Meizoso Biology MIDTERM Review QUESTION WITH ANSWERS
NAME_______________________________________________________
Goal 1: Learner will develop abilities necessary to do and understand scientific inquiry.
1.01 Identify biological problems and questions that can be answered through scientific
investigations. KNOW your scentisits.
1.02 Design and conduct scientific investigations to answer biological questions (create testable
hypotheses, identify variables, use a control or comparison group when appropriate, select
and use appropriate measurement tools, collect and record data, organize data into charts and
graphs, analyze and interpret data, communicate findings).
What is the independent variable? The dependent variable?
Temperature
Breathing rate
What is the best type of graph for this data? Why?
Line (each point has two numbers)
What happens to breathing rate with increase in Temp?
Breathing rate increases
What would be a good control for this experiment?
Measure breathing rate of fish in regular environment
How do you think the breathing rate was measured?
Counting movements of gill cover or mouth openings
What do you think would happen if you raised the
temperature even more?
Fish might die at some point – living systems cannot handle too much increase in T.
Why would it be a bad idea to do this?
Death of fish
Goal 2: develop an understanding of the physical, chemical and cellular basis of life.
2.01 Compare and contrast the structure and functions of the following organic
molecules:
Macromolecules
Function
Subunits
Carbohydrates
Quick energy; plant cell walls
Monosaccharides
such as glucose
Proteins
Serve as enzymes, antibodies, plasma membrane
Amino acids
inclusions; carrier molecules (hemoglobin); structural
Lipids
Long term energy storage, insulation, plasma membranes
Glycerol and 3 fatty
acids
Nucleotides (sugar,
Nucleic Acids
Carry instructions for making proteins; also carry those
phosphate, Nit. base)
instructions to the ribosomes
Specific Molecule
Starch
carbohydrate
Cellulose
carbohydrate
Insulin
protein
Glycogen
carbohydrate
Glucose
carbohydrate
Enzymes
Function
Plants store glucose as starch – source of energy
Subunits
glucose
Form the cell walls of plants
glucose
Used to help store glucose in liver as glycogen
Amino acids
Animals store glucose as glycogen – source of energy
Glucose
Simple sugar used in cellular respiration (aerobic and
anaerobic); energy is released
Catalysts for chemical reactions (both synthesis and
Amino acids
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Meizoso Biology MIDTERM Review QUESTION WITH ANSWERS
protein
decomposition)
Hemoglobin
Oxygen carrier molecule found in the blood
protein
Fats
Used for long term energy storage and insulation – as well
lipids
as forming cell membranes
DNA
Found in nucleus – carries instructions for making
Nucleic acid
proteins
RNA
Form the ribosomes, forms mRNA to carry genetic info to
Nucleic acid
ribosome, forms tRNA which carry amino acids to ribo.
Describe the following nutrient tests:
Amino acids
Glycogen and fatty
acids
nucleotides
nucleotides
Nutrient
Starch
Type of Test
For presence of starch
Negative Test
Stays brownish gold
Positive Test
Turns blue black
Lipids
Brown paper bag
No greasy mark
Has a greasy mark
Monosaccharides
Benedict’s Test
Stays turquoise blue
Protein
Biuret’s test
Turns brick red
(orange)
Turns pinkish violet
Stays deep purplish
blue
Explain the importance of shape to enzyme function. Enzymes function by lock and key – each enzyme
has to fit the molecules that it joins together or breaks apart; if it does not fit, it cannot function.
Explain what determines the shape of an enzyme.
The order of the amino acids determines the secondary and tertiary levels of structure.
Explain why enzymes are specific. The specific substrate of an enzyme has the same shape as the active
site on the enzyme. The substrate and enzyme fit together like a lock and key.
2.02 Investigate and describe the structure and function of cells including cell organelles, cell
specialization, and communication among cells within an organism.
Fill in this chart. Also give the letter or number of the part as seen in the diagrams below.
Cell Part and Letter Structure Description
Function
Nucleus
Porous nuclear envelope; contains
Carries code for what proteins to
A, 6
chromosomes (DNA) and nucleolus
make (inherited information)
Plasma Membrane
Phospholipid bilayer with embedded
Regulates what leaves and enters
K, near 11
proteins, etc.
cell
Cell wall
Composed of cellulose; surrounds
Gives structure to plant cells
PLANTS only J
plasma membrane
Mitochondria
Two membrane layers; inner membrane Where parts of aerobic cellular
L, 1
folded to incr. surface area
respiration takes place
Vacuoles G, 3
Membrane bound sacs
Sacs -hold food or water; in animals,
Large in PLANTS
small vesicles hold materials
Chloroplasts I
Structures containing stroma and grana
Site of photosynthesis
PLANTS only
Ribosomes
Small beads of RNA found on ER or in
Site of protein synthesis (“read” the
F, 13
cytoplasm
code found on mRNA)
Which cell is the plant cell (left or right)? (LEFT)
Which structures are found only in the plant cell? Chloroplast, cell wall, large central water vacuole
Which structures are found only in the animal cell? Centriole (#2)
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Meizoso Biology MIDTERM Review QUESTION WITH ANSWERS
Know all the parts of the Microscope:
Put the following steps for making a wet mount slide in order.
