Inflectional and derivational paradigms
The stem of a word together with all the inflectional suffixes constitutes the inflectional paradigm of a word. For example: cat cats cats’ cat’s woman women woman’s women’s
Forms
Inflectional
Suffixes
Models:
Stem man doctor
Plural
{-S pl} men doctors
The Noun Paradigm
Possessive
{-S ps} man's doctor's
Plural+Possessive
{-S pl ps} men's doctors'
Exercise, Stageberg, p. 131 (1981).
Write the paradigmatic forms of these nouns. For some slots you may have two forms or none.
Stem Plural Possessive Plural+Possessive
1.carpenter ……………………………………………………………………………………………
2. woman ……………………………………………………………………………………………..
3. brother ……………………………………………………………………………………………..
4. cloud ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
5. cattle ………………………………………………………………………………………………..
6. duck ………………………………………………………………………………………………...
7. Japanese …………………………………………………………………………………………….
8. means ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
9. athletics ……………………………………………………………………………………………..
10. chaos ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
The verb Paradigm
The next set of forms to come under our scrutiny is the verb paradigm. Verbs have three, four, or five forms. Those with four, like learn below, are the most common. The verb paradigm goes as follows:
Present
Third-Person Present Past Past
Forms: Stem Singular Participle Tense Participle
Inflectional
suffixes: {-S 3d} {-ING vb} {-D pt} {-D pp}

Models: learn choose set learns chooses sets
Exercise, Stageberg, p. 141 (1981). learning choosing setting learned chose set learned chosen set
Fill out the following verb paradigms. Indicate by a 3, 4, or 5 whether the verbs are threeform, four-form, or five-form.
Stem
1. bid
Pres.3d Sg. Pres.P Past T. Past P. Number
2. bite
3. keep
4. freeze
5. set
6. sell
7. put
8. rise
9. tease
10. sleep
Derivational paradigms. Derivational suffixes are different – they change the form of a word and thus make a new word. They are usually class changing.
Boy – boyish desire – desirable ideal – idealize
Sing – singer critic – criticism host – hostess
Derivational suffixes are sometimes called lexical morphemes
Inflectional suffixes are sometimes called grammatical morphemes.
Inflectional suffixes are said to be closing – they close the word.
Walk׀er׀s
Adapt adapt׀able adapt׀abil׀ity adapt׀ibil׀iti׀es
There are two ways in which we can view derivational paradigm. They are the diachronic and the synchronic one.

Diachronic approach: nat׀ure, natur׀al, natur׀alist natur׀alize, naturaliz׀ation, natur׀ally, un׀natural nat- BOUND ROOT
MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESSES or
WORD FORMATION IN ENGLISH
Laurie Bauer, (2004), A Glossary of Morphology, Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, p. 73
DEFINITION: A morphological process is any means of manipulating the form of a word for morphological purposes. Compounding, affixation, back-formation, conversion and so on are all morphological processes, despite their very different ways of building meaning in words.
Morphological processes can be divided into major and minor. Major morphological processes are derivation and composition , minor are clipping, acronym (initialization), conversion, backformation, blending, reduplication, borrowing and antonomasia.
DERIVATION
Derivation or derivational morphology is that type of morphology which creates new lexemes rather than forms of a single word. Derivational morphology is the least syntactic type of morphology: its role is not to mark words as having particular grammatical features, but to create words from a known base which can fit into a different syntactic context.
Derivation – adding affixes to stems (roots)
Affixes: prefixes and suffixes
By adding a prefix a word usually does not change its class. BUT: body (N) em body (V)
By adding suffixes words usually do change their class: boy (N) boy ish (Adj)
PREXIXES AND SUFFIXES: a) Prefixes are much more independent than suffixes and more easily separable. Very often, due to this difference, they carry the main accent. b) The meaning of prefixes are rather precisely outlined. c) Most of the prefixes do not change the meaning of a word but only modify it semantically. d) Suffixes usually change the word class or, in other words, they change the grammatical function of words.
Andrew Carstairs McCarthy, (2002), An Introduction to English Morphology, Edinburgh, Edinburgh
University Press, pp. 44-58.
1. Relationship between lexemes
Perform, performs, performed
– grammatically conditioned varians of one lexeme PERFORM
Performance
– was not one of these variants.
Reason: no grammatical factor that requires – ance on performance unlike inflectional suffixes

