State wise yield gap between FLD yield and State average yield of Gram
Gram is an important pulse crop covering an area of 8.92 million ha( 36.68%
of all India) and producing 8.69 million tones (47.66% of total pulse production)
during the triennium ending 2013-14. However, there is wide variation in the yield of
gram among various states which varies from 558kg/ha (J&K) to 1281 kg/ha (Bihar).
It may be mentioned that based on triennium data ending 2013-14, six states
namely Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan. Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and
Uttar Pradesh together accounts for 90.63% of the total area and contributes 89.93%
of the total production of the gram in the country.
Based on data of 2013-14, 99% of gram area is in seven states namely,
Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and
Bihar. There is a great variation in productivity of gram in these states. During 201314 maximum productivity of 1631 kg/ha was in Bihar followed by Andhra Pradesh
(1439 kg/ha) and Gujarat (1251 kg/ha), minimum being in Karnataka (755 kg/ha).
Productivity for the triennium ending 2013-14 also had the more or less similar
pattern. Gram thrives better on heavy soils i.e black cotton soil and the soil of better
performing states are heavy. However, to find exact reasons for differences in
productivity,
this issue should be listed for detailed discussion with concerned
states. Area, Production and yield of gram in selected states from 1996-97 to 201314 is given in Annexure-I. It is to be mentioned that like redgram yield of gram in
Bihar is also maximum but the area is progressively decreasing( it has come down
from 127000 ha in 1996-97 to 70000 in 2013 -14). Bihar is the only state where
inspite of continuous increase in yield over the years the area is decreasing. This is a
matter of concern and needs further investigation.
The field demonstrations conducted under the close supervision of scientists
of the National Agriculture Research System (NARS) are called Front-Line
Demonstrations (FLD) because the technologies are demonstrated for the first time
by the scientists themselves before being fed into the main extension system of the
State Department of Agriculture. The main objective of Front-Line Demonstrations is
to demonstrate newly released crop production and protection technologies and their
management practices at the farmers’ field under different agro-climatic regions and
farming situations. While demonstrating the technologies in the farmers’ field, the
1
scientists are required to study the factors contributing higher crop production, field
constraints of production and thereby generate production data and feedback
information.
The state wise outcome of FLDs in gram conducted during 2011-12 to 201314 is compared with the average state yield of during the same period. State wise
average area, production and yield of gram for the triennium
ending 2013-14 as
well as the yield of FLDs during the same period is given in Table 1.
Analysis of average state yield of gram, average yield of FLDs and yield gap during
triennium 2011-12 to 2013-14 is as follow:
1. Average gram yield of FLDs in all the states except West Bengal was higher
than the average yield of state. In case of West Bengal the average state yield
was at par with the FLD yield.
2. The average state yield of gram in seven states namely Bihar, (1281 kg/ha ),
Punjab (1203 kg/ha), Andhra Pradesh (1159 kg/ha), Gujarat (1138 kg/ha),
West Bengal (1135 kg/ha), Madhya Pradesh (1114 kg/ha), Uttar Pradesh
(1044 kg/ha) was found to be higher than the average of all the fifteen states
(974 kg/ha) as is shown in figure 1.
3. The average yield of FLDs in seven
states namely Bihar (2095 kg/ha),
Uttrakhand (1999 kg/ha), Uttar Pradesh (1794 kg/ha), Rajasthan (1773 kg/ha),
Andhra Pradesh (1697 kg/ha), Punjab (1692 kg/ha) and Madhya Pradesh
(1485 kg/ha) was found to be higher than the average FLD yield of all the
states which was 1471 kg/ha as shown in figure 1.
4. Average yield gap between state average yield and average FLD yield of
gram in seven
states namely Andhra Pradesh, Bihar,Karnataka, Tamil
Nadu,Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Rajasthan was more than the yield gap
of average for all the fifteen states which was 497 kg/ha. However, in case of
Chhattisgarh the average state yield was found to be higher than the average
yield of FLDs and
in West Bengal these yields were at par.. State wise
average yield gap between state average yield and average yield of FLDs is
given in figure 2. Minimum yield gap of 290 kg/ha was in case of Manipur,
however, the average state yield and average FLD yield was much less
compared to high producing states of Bihar and Punjab.
