FOR COMMENT ONLY
PROPOSAL FOR A
COMPULSORY
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO STANDARD
AUTOMOTIVE DIESEL FUEL- SPECIFICATION
(1st Revision)
PCTTS 569: 20XX
(Supersedes TTS 569: 2000)
Date of Issue:
2006-08-08
Closing Date for Comments:
2006-10-06
Send Comments to:
The Executive Director,
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO BUREAU OF STANDARDS
Century Drive, Trincity Industrial Estate,
Macoya, TUNAPUNA
P.O. Box 467, PORT OF SPAIN,
Trinidad and Tobago
Telephone: 662-8827, 662-3810, 663-4835/6
Telefax: 663-4335; E-mail: ttbs@ttbs.org.tt
PCTTS 569: 20XX
ii
PCTTS 569: 20XX
GENERAL STATEMENT
The Trinidad and Tobago Bureau of Standards (the Bureau) is a body corporate established under
the authority of the Standards Act No. 18 of 1997 (herein after referred to as the Standards Act).
In accordance with the Standards Act, the Bureau shall promote and encourage the development and
maintenance of standards and further shall establish standards for the following: to improve goods
produced or used in Trinidad and Tobago; to ensure industrial efficiency and development; to promote
public and industrial welfare, health and safety; and to protect the environment.
The Bureau develops standards through consultation with relevant interest groups, and public
comment is invited on all draft standards before they are declared as Trinidad and Tobago Standards
in accordance with the provisions of the Standards Act.
The Bureau is the legal custodian of Trinidad and Tobago Standard Marks, which are issued in
accordance with the Standards Act. When a Trinidad and Tobago Standard Mark appears on any
product, or in connection with any service, process or practice, it provides assurance that such a
product, service, process or practice conforms to a Trinidad and Tobago Standard.
The Bureau’s Standards Information Centre maintains a reference library of standards, including local,
regional and international standards and is the national node of the International Organization for
Standardization Information Network (ISONET). The Centre also acts as the sales agent for the
publications of foreign and international standards organizations.
NOTE
In order to keep abreast of progress in the industries concerned, Trinidad and Tobago Standards are
subject to periodic review. Suggestions for improvements are welcome.
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PCTTS 569: 20XX
AMENDMENTS ISSUED SINCE PUBLICATION
AMENDMENT NO.
DATE OF ISSUE
iv
TEXT AFFECTED
PCTTS 569: 20XX
ATTACHMENT PAGE FOR TTBS AMENDMENT SHEETS
v
PCTTS 569: 20XX
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO STANDARD
AUTOMOTIVE DIESEL FUEL - SPECIFICATION
(1st Revision)
The Specification Committee responsible for the formulation of this Trinidad and Tobago Standard is
as follows:
SPECIFICATION COMMITTEE FOR AUTOMOTIVE DIESEL FUEL
Members
Dr Angelus Pilgrim
Representing
(Chairman)
University of the West Indies, Faculty of Engineering
Mr Andre Edwards
Academy of Automechanics
Mr Steve Hilaire
Petroleum Company of Trinidad and Tobago Limited
Mrs Lynda Johnson Bobb
Ministry of Legal Affairs, Consumer Affairs Division
Mr Fazal Khan
Ministry of Works
Services Division
Mr Kishan Kumarsingh
Environmental Management Authority
Mr Adesh Mahase
Public Transport Service Corporation
Mr Michael Merritt
Trinidad & Tobago National Petroleum Marketing
Company Limited
Mrs Eka Rudder-Fairman
Caribbean Industrial Research Institute
Mr Christopher Serrette
Trinidad and Tobago Unified Maxi Taxi Association,
Route 2
Mr Wendell Williams
Automotive Dealers Association of Trinidad and
Tobago
Mr Ricardo J. Rodriguez
(Technical
Secretary)
and
Transport,
Trinidad and Tobago Bureau of Standards
vi
Mechanical
PCTTS 569: 20XX
Contents
Page
Foreword .............................................................................................................................................................. 1
1
Scope ...................................................................................................................................................... 2
2
Normative references .............................................................................................................................. 2
3
Terms and definitions .............................................................................................................................. 3
4
Requirements .......................................................................................................................................... 4
4.1
General composition .................................................................................................................. 4
4.2
Properties ................................................................................................................................... 4
5
Sampling ................................................................................................................................................. 4
5.1
Samples from a dispensing pump.............................................................................................. 4
5.2
Samples from other than a dispensing pump ............................................................................ 4
6
Test methods .......................................................................................................................................... 4
Annex A (normative) Sampling ........................................................................................................................... 6
A.1
Scope ......................................................................................................................................... 6
