Biology 112 – Introduction to Ecology
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1. Environmental Science and Sustainability
1. As the 21st century began, the global human population reached _____ billion.
a) 3
b) 5
c) 7
d) 9
e) 11
2. The interdisciplinary study of humanity’s relationship with other organisms and the non-living
physical environment is termed:
a) ecology.
b) sociology.
c) political science.
d) risk analysis.
e) environmental science.
3. Highly developed countries are characterized by:
a) high rates of population growth
b) high per capita incomes
c) simple agricultural bases
d) 50% of the world’s population
e) Thailand, Mexico and South Africa
4. The ability to meet humanity’s current needs without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their needs is termed:
a) ecology.
b) environmental sustainability.
c) natural balance.
d) synergism.
e) environmental science.
5. Examples of non-sustainable human activities or behaviors include:
a) recycling.
b) attempts to limit human population growth.
c) using technology to improve car mileage.
d) use of nonrenewable resources as if they were present in unlimited quantities.
e) conservation practices.
6. What activity/activities contribute(s) to making the human species the most significant agent of
environmental change on Earth?
a) continued population growth
b) consuming non-renewable resources
c) eradicating unique species
d) ignoring the environment
e) All of the above.
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116099747
Biology 112 – Introduction to Ecology
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7. Non-renewable resource IS TO renewable resource AS;
a) living is to non-living
b) limited supply is to sustainable supply
c) tree is to coal
d) wind energy is to fossil fuel energy
e) conservation is to overexploitation
8. Which of the following represents an idea associated with environmental sustainability?
a) The capacity of the environment to absorb toxins is unlimited.
b) The human population continues to grow.
c) We are using fossil fuels as if they were present in unlimited supply.
d) The Earth's resources are not present in infinite supply
e) None of the above
3. Ecosystems and Energy
9. Which of the following is an abiotic factor of the environment?
a) living spaces
b) disease organisms
c) photosynthesis
d) producers
e) detritivores
10. A species is defined as:
a) organisms that live together.
b) organisms that live in the same area at the same time.
c) a group of similar organisms whose members freely interbreed with one another.
d) all of the organisms that live together in an area, plus the physical environment that they live in.
e) all organisms at a given trophic level within a particular community.
11. Which of the following series is organized according to the levels of organization used by
ecologists?
a)
population -> ecosystem -> community
b) species -> community -> abiotic factors
c) species -> ecosystem -> population
d) population -> community -> biotic factors
e) population -> community -> ecosystem
12. An ecosystem can be characterized as:
a) populations + community.
b) all species, population, and community interactions for organisms in a given area.
c) the abiotic components of the environment.
d) all of the biological interactions, plus interactions with the abiotic environment, in a given area.
e) interactions between physical processes and the abiotic environment.
13. All of the following are components of the hydrosphere except:
a) sea ice.
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Biology 112 – Introduction to Ecology
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b) tropical rainstorms.
c) soil.
d) hail.
e) rivers.
14. The crust of our planet that is made of rock and soil is what layer?
a) hydrosphere.
b) ecosphere.
c) biosphere.
d) lithosphere.
e) atmosphere.
15. A wolf is an example of:
a) a tertiary consumer.
b) an autotroph.
c) a saprotroph.
d) a herbivore.
e) an omnivore.
16. In a pyramid of biomass, the tropic level of which organism would have the LEAST BIOMASS?
Grass, is eaten by grasshoppers, which are eaten by toads, which are eaten by snakes
a) grass
b) grasshoppers
c) toads
d) snakes
e) none of these, all tropic levels would be of equal biomass
17. Which term encompasses the other four?
a) community
b) population
c) species
d) biosphere
e) ecosystem
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Biology 112 – Introduction to Ecology
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Refer to the food web above:
18. Which statement best portrays the deer?
a) consumers that eat producers are primary consumers or herbivores
b) secondary consumers eat primary consumers
c) both secondary and tertiary consumers are carnivores
d) tertiary consumers are also called heterotrophs
e) primary consumers are detritus feeders
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Biology 112 – Introduction to Ecology
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4. Ecosystems and Living Organisms
19. The common way that a species is defined is that a members of a species includes all organisms
that are similar enough to
a) fill the same niche
b) occupy the same community
c) live together
d) freely interbreed in the wild
e) be classified in the same kingdom
20. The relationship between a tick and a dog is an example of:
a) parasitism.
b) mutualism.
c) commensalism.
d) an epiphytic organism and its host.
e) predation.