2
5. Chhattisgarh and West Bengal are the two states which have realised more
than 100% of yield potential of gram expressed in FLDs. Gujarat state has
realised 80% of this potential while in case of Madhya Pradesh and Manipur
the realization of yield potential was 75.66% and 75.06% respectively. State
wise yield potential expressed in FLDs and realised in the average state yield
is given in figure 3.
Table 1.
State wise average area, Production and yield of gram for the Teriennium ending 2013-14 (Yield
Kg/ha)
Area
( '000
Ha)
Prod
( '000
Ha)
State yield
(kg/ha)
FLD yield
(kg/ha)
Area
% of
All
Inda
Prod %
of All
Inda
% of State
average
yield to
FLD
average
yield
Yield Gap
last three
years
2011-12
to 201314
State/ UT
Andhra Pradesh
610.67
708.33
1159.93
1697.00
6.85
8.154
68.35
537.07
1.85
1.10
593.86
1021.00
0.02
0.013
58.16
427.14
60.71
77.78
1281.16
2095.33
0.68
0.895
61.14
814.17
Chattisgarh
261.63
246.27
941.27
792.00
2.93
2.835
118.85
-149.27
Gujarat
219.67
250.07
1138.42
1411.33
2.46
2.879
80.66
272.92
906
602.38
664.88
1390.00
10.16
6.934
47.83
725.12
Madhya Pradesh
3110.83
3467.28
1114.58
1485.00
34.89
39.913
75.06
370.42
Maharashtra
1330.33
1097
824.61
1247.67
14.92
12.628
66.09
423.06
Manipur
0.88
0.80
901.89
1192.00
0.01
0.009
75.66
290.11
Punjab
1.97
2.37
1203.39
1692.67
0.02
0.027
71.09
489.28
1536.79
1326.28
863.01
1773.00
17.24
15.267
48.68
909.99
8.18
5.29
647.11
1349.50
0.09
0.061
47.95
702.39
586.00
611.82
1044.05
1794.67
6.57
7.043
58.18
750.61
Uttarakhand
0.79
0.7
886.08
1999.00
0.01
0.008
44.33
1112.92
West Bengal
24.44
27.75
1135.38
1135.33
0.27
0.319
100.00
-0.05
8916.08
8687.03
974.31
1471.7
Assam
Bihar
Karnataka
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
Uttar Pradesh
All States
3
66.20
497.39
.
Figure 1 State wise average FLD yiled and average state yield KG/ha for the teriennium
ending 2013-14
2500
Kg/ha
2000
1500
1000
500
0
State
Av. FLD Yield
Av. State Yield
Figure 2. Average yield gap between state average yield and average FLD yiled of gram
1200
1000
800
Kg/ha
600
400
200
0
-200
-400
State
4
Percent
Figure 3. Percent of yield potential of FLDs realised in the state average yield
of gram
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
State
Production Constraints
Major reasons for low productivity of gram are inadequate availability of
quality seeds; use of old and traditional varieties; severe infestation and damage of
pod borer and diseases like gram blight;
low adoption of recent production
technologies; sowing under rainfed conditions and damage of crop with frost injury
in isolated pockets etc. Considering the wide yield gaps between FLD yield and
average state yield in various states, production and productivity of gram can be
increased
by adopting location specific production oriented strategies by
concentrating on some selected states having more area and high yield gap.
Criteria for selection of potential states
1. The potential states where production can be increased have been short listed
considering :
(i)
States having gram area more than 6 % of the national area
(ii)
Yield gap between FLD and state yield more than 3 qtl/ha.
2. Based on the above criteria six states namely, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan,
Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh are potential
states. These six states occupy 90.63% of gram area in the country and have
potential where production could be increased by adoption of latest production
technologies. These states have the potential to increase the gram
production by about 2.27 million tons in five years by reducing 10% yield gap
every year (Table 2).