A.2
Apparatus ................................................................................................................................... 6
A.3
Procedure ................................................................................................................................... 6
A.4
Sample storage .......................................................................................................................... 7
Annex B (informative) Explanatory notes on the properties of automotive diesel fuel ........................................ 8
B.1
Scope ......................................................................................................................................... 8
B.2
Aromatics ................................................................................................................................... 8
B.3
Ash ............................................................................................................................................. 8
B.4
Carbon residue ........................................................................................................................... 8
B.5
Cetane index .............................................................................................................................. 8
B.6
Cetane number .......................................................................................................................... 8
B.7
Copper strip corrosion ................................................................................................................ 9
B.8
Distillation ................................................................................................................................... 9
B.9
Flash point .................................................................................................................................. 9
B.10
Kinematic viscosity ..................................................................................................................... 9
B.11
Oxidation stability ....................................................................................................................... 9
B.12
Sediment content ..................................................................................................................... 10
B.13
Sulphur content ........................................................................................................................ 10
B.14
Water content ........................................................................................................................... 10
Table
Table 1 — Diesel fuel requirements for different time periods .............................................................................. 5
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(This page was intentionally left blank.)
viii
PCTTS 569: 20XX
Foreword
The requirements for automotive diesel fuel were declared a Trinidad and Tobago Standard with
effect from……….after the draft, finalized by the Specification Committee for Automotive Diesel Fuel,
had been approved by the Bureau.
The Trinidad and Tobago Bureau of Standards has recommended that this standard be declared a
compulsory standard, to protect the consumer or user against danger to health, to protect the
environment, and to ensure a minimum acceptable quality of automotive diesel fuel sold or used in
Trinidad and Tobago.
This first revision of the Standard will become effective as a compulsory standard on a date to be
notified by the Minister responsible for trade and industry, in a Notice to be published in the Trinidad
and Tobago Gazette, as required by the Standards Act. This revised standard supersedes TTS
569:2000.
This first revision was developed in recognition of the environmental and health concerns in a nation
densely populated with vehicles that use automotive diesel fuel. In treating air pollution and emission
control with the importance they deserve, the standard addresses three properties with the intention
of reducing the harmful effects to the public: cetane number and cetane index, sulphur content and
polycyclic aromatic content.
Given the present quality of diesel fuel produced locally and the intention of the local refinery to
progressively upgrade the fuel to an internationally acceptable standard, it was decided that the
requirements will be implemented on a phased basis in tandem with the production capabilities of the
local refinery.
In the preparation of this National Standard considerable assistance was derived from the American
Society for Testing and Materials standard ASTM D 975-02 - Standard specification for diesel fuel oils.
Annex A is a normative index which provides the requirements for sampling.
Annex B is an informative index which provides explanatory notes on the properties of automotive
diesel fuel.
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PCTTS 569: 20XX
1
Scope
This National Standard specifies the properties and methods of test for diesel fuel intended for use in
Trinidad and Tobago for the following periods:
a)
January 01, 2007 to December 31, 2007;
b)
January 01, 2008 to December 31, 2009; and
c)
January 01, 2010 and beyond.
This National Standard is applicable to diesel fuel formulated for motor vehicles, both on and off the
public roadways, equipped with compression ignition engines.
2
Normative references
The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute
provisions of this National Standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions
of, any of these publications shall apply.