21. The shape of the bill on the bird in the figure below is most likely the result of:
a) coevolution.
b) intraspecific competition.
c) parasitism.
d) natural selection.
e) a and d
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Biology 112 – Introduction to Ecology
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22. The associated figure provides support for which of the following processes?
a) secondary succession
b) competitive exclusion
c) coevolution
d) mutualism
e) resource partitioning
Number of bird species
23. Based on the figure below, as the structural complexity of the vegetation decreases, species
richness:
Structural complexity of vegetation
a) increases.
b) decreases.
c) remains relatively stable.
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Biology 112 – Introduction to Ecology
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d) exponentially oscillates.
e) displays geometric growth.
24. The reason(s) that tropical regions of the world have such high biodiversity is:
a) because they are geologically stable.
b) because they have a high productivity.
c) because there are many ecological niches.
d) All of the above
e) None of the above
Consider species A and B within an ecological community. These species might interact in various ways
that represent gains, losses, or no effect to the two species. In the cells below, identify the terms that
describe the types of interactions that might be occurring between species A and B in the community.
MATCHING / Classification: Match the CHOICE of terms with the relationship indicated in the table below.
Fill in the table with the appropriate term. Place the code from the box that is appropriate FOR each term
listed.
CHOICE
TERM
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
Commensalism
Competitive Exclusion
Competitive Limited Resources
Mutualism
Predation
Resource partitioning
CLASSIFICATION OF RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SPECIES
Species B
For Species A
For Species A
For Species A
Positive for A
Neutral for A
Negative for A
And Positive for B
And Neutral for B
And Negative for B
5. Ecosystems and the Physical Environment
31. Which of the following is not one of the biogeochemical cycles considered of particular importance for
organisms?
a) carbon
b) hydrogen
c) nitrogen
d) phosphorus
e) water
32. In the carbon cycle, carbon can be found in:
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Biology 112 – Introduction to Ecology
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a) limestone, animals, and plants.
b) oil, bicarbonate, and sugar.
c) carbon dioxide and coal.
d) the atmosphere.
e) All of the above
33. Approximately what percentage of the atmosphere is CO2?
a) 0.001%
b) 0.037%
c) 10%
d) 30%
e) 75%
34. Which of the following is not a source of carbon for the carbon cycle?
a) shells of marine organisms
b) oil
c) decomposers
d) fertilizer
e) the atmosphere
35. The nitrogen cycle is one of the most important and complex of the biogeochemical cycles. It is
important because nitrogen:
a) is a greenhouse gas
b) is an essential part of biological molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids (DNA)
c) is the most toxic element to living organisms
d) dilutes the oxygen in the atmosphere causing respiratory problems
e) is a crucial part of the process of photosynthesis
36. Solar radiation:
a) powers the hydrologic and other biogeochemical cycles.
b) is essential for photosynthesis.
c) is the product of a massive nuclear fusion reaction.
d) is captured by plants and may eventually become the energy available from fossil fuels.
e) All of the above
37. The Earth's atmosphere is important because:
a) it is primarily composed of oxygen, essential for our survival.
b) it is composed of approximately twenty different layers.
c) it protects us from UV radiation and X-rays.
d) it is a stable and unchanging part of our global environment.
e) the most dense outer layer shields the Earth's surface from dangerous forms of energy.
38. The phenomenon in which high levels of carbon dioxide cause global warming is known as:
a) the Gaia theory.
b) acid deposition.
c) the greenhouse effect.
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Biology 112 – Introduction to Ecology
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d) global distillation.
e) the El Niño—Southern Oscillation.
