Middle East: Rise/Fall/Rise/Fall/Rise
Jessica
600-1450
Rise of Islam
1450-1750
Rise of Islam
1750-1914
Fall of Islam
1914- present
--Islam is founded
Islam means to surrender under Allah, or
God. ¹Monotheistic.
-c. 622 CE by Muhammad, prophet
-Book: Quran
-Mecca
-Caliphate: Islamic empire led by
Caliph, succeeds Muhammad
-5 Pillars,(hajj, alms, submission,
prayer, fasting)
Sunni vs. Shiite*
--Islam expands across Africa  Spain;
and intoPersia
-differing, Islam spread via military
power, not missionary work or trade, at
first
-jihad (holy war) Want power & land
-Get support for efforts from the Quran
text. Link At Bottom 
- 1st: Arabian Peninsula is united
-Late 600s, touches Mesopotamia, Syria,
Palestine and Egypt
-Also into C. Asia (vs. Buddhism)
-651, Persia is gained
-700s, stretches Tunisia, Algeria and
Morocco.(N. Africa)
-East Coast and Northern front of Africa,
Indian Ocean Trade increases
--1453 Ottomans overthrow
Constantinople
-Sultan Mehmed II
-Took control by land and sea
-Series of attacks
-Used heavy military
technology, (cannons)
-Outnumbered by only about
10,000
-City is renamed Istanbul
--European imperialism
grows due to technological
development during Industrial
Revolution begin ideas of
new imperialism of New
markets & raw materials in
areas of Africa and some of
Asia, interfering with Muslim
societies.
--Ottoman Empire collapses
after World War I
formation of Turkey (Ataturk)
-Troubled economy, too
vast territory, poor
infrastructure, internal
tension, reformations came
too late under Tanzimat
reforms, similar to fall of
Roman Empire.
-Treaty of Sevres:
portioned up Ottoman Empire
into 40 different regions,
including Turkey
-Lead to the Turkish War
of Independence, gained its
independence 1922-1923
--Golden age under Suleiman
(Ottomans) heterogeneous society
-Rule: 1520-1566, tolerant
-"Lawgiver", yes ruled by
Shariah, but The Kanuns, a set of
laws, he determined on criminal
law, land tenure and taxes
-Christians & Jews were
tolerated in the Empire, given
social opportunity
-Put education first
-Changed law consequence, less
deaths, more fines instead
-Artisan Societies
-Architecture/Infrastructure:
Mosques, Palaces, Bridges,
libraries,
--Ottoman Empire weakens
-Too Vast an Empire
-Taxes were inadequately
met
-hinders military
-lack of sufficient army
strength
-endangers welfare of
economy
-Similar to Mughal Empire.
-Greece breaks away from
Ottomans in the early 1800s
--Russia approaches: Crimean
War (threat to European
balance of power);Russia had
lost, English won
--Balfour Declaration (pro
Israel)
-1917, Nov. 2nd, a
document of Britain that
supports Palestine as being a
home territory for the Jewish
people.
-in essence "anti antiSemitism"
- eventually incorporated
-Last survivor of Umayyad, goes to
Cordoba, Spain & establishes caliphate
there, starts the Spanish trend.
--Abbasid caliphate
extensive domain (after Umayyads)
Ruled: 750 CE- 1258 CE
-Present day Baghdad (Iraq)
-Extensive Trade
-Preserve Greek, Roman
and Persian culture
-Indian Number system,
with zero place holder
"arabic numerals"
-Optical Surgery!
-Architecture: Minarets
-Literature & poetry, The
Arabian Nights
-Cities: Baghdad, Cairo and
Cordoba
-Female decline of status
²Syncretism , with Persian
Culture
-Borders are too vast
though, and leaders are not
popular due to taxes,
people begin independent
kingdoms in empire. Start
of crumble.
-Cultural Diffusion: Attracting,
Turks, Muslims, Europeans,
Skilled workers
-Janissaries: warrior slaves,
usually Christian
-Devshirme: practice of taking
Christian boys & turning them
into Janissaries
-Harem: residing place of
wives & concubines
-gunpowder: advance
weaponry used, cannons, guns,
technological boost
-Millets: religious communities
within empire, responsible for
gov’t of self, and loyalty to overseeing empire, usually
Christians/Jews
but Ottoman Empire got
weaker
"Sick Man of Europe" idea
and Eastern question
EQ: How do you suppress
the Ottoman Empire enough
to keep it from expanding, but
not too much so that it
crumbles?
into the Treaty of Sevres, with
Turkey
-November 2nd, is
celebrated in Israel for the
mandate, and protested
among Arabs still.
