &00
2-65 fd-eh-
3-00 fd-eh-
7-35 fd-eh-
3-00 fd-eh

Mh , 320 0 &00 7-35 fd-eh-
dqy {ks= 22-05 oxZ fdyks ehVj mijksä {ks= ds ekufp= ,oa fooj.k dk;kZy; lgk;d [kfu vfHk;Urk] ckalokM+k ,oa funs'kky; mn;iqj esa ns[ks tk ldrs gSaA flrEcj 23]1997
Øekad % i- 16¼17½ [kku@xzqi&1@93 %& loZlk/kkj.k dks lwfpr fd;k tkrk gS fd 'kklu dks vf/klwpuk Øekad%i- 4¼184½ [kku@xzqi&2@85 fnukad 9-2-87 }kjk LVhy&xszM pwuk iRFkj ds iwosZ{k.k ,oa [kuu gsrq lEiw.kZ ftyk {ks= ftyk tSlyesj dks vkjf{kr fd;k x;k Fkk] mlesa ls fuez {ks= dks [kuu iV~Vs ij vkoaVu gsrq jktLFkku [fut fj;k;r fu;ekoyh 1960 ds fu;e 59 ds vUrxZr ,rn~ }kjk fjä ?kksf"kr fd;k tkrk gS A vkosnu i= bl vf/klwpuk ds jktLFkku jkti= esa izdk'ku dh frfFk dks
NksM+dj 30 fnu ckn Lohdk;Z gksaxs %&
Øla-
{ks= dk uke
¼xkao½ rglhy ftyk [kfut
1- [khaolj Cykd&4 tSlyesj tSlyesj ykbZeLVksu
¼lhesUV xzsM½
{ks=
7-00 oxZ fdyks ehVj

pwafd mä {ks= esa lhesUV Js.kh dk pwuk iRFkj i;kZIr ek=k esa miyC/k gS] ftl ij yxHkx 15 yk[k Vu izfro"kZ {kerk dk lhesUV la;a= LFkkfir fd;k tk ldrk gS vr% bl {ks= ds vkoaVu esa izkFkfedrk [kku ,oa [kfut fofu;eu ,oa fodkl vf/kfu;e 1957 dh /kkjk 11¼2½ ds vfrfjä fuez vk/kkjksa ,oa vU; vk/kkjksa ij tSlk dh jkT; ljdkj iV~Vk Lohd`fr ds iwoZ fu/kkZfjr djsa ij r; dh tkosxh ftl gsrq lgefr o okafNr lwpuk vkosnu i= ds lkFk izLrqr djuk gksxk %&
¼1½ vkosnu bl {ks= esa miyC/k [kfut ykbZeLVksu ds Hk.Mkjksa ds vk/kkj ij ,d cM+k lhesUV la;a= iV~Vk Lohd`fr ls 3 o"kZ vf/kdre vof/k esa LFkkfir djsxk] ftldh okf"kZd {kerk 15 yk[k Vu lhesUV mRiknu izfro"kZ ds yxHkx gksxh A
¼2½ lhesUV cukus ds fy, jkT; esa mRikfnr fyxzkbZV [kfut dk mi;ksx miyC/krkuqlkj fd;k tkosxk A
¼3½ mä {ks= esa foHkkx }kjk iwosZ{k.k gsrq tks Hkh /ku jkf'k O;; dh gqbZ gS] mls [kuuiV~Vk Lohd`r gksus ij jktdks"k esa tek djkuk gksxk A
¼4½ tSlyesj vkSj lkuw ds chp Mkyh tkus okyh czksMxst ykbZu ds losZ esa fgLlk caVkus ds fy, tSlk fd jkT; ljdkj r; djsa bPNqd vkSj rS;kj jgus ds lEcU/k esa vUMjVsfdax izLrqr djuh gksxh A
¼5½ ;g fd vU; xzsM ds pwukiRFkj dk [kuu djrs le; ;fn LVhy xzsM ¼,l-,e-
,l-xzsM½ pwukiRFkj fudyrk gS rks iV~Vk/kkjh [kku ,oa [kfut
¼fofu;eu ,oa fodkl½ vf/kfu;e 1957 dh f}rh; vuqlwfp esa of.kZr ,oa le;&le; ij la'kksf/kr jkW;YVh nj dk Hkqxrku djus ij bLikrh; la;a= dks fuxZfer djsxk A
¼6½ vkosnu i= mijksä fjä ?kksf"kr fd;s tk jgs {ks= ds vuqlkj gh fd;s tkosxsa bl {ks= dk uD'kk v/kh{k.k Hkw&oSKkfud tSlyesj ,oa lgk;d
[kfu vfHk;Urk] tSlyesj ds dk;kZy; esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA

{ks= fooj.k fuEuuqlkj gS %&
dgka ls dgka dks fc;fjax nwjh ¼ehVj esa½
LFkkbZ fcUnq Vh vkbZ 83 ls , fiyj
Vh- vkbZ- 83
,Dl okbZ
, ch lh
Mh
,Dl okbZ
, ch lh
Mh
,
138 0 &00
180 0 &00
90 0 &00
90 0 &00
180 0 &00
270 0 &00
360 0 &00
1900 ehVj
2350 ehVj
3750 ehVj
2800 ehVj
2500 ehVj
2800 ehVj
2500 ehVj dqy {ks=&,Dl] okbZ] ,] ch] lh] Mh] ,oa , 7-00 oxZ fdyks ehVj mä fjä ?kksf"kr gksus okys {ks= ds fy, vkosnu i= izLrqr djus dh frfFk dks ;fn jfookj ;k vU; jktif=r vodk'k gksxk rks mlds vxys dk;Z fnol esa lgk;d
[kfu vfHk;Urk] tSlyesj ds dk;kZy; esa vkosnu i= is'k fd;s tk ldsaxs A fnukad % 17-11-98