2.1
American Society for Testing and Materials
ASTM D 86-04b Standard test method for distillation of petroleum products at atmospheric pressure;
ASTM D 93-02 Standard test methods for flash-point by Pensky-Martens closed cup tester;
ASTM D 95-99e1 Standard test method for water in petroleum products and bituminous materials by
distillation;
ASTM D 97-04 Standard test method for pour point of petroleum products;
ASTM D 130-04 Standard test method for detection of copper corrosion from petroleum products by
the copper strip tarnish test;
ASTM D 445-04e1 Standard test method for kinematic viscosity of transparent and opaque liquids
(the calculation of dynamic viscosity);
ASTM D 473-02 Standard test method for sediment in crude oils and fuel oils by the extraction
method;
ASTM D 482-03 Standard test method for ash from petroleum products;
ASTM D 613-03 Standard test method for cetane number of diesel fuel oil;
ASTM D 1298-99e2 Standard practice for density, relative density (specific gravity);
ASTM D 2274-03a Standard test method for oxidation stability of distillate fuel oil (accelerated
method);
ASTM D 4052-96(2002)e1 Standard test method for density and relative density of liquids by digital
density meter;
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PCTTS 569: 20XX
ASTM D 4057-95(2000) Standard practice for manual sampling of petroleum and petroleum products;
ASTM D 4177-95 Standard practice for automatic sampling of petroleum and petroleum products;
ASTM D 4294-03 Standard test method for sulfur in petroleum products by energy-dispersive x-ray
fluorescence spectrometry;
ASTM D 4530-03 Standard test method for determination of carbon residue (micro method);
ASTM D 4737-04 Standard test method for calculated cetane index by four-variable equation;
ASTM D 5186-03 Standard test method for determination of the aromatic content and polynuclear
aromatic content of diesel fuels and aviation turbine fuels by supercritical fluid chromatography;
ASTM D 5950-02 Standard test method for pour point of petroleum products (automatic tilt method).
2.2 Institute of Petroleum
IP 391- 01, Determination of aromatic hydrocarbon types in middle distillates- high performance liquid
chromatography method with refractive index detection.
3
Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this National Standard the following terms and definitions shall apply:
3.1 additive means a chemical substance added to diesel fuel usually in small quantities, to impart
desirable properties to, or to prevent deterioration of the diesel fuel;
3.2 aromatics mean hydrocarbon compounds containing one or more ‘benzene-like’ ring
structures;
3.3 automotive diesel fuel means a middle distillate fuel formulated for use in vehicular
compression ignition engines;
3.4
cetane number means an indicator of the ignition quality of a fuel measured by an engine test;
3.5 cetane index means an estimation of the cetane number of a fuel that is calculated using
correlations of physical properties;
3.6 compression ignition engine means an automotive engine in which the fuel is ignited by the
heat of highly compressed air;
NOTE
In compression ignition engines, ignition occurs spontaneously when the diesel fuel is sprayed into
the hot air. In some cases, ignition is also induced by the presence of a glow plug.
3.7 flash point means the lowest test temperature at which a fuel sample produces a vapour-air
mixture that ignites on exposure to an open test flame.
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PCTTS 569: 20XX
4
Requirements
4.1
General composition
Automotive diesel fuel shall:
a)
consist of hydrocarbons;
b)
be visually free of undissolved water, sediment and suspended matter; and
c)
not contain any inorganic acids.
NOTE
4.2
Diesel fuel may contain additives.
Properties
Automotive diesel fuel shall conform to the requirements specified in Table 1.
5
5.1
Sampling
Samples from dispensing pumps
Representative samples of automotive diesel fuel from dispensing pumps shall be collected in
accordance with annex A.
5.2
Samples from other sources
Sampling from sources other than dispensing pumps shall be carried out in accordance with ASTM D
4057 or ASTM D 4177 where appropriate.
6
Test methods
Tests to determine compliance with the requirements given in clause 4.2 shall be carried out in
accordance with the method(s) specified for each property presented in Table 1.
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PCTTS 569: 20XX
Table 1 — Diesel fuel requirements for different time periods
Property
Unit
Limit from
January 2007
Min
Flash point
oC
Limit from
January 2008
Max
Min
60
Max
60
Limit from
January 2010
Min
Test method
Max
60
ASTM D 93-02
Water
volume
%
0.05
0.05
0.05
ASTM D 9599e1
Sediment
mass %
0.01
0.01
0.01
ASTM D 47302
Cetane number
48.0
49.0
51.0
ASTM D 61303
Cetane index
45.0
46.0
46.0
ASTM D 473704
Distillation
temperature (90%
volume recovered)
o
C
282
357
282
357
282
357
ASTM D 8604b
Pour point
oC
10
10
10
ASTM D 97-04
or ASTM D
5950-02
Carbon residue
mass %
0.05
0.05
0.05
ASTM D 453003
Sulphur content
mass %
0.15
0.10
0.05
ASTM D 429403
Ash
mass %
0.01
0.01
0.01
ASTM D 48203
1
1
1
ASTM D 13004
5.0
ASTM D 44504e1
2.5
ASTM D 227403a
865
ASTM D 129899e2 or ASTM
D 405296(2002)e1
10
ASTM D 518603
Copper strip
corrosion resistancea
(3h at 50 o C)
Kinematic viscosity
at 40 o C
cSt
Oxidation stability
mg/100
ml
Density at 15 o C
Polycyclicaromatics
Kg/m3
volume
%
1.9
5.0
1.9
2.5
820
5.0
1.9
2.5
865
820
14
865
11
820
IP 391-01
a
The corrosive effects of automotive diesel are classified by the use of the Copper Strip Method. Classification 1 signifies
least corrosion.