This suffix is derivational.
DEFINITION: The term derivation is used for all aspects of word-structure involving affixation that is not inflectional.
Performance is NOT a variant of lexeme PERFORM, it must belong to some other lexeme. Which one?
Easy answer: performance  performances = two form of a lexeme PERFORMANCE
The relationship between perform and performance is the one between lexemes.
2. Word class as a criterion in derivation part of speech (traditional), word class, lexical categories (contemporary) = vrste riječi
Lexeme PERFORM is a prototypical ‘doing word’ – something actors and musicians do
Do PERFORM and PERFORMANCE belong to the same class word? NO. They are a verb and a noun. a) Inflectional and syntactic behaviour:
PERFORM: Perform, performs, performed, performing (4 forms) VERB
PERFORMANCE: performance, performances (sg., pl.) (2 forms) NOUN b) Semantic criterion:
Compare PERFORM (a doing word) and RESEMBLE (not a doing word – indicates resemblance).
E.g.: My uncle William resembles a giraffe.
Should RESEMBLE be lumped together with ‘describing words’? Intelligent? Tall? NO.
Meaning motivated conclusion falls foul of syntactic and inflectional evidence.
A root can carry verbal suffixes such as – ed and –ing as well as noun plural suffix –s = one lexeme
E.g. She hoped/feared that it would rain VERB
her hope/fear for the future NOUN
3. Zero derivation
Derivation can occur without any overt change in shape is called zero derivation.
Interpretation 1: Hope (noun sg.) carry phonologically empty and unpronounceable ‘zero suffix’
HOPE - Ø
FEAR - Ø
Interpretation 2: One of the processes available in derivational morphology is conversion where a lexeme belonging to one class can simply be ‘converted’ to another without any overt change in shape.
R. Qirk et. Al. (1972), A Grammar of Contemporary English, London, Longman, pp. 982-992.
PREFIXES
1.
negative – impossible
2.
reversative – unpack
3.
pejorative – maltreat
4.
degree and size – substandard
5.
attitude – anti-imperialistic
6.
locative – transatlantic
7.
time&order – postwar
8.
number – monosyllabic

9.
conversion prefixes – embody
10.
miscellaneous – neoclassicism
Vidanović, pp.26-32.
Study the prefixes from these aspects: meaning(s) in English productivity origin sources peculiarities
ASSIGNMENT
Write the meaning of the italicized prefix.
1.
anti freeze
2.
circum vent
3.
co pilot
4.
col lapse
5.
com pact
6.
con vene
7.
cor rode
8.
contra dict
9.
de vitalize
10.
dis agreeable
11.
in secure
12.
im perfect
13.
il legible
14.
ir relevant
15.
in spire
16.
im bibe
17.
inter vene
18.
intra mural
19.
ob struct
20.
op pose
21.
pre war
22.
post war
23.
pro ceed
24.
retro active
25.
semi professional
26.
sub way
27.
super abundant
28.
un likely
29.
un dress
ASSIGNMENT: Illustrate and explain the morphological process of DERIVATION by giving two examples / in the following word:

1.
submarine

/sabmə’ri:n/
2.
/sab/ + /mə’ri:n/
3.
sub + marine > submarine
4.
/sabmə’ri:n/ - derivative
5.
/sab/ - prefix
6.
/mə’ri:n/ - stem
1.
inaudible

/in’o:dibl/
2.
/in/ + /o:dibl/ > /in’o:dibl/
3.
in + audible > inaudible
4.
/in’o:dibl/ - derivative
5.
/in/ - prefix
6.
/o:dibl/ - stem
SUFFIXATION
English suffixes can be grouped in accordance with different criteria of which we plan to use only two: the type of the word class employed and the influence that the suffix in question exerts on the stress of a given word. Neutral suffixes do not exert any influence on the stress of the word: speaker, amusement.
On the other hand, conditioning suffixes cause a shift on the original stress: history – historical, medicine – medicinal, continent – continental.
Conditioning suffixes may cause the following changes in the stress of the word: a. A vowel change in the stem to which they are added ( nature – natural ); in this case the stress has remained at the same location; sane – sanity; zeal – zealous. b. They can bring about a stress shift: tax – taxation; organse – organization c. They can bring about a stress shift followed by a vowel change: grammar – grammarian; history
- historian
1. The words in the second column are formed by the addition of a derivational suffix to those in the first column. After every word in both columns indicate its part-of-speech classification by N
(noun), V (verb), Adj (adjective), or Adv (adverb).
1. break
2. desire
3. conspire breakage desirable
4. rehearse
5. ideal
6. false conspiracy rehearsal idealize falsify
7. sweet
8. doubt
9. mouth
10. sing
11. familiarize
12. passion
13. host
14. gloom sweetly doubtful mouthful singer familiarization passionate hostess gloomy

15. martyr
16. novel
17. day
18. prohibit
19. excel
20. create
21. vision martyrdom novelist daily prohibitory excellent creative visionary
22. cube
23. ripe
24. real
25. accept cubic ripen realism acceptance
2. Add a derivational suffix to each of these words, which already end in a derivational suffix.
1. Reasonable
2. Formal
3. Organize
4. Purify
5. Purist
6. Beautify