CHAPTER 19 SECTION 1
Note Taking Study Guide
South Asian Nations Since Independence
Partition
Causes
 Muslim minority
 Violence
Effects
 Refugees flee.
 Kashmir disputed.
 Arms race
Challenges in India
Causes
 Castes
 Sikhs want independence.
Effects
 Religious unrest
Bangladesh
Causes
 Two Pakistans geographically separate
 West Pakistan dominates
Effects
 Bangladesh created in 1971.
Summary (p. 201)
Reading Check political and diplomatic independence from the United States or the Soviet Union
Vocabulary Strategy Compelled means "made to or forced."
Reading Skill Causes: Tensions between Hindus and Muslims in colonial India led to violence. India
had a Hindu majority, and Pakistan had a Muslim majority. Effects: Hindus in Pakistan fled to India,
and Muslims in India fled to Pakistan. Muslims and Hindus slaughtered each other as they fled.
Review Questions 1. She sent troops to the Golden Temple, and thousands of Sikhs were killed. 2.
West Pakistan tended to dominate the government of Pakistan. Bengalis in East Pakistan resented the
government's neglect of their region.
CHAPTER 19 SECTION 2
Note Taking Study Guide p. 202)
New Nations of Southeast Asia
Malayan diversity and prosperity: Wealth distributed among ethnic groups; Profitable industries
Myanmar Suffers: Ethnic tensions; Military government limits foreign trade.
Challenges in Indonesia: Suharto rules as dictator for 32 years; East Timor wins independence in 2002;
Ethnic conflicts; Natural disasters Democracy in Philippines: Wealthy elite in control of
government; Ferdinand Marcos becomes dictator; Communist rebels and Muslim separatists fight
government; Filipinos demand democracy.
Summary (p. 203)
Reading Check a government that has unlimited power
Vocabulary Strategy Predominant means "most common or numerous."
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Reading Skill The people forced him to resign. Review Questions 1. The military rejected the results,
and Suu Kyi was put under house arrest. 2.1# consists of more than 13,000 islands. There are hundreds of
ethnic groups. Although about 90 percent of Indonesians are Muslims, there are also Christians, Buddhists,
and Hindus. Religious and ethnic tensions have fueled violence.
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CHAPTER 19 SECTION 3
Note Taking Study Guide p. 204)
Independent African Nations
Causes: Colonists demand rights; Skilled independence leaders; Struggle turns violent.
Effects: Civil war; Military rule; Corrupt dictators; Trend toward democracy; Ethnic conflicts
On-Level Summary (p. 205)
Reading Check the forcible overthrow of a government
Vocabulary Strategy Ensure means "make sure or certain, guarantee."
Reading Skill European powers had drawn colonial boundaries without regard for Africa's ethnic
groups. This led to ethnic conflict.
Review Questions 1. The government became corrupt. 2. oil
CHAPTER 19 SECTION 4
Note Taking Study Guide p. 206)
The Modern Middle East Kurds Seek Freedom.
Causes
 Homeland divided among Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey.
 Faced brutal treatment and discrimination in Turkey and Iraq.
Effects
 Kurdish rebels fought Turkish forces, but most later gave up the use of violence.
 Kurds in Iraq rebel and set up own government.
Israel Founded.
Causes
 Holocaust
 UN division of Palestine
 Jews proclaim nation of Israel.
Effects
 Palestinians become refugees.
 Israel develops businesses and exports crops.
Iran's Islamic Revolution
Causes
 Iran's has vast oil fields
 United States helps shah stay in power.
 Islamic clergy and others oppose the shah. Effects
 Shah's foes support Khomeini.
 Shah forced out of power.
 Khomeini proclaims an Islamic republic.
Summary (p. 207)
Reading Check a government ruled by religious leaders
Vocabulary Strategy Doctrine means "teachings, principles, or beliefs."
Reading Skill It led to Arab-Israeli conflicts that forced 700,000 Palestinians from their homes.
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Review Questions 1. It has the world's largest oil and gas reserves. 2. because of the kingdom's
close ties to Western nations
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