Global Interactions Vocabulary
Name:
General Terms Review
1. Cultural Values: how men and women are expected to act in a given
society. For example: While relatively equal to men, women in the
Byzantine Empire were supposed cover their heads in public. While
Indian and Chinese cultures were Paternalistic.
2. Paleolithic Era- humans are hunters and gatherers.
3. Neolithic Era - begins around 10,000 BCE/BC. Humans develop
farming and animal domestication, leading to a stable food supply.
Permanent settlements are established, job specialization occurs
leading to advancements such as writing systems
4. Crusades: LTI: of this event was an increase in trade and the growth
of cities and towns in Western Europe. Holy war between Muslims and
Christians for control of the ‘Holy Land’. A military failure for the
Christians, it leads to the Commercial Revolution.
5. Commercial Revolution: The time period in Europe following the
Crusades which saw an increase in trade and the development of
financial institutions (banks). Investment capital ($) would lead to the
Age of Exploration.
6. Age of Exploration - (late 1400’s - early 1500’s) European desire for
new, alternate trade routes to Asia.
THE MONGOLS:
7. The Mongols - Nomadic warriors from Central Asia who
conquered: China, Russia, the Middle East (Iran) and
India. With the use of the stirrup, they became skilled
horsemen.
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Pax Mongolia - Also known as the “Mongol Peace.” A time when
global trade expanded due to the political stability provided
by Mongol rulers (Helped keep the Silk Road safe); Golden
Age
Genghis Khan – Ruler of the Mongols who united all clans into one
government; (He built an empire that spans from Korea to
Eastern Europe)
Yuan Dynasty - (1260 CE -1360 CE) Mongol Empire that conquered
China; The empire spanned from China to Eastern Europe;
(Mongol Dynasty in China)
Kublai Khan - Mongol emperor of China who established the Yuan
Dynasty
Marco Polo – Italian merchant who acts as an ambassador in China,
works with Kublai Khan and promotes Chinese culture to
Europe. His writings will inspire other Europeans to travel
to Asia and this will spur trade.
Mughal Dynasty – Mongol Dynasty in India (Muslim)
THE MING DYNASTY
14. Ming Dynasty – Dynasty that conquered China after the Yuan
(Mongol) Dynasty and then had a brief period of exploration
which brought them economic and cultural growth and
influence among other Asia nations.
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Zheng He - Ming naval explorer who sailed along the coast of South
East Asia, Japan, India, the Arabian Peninsula and half way
down the east coast of Africa promoting Chinese culture and
setting up Chinese tributary states
Civil Service Exams – Exams Chinese based on Confucianism that
Chinese government officials must pass in order to work for
the government.
KOREA:
17. Peninsula – Land that is surrounded by water on three sides (Ex:
Korea, Italy)
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Cultural bridge – Apiece of land that passes cultural ideas from
one area to another. (Ex: Korea has served as a cultural
bridge to both China and Japan)
Cultural Diffusion - The blending or exchange of ideas, goods or
technology from one area to another.
Celadon – A form of porcelain with a blue-green glaze. (Korean
Porcelain)
JAPAN:
21. Archipelago – A chain of islands (Ex: Japan, Hawaii)
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Shintoism - A uniquely Japanese form of Animism. Stresses
harmony with nature.
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Feudalism – A political system where land is exchanged for loyalty,
protection and services (land = wealth = power)
Shogunate – A government established by a shogun’s family and
followers in feudal Japan
Tokugawa Shogunate - (1603-1867) Political rulers of Japan that
combined a centralized government with a system of
feudalism.
Shogun –
The political leader of feudal Japan (Military Leader)
DaimyoVassals)
A powerful local noble in feudal Japan (Lords and
Samurai- A class of landowning warriors in feudal Japan who
pledged loyalty to the daimyo (Similar to Knights)
Bushido - A code of conduct for Samurai during Japanese
feudalism; similar to the code of Chivalry in Europe. (It does
not protect women)
Zen Buddhism- A form of Buddhism that values peace, simple
living, nature and beauty and is predominately practiced in
Japan; Zen Garden)
GLOBAL TRADE:
31. Ibn Battuta – Muslim Scholar from Morocco who wrote about his
travels to Mecca, Asia Minor (Turkey), Persia, India,
Indonesia and China. (Promotes Trade)
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Trade Fairs – Fairs that took place in towns where trade routes met,
often on navigable rivers. These fairs contributed to the rise
of European towns and cities.
Hanseatic League – Group of merchants who monopolized trade in
the Baltic and North Seas.
Epidemic – An outbreak that spreads quickly and kills a large number
of people
Bubonic Plague Also known as the Black Plague or Black DeathAn infectious disease that spread due to the increase in
trade in Afro-Eurasia. Characterized by fever, chills, and
the formation of swellings.; Kills approximately 25%-50%
of the European population.
THE RENAISSANCE:
36. Renaissance - Due to the dominance of key trade routes in the
Mediterranean region, A Golden Age in Italy spread to
Europe following the Crusades; The “rebirth” of cultural and
intellectual achievements in Europe after the Middle Ages
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Humanism - Renaissance movement based on the literature and ideas
of Ancient Greece and Rome that stressed then importance
of life on Earth, and improving the quality of human life.
Leonardo Di Vinci – An Italian painter, engineer, and inventor.
Famous works include paintings Mona Lisa and The Last
Supper. Also left a variety of sketches showing flying
machines, underwater boats and weapons
39.
Michelangelo – An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and
architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of
the Sistine Chapel, and the sculptures of David and La Pieta.
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Niccolo Machiavelli – An Italian political philosopher of the
Renaissance who wrote The Prince, a book of political
advice to rulers in which he defends a rulers right to
establish and maintain power (“.. the ends justify the
means.”
THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION
41. Protestant Reformation – Turning point in history began when
Martin Luther nailed the 95 Thesis to the church door in
Wittenberg Germany, in 1517 that protested the Catholic
Church and its reforms sprung new Christian denominations
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95 Thesis - Document written by Martin Luther detailing what he
believed to be the problems in the Catholic Church, the
biggest being the sale of indulgences
Indulgences - Certificates sold by the Catholic Church that theoretically - forgave people’s sins
Martin Luther – German Monk who posted the 95 Thesis and started
the Protestant Reformation
Justification by Faith - Martin Luther’s belief that a person can
achieve salvation by having faith in God
46.
John Calvin – Protestant reformer who believed in predestination
(God has already decided who will be “saved” and who
will not), established a Christian reform group in Geneva,
Switzerland
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Predestination – John Calvin’s theory that God determines the fate of
every person; Salvation has been predetermined at birth
by God
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Henry VIII - English monarch and Protestant reformer who broke
away from the Catholic Church and declared himself the
head of the Church of England
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Counter Reformation (Catholic Reformation) - A movement
initiated by the Catholic Church to stop the Protestant
Reformation; Salvation through faith and good deeds, Latin
as official church language, forbid selling indulgences,
proclaim the Pope as the leader of all Christians.
The Inquisition – Catholic Church court that sought out heresy (ideas
that go against the church’s beliefs)\
Jesuits - Society of Jesus or the Order of the Jesuits worked to combat
the Protestant Reformation by providing strong Catholic
leadership to monarchs across Europe.
Enlightenment - The theory that improvement in society can be
achieved through the use of science and reason. This
social movement could only come about due to the decline
of power of the Catholic Church following the Protestant
Reformation.
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the Scientific Revolution - Observation and experimentation were
key components to this European philosophy that resulted
from the Enlightenment.