Chapter 2: Matter
Section 2A: The Particle Model of Matter
1. Describing matter
a.
is anything that
and has mass
2. The Particle Model
a. Matter is not one
i. Atoms are the
ii.
(scanning tunneling electron microscope)
allows scientists to “see” atoms
b. The interactions of the particles of matter cause its properties, such as
c. Particles of matter are in constant motion
i.
is the process of spreading out
and mixing due to particle motion
ii.
is the
microscopic,
of suspended matter due to the collisions of innumerable gas or liquid particles
in which the matter is suspended
d.
– the concept that tiny
particles in constant, random motion make up all matter
3.
– the basic particle of matter from which all other matter is
constructed
a. At the center of the atom is the
b. The nucleus contains
i.
protons and neutrons
carry a single positive charge
ii. The number of protons determines
iii.
carry zero electrical charge
c.
fill the volume of space around the
nucleus, like a cloud
i. Each electron carries a
ii. The mass of an electron is very
to the mass of
the atom
d. An atom is
if the number of electrons and protons
are
4.
are formed when two or more atoms bond
together
a. Molecules are normally
and do not have a
positive or negative charge
5.
are formed when an atom has a different number of electrons
than protons
a. If an atom loses or gains electrons, it does not change identity, but it
i.
have an excess of electrons, and
therefore have a negative charge
ii.
have fewer electrons than protons, and
therefore have a positive charge
Section 2B: Classification of Matter
1. Matter
a.
contain only one kind of atom
or a fixed ratio of different atoms
i.
contain only one kind of atom
ii.
consist of a fixed ratio of
different atoms
1. Always have
; either molecules or repeating arrangements of
ions
2. Further described as
(containing
carbon) or
b.
– combinations of two or more substances such
as
, or other mixtures;
particles are
i.
bonded together
– mixtures in
which particles of the different substances are roughly the same size and are
evenly mixed together
ii.
– mixtures
containing large clumps of distinctly different kinds of matter; not uniform
2. States of Matter
a. Matter is normally either a
i. The state is determined by the
between its particles and how fast its
particles are moving
3. Characteristics of Solids
a. Have a definite
, definite
, and
low
b. Particles are close together and vibrate in a fixed position
c.
solids have particles in a fixed,
repeating structure that forms a large array
d.
have particles in a fixed, but random
arrangement
4. Characteristics of
a. Have a definite
, no definite
, and
low
b. Particles are completely mobile but still close together
c. A liquid forms a
if it does not
completely fill its container
d.
is the resistance of liquids to flow
i. Tends to
with
temperatures
5. Characteristics of
a. Have an
and are
volume,
shape,
compressible
b. Particles are far apart and move at
c. Gases occupy the
of a closed
container
d. Gases and liquids are
– they have the ability to flow
e. Gas particles not only collide with each other, but they also collide with
i. The average total push of a gas divided by the area over which it is exerted is
Section 2C: Changes in Matter
1. Physical Properties and Changes
a.
– any feature that can be observed or
measured without altering the kind of matter being studied
b.
– a change that does not alter the
composition of the material
2. Chemical Properties and Changes
a.
– a feature of a substance that
describes how its chemical identity changes in the presence of another substance or
under certain conditions
b.
occur when atoms of different
elements are rearranged and combine in different ways
3. The
a. Matter can be neither
nor
, but
only changed from
4. Nuclear Changes
a. A
occurs when an atom’s
nucleus emits or absorbs a nuclear particle or when the nucleus splits into smaller nuclei
5. Nuclear Power
a. Nuclear power produces
of the
power.
b.
of
power is nuclear.
6. Nuclear Fission
a.
is a nuclear reaction in
which the nucleus of an atom splits into
(lighter
nuclei), often producing free
(in the
form of gamma rays), as well.
i.
b. In nuclear reactions, a
nucleus and causes changes to it.
reaction
particle collides with an atomic
c. The amount of
contained in nuclear fuel is millions of
times the amount of free energy contained in a similar mass of chemical fuel such as
gasoline.
i. A typical fission event releases about
whereas burning coal produces a
d. In
eV,
eV per event.
, nuclear fission creates heat, which is
transferred to large amounts of water.
e. The water then produces
create
, which moves through a turbine to
.
Section 2D: Changes of State
1. Changes of State and Temperature
a. A
occurs when matter changes from one
to another
i.
changes produce
changes
ii.
is related to the random
vibrations and motions of the particles in a substance, and controls the
temperature
1. An
in thermal energy corresponds
to an
in temperature
2. Melting and Freezing
a.
occurs as thermal energy is added to a
solid pure substance
i. The temperature at which a pure solid turns into a liquid is its
b.
occurs as a substance
thermal energy and the particles slow down
i. The
is the temperature at
which a liquid turns to a solid
3. Vaporization and Condensation
a.
occurs when a liquid changes to a gas
i. A
is the gaseous state of a liquid
ii. The
is the pace at
which the liquid changes to a gas
1. Depends on
iii.
and
is the gas
pressure exerted by just the vapor particles
b. Two kinds of vaporization are boiling and evaporating
i.
occurs at the boiling point, and occurs
throughout the liquid
ii.
occurs at any temperature between
the freezing and boiling points, and occurs only on the liquid’s surface
c.
is the direct change of state from a solid to a
vapor
1. Occurs at temps below the
2. Occurs at the
d.
is the direct change of state from a
vapor to a solid
e.
occurs when thermal energy is lost from a
vapor through cooling, causing the substance to change to a