39. Complex horizontal movements of the atmosphere are commonly known as:
a) gyres.
b) wind.
c) climate.
d) The Coriolis effect.
e) upwelling.
40. The Coriolis effect is due to:
a) variations in the amount of solar radiation reaching different locations.
b) seasonal changes in the levels of solar radiation at a given location.
c) The density of the oceans.
d) the Earth's orbit.
e) the Earth's rotation.
41. Which of the following accurately represents a carbon source and the process that releases carbon
from that source?
a) fossil fuels, respiration
b) animals, photosynthesis
c) plants, cellular respiration
d) bicarbonate, combustion
e) limestone, combustion
42. El Niño and La Niña are similar in that both events
a) originate in the Atlantic Ocean
b) affect weather patterns
c) are predictable every year
d) cause global cooling
e) are associated with Christmas
Chapter 6 Major Ecosystems of the World
43. Which of the following is characteristic of desert animals?
a) They tend to be quite large in size.
b) They remain inactive during the driest months of the year.
c) They are active throughout the day and night.
d) Rodents are the only group of mammals represented in this biome.
e) Amphibians and reptiles are absent.
44. Chaparral biomes occur:
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Biology 112 – Introduction to Ecology
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a) only in the immediate area surrounding the Mediterranean Sea.
b) in regions with low levels of annual precipitation.
c) in areas with very fertile soil and a deep topsoil layer.
d) in areas where fires are almost nonexistent.
e) in regions around the globe with mild, wet winters, followed by hot, dry summers.
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Biology 112 – Introduction to Ecology
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45. Which of the following organizational hierarchies is correct?
a) ecosystem  population  community  biome
b) biome  community  population  ecosystem
c) community  population  ecosystem  biome
d) population  community  ecosystem  biome
e) ecosystem  biome  community  population
46. A relatively distinct terrestrial region characterized by similar environmental factors regardless of
where it occurs in the world is called a/an:
a) biome.
b) community.
c) ecosystem.
d) habitat.
e) population.
47. The biome most suitable for the development of farmland is :
a) taiga.
b) tropical rain forest
c) temperate grassland.
d) chaparral.
e) tundra.
48. Hot summers and cold winters, topsoil rich in organic material, annual precipitation of 75 to 125
cm (30-50 in), and many hardwood trees are characteristics of the:
a) temperate deciduous forest.
b) temperate grassland.
c) temperate rain forest.
d) boreal forest.
e) chaparral.
49. The biome with considerable organic material in the soil, annual precipitation of 10-30 inches, and
periodic wildfires to maintain the dominant vegetation is the:
a) temperate deciduous forest.
b) chaparral.
c) temperate grassland.
d) boreal forest.
e) temperate rain forest.
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Biology 112 – Introduction to Ecology
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50. Which of the following biomes has the highest biodiversity?
a) temperate deciduous forest
b) savanna
c) taiga
d) tropical rain forest
e) tropical desert
51. According to the diagram below, chapparal biomes would fall into the area marked by the letter:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
a
b
c
d
e
Cold
Artic
A
Decreasing
Temperature
B
Increasing Latitude
C
Hot
D
WET
E
Decreasing Precipitation
Tropics
DRY
Chapter 7. Human Health and Environmental Toxicology
52. Acute toxicity:
a) is only caused by synthetic chemicals.
b) is poorly understood by toxicologists.
c) may mimic symptoms of chronic diseases.
d) produces an effect within a short period of a single exposure.
e) always results in death.
53. Pollutants that interfere with the normal functioning of hormones are called:
a) radioisotopes.
b) synergists.
c) stimulants.
d) endocrine disrupters.
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Biology 112 – Introduction to Ecology
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e) carcinogens.
54. The three leading causes of death in the United States today are cardiovascular disease, chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease and:
a) pneumonia.
b) cancer.
c) influenza.
d) tuberculosis.
e) diarrhea.