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PCTTS 569: 20XX
Annex A
(normative)
Sampling of automotive diesel fuel
A.1
Scope
This annex sets out procedures for obtaining a representative sample of automotive diesel fuel for
analysis from a dispensing pump.
A.2
Apparatus
The apparatus for obtaining a representative sample from a dispensing pump shall include the
following items:
a)
a stock of cans to be used for the sole purpose of obtaining samples of diesel fuel. The cans
shall be of 1l and 5l capacity and shall comply with the requirements of ASTM D 4057-95. Each
can shall have a fuel-resistant sealing washer positioned in its cap; and
NOTE
Other suitable sample containers may be used. These containers must also meet the requirements
specified in ASTM D 4057-95.
b)
a clean dry metal funnel.
NOTE
A metal funnel has been specified because some plastic funnels are prone to static charge
generation.
A.3
Procedure
Where practical, it shall be ensured that the sampling procedure is not carried out in direct sunlight.
The following procedure shall be observed:
a)
before use, all cans shall be checked to ensure that each is sound and does not allow leakage.
Also, each can shall be thoroughly rinsed with a small quantity of diesel fuel from the stock to be
sampled and checked to ensure that it is cool;
b)
using the clean, dry, metal funnel, carefully draw 5l of diesel fuel into cans from the dispensing
pump. Where it is desirable to have more than a 5l sample, the operation shall be repeated
immediately and before the pump has been used again for any other purpose; and
c)
immediately after drawing the diesel fuel from the pump, using the funnel, decant the 5l of sample
or samples into the requisite number of 1l cans, ensuring that the cans are filled to approximately
25 mm from the brim. Tighten the screw caps fully and check to ensure that there are no leaks.
NOTE
Although two 1l cans of sample are sufficient for the determination of cetane number and certain
other tests, it is advisable to collect and retain extra stock of the diesel fuel being sampled to cater for repeated
testing.
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PCTTS 569: 20XX
A.4
Sample Storage
Except when being transferred, samples shall be maintained in a closed container in order to prevent
loss of light components. Samples shall be protected during storage to prevent degradation from light,
heat or other detrimental conditions.
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PCTTS 569: 20XX
Annex B
(informative)
Explanatory notes on the properties of automotive diesel fuel
B.1
Scope
This annex provides a general explanation of the significance of the properties of automotive diesel
fuel.
B.2
Aromatics
Aromatic hydrocarbons in comparison to other types of hydrocarbons are more dense, have poorer
self-ignition qualities and produce more soot on combustion. A typically straight run diesel fuel may
contain 20% - 40% aromatics by volume in comparison to a diesel fuel blended from catalytically
cracked stocks which may contain between 40% and 60% aromatics. The latter in comparison has
significantly lower cetane number values, and results in more difficulty in cold-starting, increased
combustion noise, and emissions of hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides. Efforts to reduce diesel
emissions have resulted in the regulation of aromatic hydrocarbon content.
B.3
Ash
Ash-forming materials in diesel fuel may be present in two forms (i) suspended solids (ii) soluble
metallic soaps. The suspended solids contribute to wear of various engine components and also to
engine deposits. The metallic soaps have little effect on engine wear but may contribute to engine
deposits.
B.4
Carbon residue
Carbon residue is a measure of the carbon/coke-forming tendencies of a diesel fuel when heated
under prescribed conditions. It cannot be directly related to the formation of deposits in engine
components; it is considered to be an indication of this tendency.