A. Once the object is located, without moving the adjustment, change to medium power
B. Put the tissue on the slide
C. Switch to high power and bring the object into clear focus again.
D. Add a coverslip
E. Place the slide on the stage of the microscope
F. Add a drop of water
G. Try to locate the object using low power and coarse adjustment
H. Use fine adjustment to bring the object into clear focus.
1) ___B__ 2) __F___ 3) __D ___ 4) _ E ____ 5) __G___ 6) __A___ 7) __H___ 8) _C____
How do you determine total magnification of a microscope? (Assume the eyepiece magnifies 10 x and
the objective magnifies 40 x) 10 times 40 = 400x
Draw how the letter “e” would look as view through a microscope? Upside down and reversed left to
right
Put the following in order from smallest to largest:
Organ systems
__cells_____
Cells
_tissues___
Organs
_organs____
Tissues
___organ systems__
Explain what has happened in the diagram to
the left. Water passed to right; starch could
not move through membrane – too large.
Why did the large dark molecules NOT
move to the left? Too large for membrane
pores
How is the semipermeable membrane like a
cell membrane? Cell membranes have pores
that selectively move materials in and out.
If the dark molecule is starch, where is the
starch concentration greatest (left or right)?
If the white molecule is water, where is the water concentration greatest at first? On left
In osmosis, water moves from an area of __high________ to an area of ______low___ concentration.
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Meizoso Biology MIDTERM Review QUESTION WITH ANSWERS
If the dark molecules could move, in what direction would they move? From right to left Why? High
concentration is on right; low is on left and molecules move from high to low concentration.
In diffusion, molecules move from an area of ___high_____ to an area of __low______ concentration.
What is osmotic pressure? The difference between concentrations of molecules on each side of
membrane – greater the difference, the greater the osmotic pressure.
Draw arrows to show which way water will move in each of the following situations:
a. Salt inside the cell = 65% and outside the cell 40%.
----------------------------------------- (water moves into cell)
b. Sugar inside the cell 27% and outside 80%. --------------------(water moves out of cell)
What is homeostasis?
Regulation of internal environment; maintenance of balance and stability
How do cells maintain homeostasis: Consider pH, temperature, blood glucose, water balance
(negative feedback of hormone systems maintains homeostasis); insulin and glucagon work together to
maintain blood sugar; osmosis regulates water; temperature regulation through sweating,
shivering, blood vessels opening wide and becoming smaller; pH through buffers and H ions.
Comparison of active and passive transport
Requires energy?
Low to high concentration or
high to low concentration?
Examples
PASSIVE TRANPORT
NO
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
YES
High to Low
with concentration gradient
Osmosis of water; movement of
glucose
Low to High
against concentration gradient
Neurons – sodium/potassium
pumps or iodine in thyroid
Energy
Use the following diagram to show where energy is released and where energy is used. Also use arrows
on the lines attached to the circles to indicate the direction of the energy.
What cellular process produces ATP?
Cellular respiration
What is ATP energy used for? Give examples.
To provide energy for all cell processes that require energy – active
transport for example.
2.05 Investigate and analyze the bioenergetic reactions: aerobic respiration, anaerobic
respiration, and photosynthesis.
Label the following molecules in these equations (water, glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide, ethyl alcohol)
A) water + carbon dioxide = glucose + oxygen gas (Photosynthesis)
B) glucose + oxygen gas = carbon dioxide + water ( Aerobic Cellular Respiration)
C) glucose = ethyl alcohol + carbon dioxide (Fermentation; anaerobic cellular respiration)
A)
B)
C)
Which of the above reactions is photosynthesis? A
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Meizoso Biology MIDTERM Review QUESTION WITH ANSWERS
Which of the above reactions is fermentation (anaerobic cellular respiration)? C
Which of the above reactions is cellular respiration (aerobic)? B
Which reaction(s) requires or stores energy? A
Which reaction(s) release energy (ATP)? B and C
Which reaction releases the most energy? B
Why? Oxygen allows complete breakdown of glucose
Which reaction requires chlorophyll? A
What is the purpose of the chlorophyll? Trap sun’s energy
Which reaction requires light? A
What is the light used for? Provides radiant energy which is
stored as chemical energy in glucose
Which organisms carry out process A? plants and algae (photosynthetic protists)
Which organisms carry out process B? all organisms except anaerobes
Which organisms carry out process C? anaerobes (bacteria) and yeast
Which process uses chloroplasts in eukaryotes? Photosynthesis
Which process uses mitochondria in eukaryotes? Aerobic Cellular Respiration
What factors could speed up (or slow down) process A? amount of light, water, carbon dioxide;
temperature; pH
What factors could speed up (or slow down) process B? amount of glucose; amount of oxygen;
temperature; pH
What factors could speed up (or slow down) process C? amount of glucose; temperature; pH
2.04 Investigate and describe the structure and function of enzymes and explain their importance
in biological systems.
What is the function of enzymes in biological systems? Why are they necessary for all biochemical
reactions? To speed up the combining or break down of substances; the reactions would be too slow to be
compatible with life.
Explain why enzymes can be reused over and over again.
Not changed by the reactions that they catalyze.
Why is there only one kind of enzyme for each biochemical reaction?
Enzymes function by shape (lock and key) so there is just one enzyme for each type of reaction.
How do extreme pH and extreme temperature affect enzymes?
Extremes in pH or temperature can alter the secondary and tertiary bonds of a protein; altered shape
means altered function. The enzyme is denatured.
Explain the lock-and-key model of enzymes and substrates. The substrate fits the enzyme like a lock fits
a key; there is an active site where the substrate fits into the enzyme.
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