55. In the sub-Saharan African countries life expectancy has been reduced by more than 20 years
due to:
a) malaria.
b) cholera.
c) polio
d) small pox
e) HIV / AIDS
56. Emerging diseases are
a) infectious diseases that were not previously found in humans and typically jump from an
animal host to humans.
b) infectious diseases that existed in the past but for a variety of reasons are increasing in
incidence.
c) infectious diseases that were previously found in humans and typically jump from a human
host to animals.
d) non-infectious diseases that have transformed into infectious diseases.
e) hidden diseases that are finally being detected through technology.
57. A dose that is represented as LD50 is a dose that
a) is administered to 50% of the population.
b) causes 50% of a population to exhibit whatever response is under study.
c) has a threshold response of 50%.
d) kills half of the population of test animals.
e) has an acceptable risk level of 50%.
58. The study of contaminants in the biosphere, including their harmful effects on ecosystems is
termed:
a) Agrobiology.
b) Physiology.
c) Ecotoxicology.
d) Archaeology
e) Cytology
59. A carcinogen is a
a) type of microorganism associated with human sewage.
b) cancer-causing chemical, radiation, or virus.
c) vehicle that requires no gasoline to operate.
d) phytochemical (a protective plant compound that promotes health).
e) computer chip.
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Biology 112 – Introduction to Ecology
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60. Risk:
a) only applies to environmental impact on human health and welfare.
b) is an assessment of the financial cost of environmental impact.
c) is the probability that a given hypothesis will be proven true.
d) is the probability of injury, disease, death, or environmental damage under a given set of
circumstances.
e) does not apply to routine, everyday activities.
61. The factors that account for the differences in health and health care between highly developed
and developing nations include all of the following EXCEPT:
a) access to immunization services for children.
b) adequate nutrition for normal growth and development.
c) sheer number of children in the family.
d) average life expectancy.
e) money available for health care.
62. In the associated figure, the gull has the highest concentration of DDT because it is:
a) a more complex organism.
b) an older organism.
c) at the bottom of the food chain.
d) at the top of the food chain.
e) homoeothermic (warm-blooded).
63. A "dose-response curve" shows:
a) the dose of a given chemical that is lethal to 50% of the population.
b) the dose of a given chemical that causes 50% of a population to exhibit a response.
c) the correct dose to use in the treatment of illness.
d) the dose that will be harmful to the environment.
e) the effect of different doses on a population of test organisms.
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Biology 112 – Introduction to Ecology
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Percent of population
showing response
64. Examine the graph and choose the letter that corresponds to the threshold level
100
D
50
A
B
C
0
Logarithm of dose (mg/kg body mass)
a) Point A on graph
b) Point B on graph
c) Point C on graph
d) Point D on graph
e) None of the above
65. Which of the following statements about children and chemical exposure is true?
a) Children are slightly less susceptible to chemicals than adults.
b) The LD50 values are lower for children than adults.
c) LD50 is determined for particular chemicals, independent of age and other variables.
d) The ED50 for children is no different from that of adults.
e) Children can be exposed to "safe" chemicals regardless of the dosage.
66. The infant mortality rate in a developing country is most likely to be:
a) the same as in a highly developed country
b) lower than in a highly developed country
c) higher than in a highly developed country
d) unrelated to life expectancy in a developing country
e) impossible to determine
Chapter 8: Population Change
67. Which of the following statements about population ecology is true?
a) Population ecology only deals with declining populations that are in need of intervention in
order to survive.
b) Population ecology focuses on individuals and their interactions, but not the abiotic
environment.
c) Population ecology attempts to explain how and why the number of individuals changes over
time.
d) Population ecology is not important to scientists in applied disciplines, such as wildlife
management.
e)
Population ecology deals with organisms in nature, but cannot be applied to the study of
human populations.
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Biology 112 – Introduction to Ecology
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68. Population density:
a)
is a global constant.
b)
is constant for a given habitat.
c)
may vary for a single habitat, but only due to human impact.
d)
varies among different environments.
e)
is never determined by external factors in the environment.
69. The science of population structure and growth is called:
a) ecology
b) demography
c) democracy
d) human dynamics
e) ethology
70. The maximum number of individuals of a given species that a particular environment can support
for an indefinite period, assuming there are no changes in the environment is called its
a) environmental resistance
b) intrinsic rate of increase
c) carrying capacity
d) sustainability
e) demography
79 - 81. Population Growth Profiles – Match the Term with the Curves shown below
A. Declining
B. Rapid
C. Stable
71.