--Syria, Palestine, Lebanon
become mandates after
World War I  Arab anger
against Europeans
--Egypt: Muhammad Ali
-At Paris Peace
modernizes Egypt starts to
Conference, the collaborated
minds resulted in the Mandate
pull away from
system, in which colonial
Ottomans independent
rulers divvied up colonial
Egypt
-carried out Selim III desire lands, but had to be
accommodating to the people
to modernize the Ottoman
of the region.
Empire
-following the League of
-Reformed bureaucracy
Suleiman was just a great guy,
Nations
policies
-altered society
guys. Love him.
-split into Class A, B, & C
-modernized the military
mandates
based on population
-industrialized Egypt
--Siege of Vienna (1529)
size
- He did not see the
Ottomans stopped
-Arabs were a class A,
independence
of
Egypt
but
he
-First defeat on Suleiman’s part,
L.O.N. proclaimed a wordy
instilled the spirit
due to weather, hinders spirit
-Egypt gains independence statement that translated to
-Another attempt in 1532
the Arabs as a promise of
from Britain not until 1922,
-Marks end of Suleiman’s
independence. Instead they
capital is Cairo
expansion
-Ali: 1789-1849, founder of were colonized by Britain and
-it was to be the armies apogee
France, (Israel, Jordan &
modern Egypt.
-later conflicts 5 year contract
Mesopotamia)
w/ Ottomans from Austria under
the Habsburgs
--Golden Age of
Islam 750CE—c.1500 CE
Urbanization growth of Islam
-Began during the early
period of the Abbasid
- Translated Greek, Indian & Perisan
works into Arabic
-Literacy increased due to papermaking
technology from China
- Philosophy of Greeks reflected in
literature, the Arabian Nights
-source of unity, vast territory & Arabic
language
- The House of Wisdom: a scholarly
dwelling in which math, sciences,
medicine and learning of ancient
knowledge were rekindled and grew
- it was said they would "seek learning as
far as China" this was the cohesive spirit
of Arabic peoples during this time
-gradual Islamic conversion, led to a
diverse Muslim society and ushered the
golden age, but soon the Abbasid
caliphate had power dwindling away.
--Fall of Islam
explain Mongol conquests;
1350 Black Plague  fall of
Mongols
-1258: Baghdad destroyed,
Persia is under Mongols
- killed 800,000 including the last Abbasid
Caliph ( a grudge)
-- Janissaries’ complacency in the
1700s and 1800s; clung to old
ways, left themselves vulnerable
to new technology of Europe 
imperialism
-Resisted all attempts to reform
politics/ bureaucracy in fear of
losing privileges and position
- In resistance to Sultan Selim
III, they had him assassinated in
1807
-Left them in great reach of
Europe; 1820s powerful Sultan
Mehmed III arrests spirited
janissaries & revamps the army
-this leads to larger reforms: The
Tanzimat Reforms, in 1839,
(religious tolerance, educate in
Western knowledge, new
infrastructure, women granted
school privileges).
-1947: Pakistan becomes an
independent, Muslim nation
Under Muhammad Ali Jinnah
BASTA!
1930s and 1940s
independence for Mandate
nations (p.840) &
--creation of Israel 
Extreme Arab/Muslim anger
--failure of Pan Arab socialism
(1967 Six Day War)
--Rise of Fundamentalism
(Iranian Revolution 1979)
--Rise of terrorism
 War in Iraq, Regime
-Black Plague reaches Middle East, kills
majority, weakens the society
- This great epidemic originating with the
Mongols brought turmoil and soon they
too fell.
--Rise of Ottoman Turks in
Turkey circa 1300
-Reigned:1300-1922
-recreate original Caliphate but more
of centralized monarchy
-Rises for 3 Reasons
1. Shrewdness of Osman, the first
ruler
2. Control of link b/w Asia & Europe
( Dardanelles Strait)
3. Army that embraced traditional
and new military tactics
¹Monotheistic: A religion in which there is a belief in one god only.
²Syncretism: the union, fusion or blending of ideas of philosophy or religion from two separate cultures, into one
Islam: term means submission, Muslim being one who submits
*Sunni vs. Shiite: Sunni population, majority of Muslims, believe the caliph is to be chosen from the entire umma, or community.
Shiite population believes that the caliph is to be a descendant of Muhammad directly.
-C.O.T. till 1500: http://www-personal.umich.edu/~vika/TeachPort/islam00/esposito/robinson/mapp47_expto1250res100.jpg
-Quran:Check this out! http://www.nasoa.com/School%20Folder/AP%20World/Documents/Unit%202%20(600%20%201450)/Documents/007%20The%20Qur'an%20Call%20for%20Jihad.htm
-Abbasid: http://www.mideastweb.org/Middle-East-Encyclopedia/map_abbasid_empire.jpg
-Ottoman: http://www.isitso.org/guide/ottoman.gif
-Sulieman: http://www.paradoxplace.com/Insights/Topkapi/Ottoman_Images/Suleiman/Titians-Suleiman-BAR400.jpg