B.5
Cetane index
The cetane index is an estimation of cetane number of a fuel which is often used for routine
monitoring. The index value is computed from correlations of the diesel fuel’s physical properties. It
may be used for estimating cetane number when:
a)
a cetane test engine is not available;
b)
the quantity of sample is insufficient for a test engine determination; or
c)
a quick check on the quality of fuel during production is needed.
NOTE
For this purpose it has limited application.
Cetane index may also be specified as a limitation on the amount of high aromatic components in
some fuel types.
B.6
Cetane number
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PCTTS 569: 20XX
Cetane number is a measure of ignition quality of a fuel. Ignition quality describes the readiness of the
fuel to ignite spontaneously under certain conditions of temperature and pressure conditions in the
engine’s combustion chamber.
Increasing cetane number typically requires lowering the aromatic content of the fuel, unless it is
increased by the use of additives. It also increases engine efficiency up to a certain level and reduces
the emission of polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulates
in some cases.
B.7
Copper strip corrosion
This test is a measure of possible corrosiveness of the diesel fuel to copper, brass or bronze parts of
the fuel distribution and storage network, and the engine fuel system.
B.8
Distillation
Distillation tests reflect the volatility of the fuel. Volatility requirements vary with engine design, size,
speed, load variations, starting and atmospheric conditions. Generally, there must be some trade off
made between the better performance of high volatility fuels with respect to rapidly fluctuating loads
and speeds, particularly in relation to emissions, and the better fuel economy of the heavier types of
fuel.
B.9
Flash point
Flash point is the temperature at which the fuel produces a vapour-air mixture that ignites on
exposure to a test flame. This measurement is specified as a safety precaution against hazards under
normal use, storage and handling. It is an indication of the flammability of the diesel fuel.
B.10 Kinematic viscosity
The actual injection timing of an engine depends on fuel viscosity (among other properties).
Optimization of vehicle manufacturer’s pump setting will therefore depend upon the specified range
for fuel viscosity. Values outside this range will affect fuel delivery and other operations under running
conditions.
Low viscosity fuel may cause excessive wear in some injection pumps and power loss due to pump
injector leakage. Combustion may also be impaired and power economy decreased.
High viscosity fuel may cause filter damage or pump drive-line wear because of increased pump
resistance. It can also cause poor atomization and hence poor combustion. This may be
accompanied by loss of power and economy, and the washing away of the lubricating oil film on
cylinder walls which may in turn cause dilution of the crankcase oil and excessive wear. In addition,
there is also a risk of rotary fuel injection pump seizure at start up under cold conditions.
B.11 Oxidation stability
The ability of the fuel to retain its pertinent properties between manufacture and use is an important
quality requirement. Oxidation stability is one of the measures of diesel fuel stability.
Air and water in contact with diesel fuel may cause oxidation, particularly if the fuel contains
hydrotreated cracked products which are relatively unstable. High temperatures may also accelerate
the oxidation process. Accordingly, prolonged storage of fuel in such environments can result in
oxidation which is accompanied by the formation of gums and sediment. These may cause filter
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PCTTS 569: 20XX
plugging, combustion chamber deposit formation, and gumming or lacquering of injection system
components with resultant sticking and wear.
B.12 Sediment content
Generally sediment in fuel consists of carbonaceous material, metal or other inorganic material. It may
consist of rust and metal particles from fuel tanks and lines or dirt entering from the atmosphere or
poor house-keeping practices. Instability and resultant degradation of fuel in contact with air
contribute to the formation of organic sediment, particularly during storage and handling at elevated
temperatures. Sediment can cause premature blocking of filters, deposits, and wear in both the
injection system and the engine itself.
B.13 Sulphur content
Sulphur content of fuels affects vehicular emissions and engine wear. It also contributes to engine
deposits. Engine wear is a result of both the corrosive nature of the combustion by-products of
sulphur containing compounds present in the fuel, and the ‘active’ sulphur which tends to attack and
corrode injection system components. A reduction in the sulphur content of diesel fuel, results both in
a decrease of sulphur oxides and particulates in exhaust emissions and engine wear. However if the
sulphur content is reduced below a certain level and lubricating additives are not added to the fuel,
engine wear may increase since the inherent lubricating properties of some of the naturally occurring
sulphur compounds is lost.
B.14 Water content
Water in fuel may cause corrosion of the injection system components and may promote fungal and
bacterial growth which can cause filter blocking. Water generally impairs the desirable bright and clear
appearance of the fuel.
10