72.
73.
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82 - 84. Survivorship Curves
74.
K-selected population / species
75.
r-selected population species
76.
the probability of survival doesn't change with age.
77. As of 2004, the current size of the human population was approximately:
a) 2.5 billion
b) 3.6 billion
c) 4.2 billion
d) 5.8 billion
e) 6.4 billion
78. The human population is increasing because of:
a) medical advances.
b) agricultural advances.
c) sanitation practices.
d) improved water quality.
e) All of the above
79. The main unknown factor in any human population growth scenario is:
a) emigration rate.
b) death rate.
c) the Earth’s carrying capacity.
d) changes in fertility rate as a result condom use.
e) immigration rate.
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80. Density-independent factors that regulate population include all of the following except:
a) drought
b) severe storms
c) supply of food
d) fire in a grassland biome
e) extreme cold, or moderate cold at an especially critical time of year
81. Which of the following is not true of highly developed countries?
a) a list would include Japan, Australia, and Germany
b) have high fertility rates
c) have very low infant mortality rates
d) have longer life expectancies than in less developed countries
e) have low rates of population growth
82. The graph below best illustrates
450
Population Size
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
10
20
30
Time (in years)
a) logistic growth.
b) a population that has reached carrying capacity.
c) exponential growth.
d) linear growth.
e) a population crash.
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83. At which point on the graph below is the population size increasing most rapidly?
a) Point A
b) Point B
c) Point C
d) Point D
e) Cannot be determined from this graph
Population Size
40
C
35
D
30
25
20
15
A
10
B
5
0
0
200
400
600
Time (in years)
Chapter 9 The Problems of Overpopulation
84. Which of the following is not important in assessing human impact on the environment?
a) number of people employed in manufacturing jobs
b) total number of people
c) quantity of resources used per person
d) environmental effects of technologies used
e) geographical location of people
85. The ideas and customs of a group of people at a given period and passed from generation to
generation is defined as:
a) religion
b) carrying capacity
c) ethnicity
d) culture
e) value system
86. Which of the following makes it impossible to determine the carrying capacity for humans?
a) quality of life and quantity of people are intertwined in this issue
b) fertility rates differ between highly developed and developing countries
c) contraceptives are not used uniformly on a global basis
d) the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic has yet to be determined
e) government policies on population growth vary dramatically between countries
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Using the WW population Resource Bureau Data, answer / look up the following: [Central and Middle are
synonyms]. # 95. – 100.
87. In which of the following countries has the highest average of children born to each woman of
reproductive age?
a) Germany
b) Latin American nations
c) Bangladesh
d) China
e) Saudi Arabia
ab) None of the above, another country, not listed
88. What is your estimate of the year in which the WW population reaches 9 Billion?
a) 2035
b) 2040
c) 2045
d) Between 2035 and 2040
e) Between 2040 and 2045
ab) Between 2045 and 2050
89. The highest multiple of population growth, comparing 2050 vs. 2010 populations for all countries,
always positively correlates with the percent of Natural increase for that specific country.
a) True
b) False
Matching select your answers from the choices below. See choices next page.
90. Highest Birth Rate
91.
Highest Infant Mortality Rate
92. Lowest Total Expected Life at Birth
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Choices for # 97 – 100.
CODE
CHOICES
A
B
C
D
E
AB
AC
AD
AE
BC
BD
BE
CD
CE
DE
ABC
ABD
ABE
ACD
ADE
BCD
BCE
BDE
CDE
Africa
Americas
Asia
Central Africa
Central America
Central Asia
Central Europe
Eastern Africa
Eastern Americas
Eastern Asia
Eastern Europe
Europe
Northern Africa
Northern America
Northern Asia
Northern Europe
Oceania
South Africa
South America
South Asia
Southern Europe
Sub Saharan Africa
Western Africa
Western Asia
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