5
Table 2. Estimated production by reducing 50% yield gap in potential states in Five years
First Year
Second year
Third Year
Fourth Year
State/ UT
Madhya Pradesh
Rajasthan
Maharashtra
Karnataka
Andhra Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh
Area
(000 ha)
Additional
yield by
reducing
10% gap
Yield
Gap
Kg/ha
Expected
production
(Lakh
tones)
Additional
yield by
reducing
20% gap
Expected
production
(Lakh
tones)
Additional
yield by
reducing
30% gap
Expected
production
(Lakh
tones)
Additional
yield by
reducing
40% gap
Fifth Year
Expected
production
(Lakh
tones)
Additional
yield by
reducing
50% gap
Expected
production
(Lakh
tones)
3110.83
370
37.04
1.15
74.08
2.30
111.12
3.46
148.17
4.61
185.21
5.76
1536.79
910
91.00
1.40
182.00
2.80
273.00
4.20
363.99
5.59
454.99
6.99
1330.33
423
42.31
0.56
84.61
1.13
126.92
1.69
169.22
2.25
211.53
2.81
906.00
725
72.51
0.66
145.02
1.31
217.54
1.97
290.05
2.63
362.56
3.28
610.67
537
53.71
0.33
107.41
0.66
161.12
0.98
214.83
1.31
268.54
1.64
586.00
751
75.06
0.44
150.12
0.88
225.18
1.32
300.24
1.76
375.31
2.20
4.54
9.08
First Year Target 1. Cover 10% Gap
Second Year Target 2. Cover 20% gap
Third Year Target 3. cover 30% gap
Fourth Year Target 4 cover 40% gap
Fifth Year Target 5 cover 50% gap
6
13.62
18.15
22.69
Area(000 ha) , Production (000 Tones) and Yield (Kg/ha) of Gram in selected states
Andhra Pradesh
Gujarat
Madhya Pradesh
Karnataka
Maharashtra
Rajasthan
Annexure-I
Bihar
All India
Year
Area
1996-97
106
90
853
135
95
700
2513
2297
914
348
194
557
750
498
665
1519
1071
705
127
1009
796
6847
5570
814
1997-98
147
59
398
123
99
801
2583
2441
945
337
115
341
715
291
407
2214
1925
869
91
750
822
7563
6132
811
1998-99
19992000
146
130
890
144
125
871
2665
2463
924
355
203
570
904
562
621
2816
2074
737
119
1091
917
8469
6801
803
163
95
583
82
42
512
2572
2535
986
319
175
549
932
600
644
975
678
695
95
975
1022
6146
5118
833
2000-01
201
229
1139
17
9
529
1978
1620
819
370
239
648
676
351
519
673
397
590
79
1033
1312
5185
3855
744
2001-02
285
363
1274
49
27
554
2554
2408
943
480
282
587
756
450
595
970
736
759
65
957
1466
6416
5473
853
2002-03
390
382
979
58
29
503
2471
1713
694
480
252
525
796
449
564
450
341
757
72
1010
1401
5906
4237
717
2003-04
422
457
1083
150
132
884
2791
2585
926
510
171
336
795
421
530
1118
707
633
79
979
1245
7048
5718
811
2004-05
341
345
1012
123
99
803
2747
2549
928
418
224
536
830
466
561
1035
773
747
60
835
1387
6715
5469
815
2005-06
394
627
1591
167
142
850
2561
2371
926
418
229
548
1020
705
691
1082
479
443
56
902
1608
6926
5600
808
2006-07
602
653
1085
246
214
870
2463
2413
980
651
308
473
1308
924
706
1011
873
863
46
818
1764
7494
6334
845
2007-08
630
912
1448
215
210
977
2439
1735
711
605
367
607
1353
1116
825
1231
574
466
67
972
1453
7544
5749
762
2008-09
607
857
1412
175
177
1011
2841
2786
981
726
401
552
1143
774
677
1260
981
779
57
925
1634
7893
7060
895
2009-10
647
846
1308
132
125
947
3086
3304
1071
972
574
591
1291
1114
863
884
535
605
58
1014
1736
8169
7476
915
2010-11
584
720
1233
176
200
1136
3112
2687
863
959
631
658
1438
1300
904
1783
1601
898
60
1187
1969
9186
8221
895
2011-12
565
520
920
240
273
1138
3044
3290
1081
803
468
583
1051
815
775
1434
1061
740
77
1295
1685
8299
7702
928
2012-13
681
762
1119
172
168
978
3129
3812
1219
969
623
643
1120
854
763
1253
1277
1019
86
1402
1627
8522
8832
1036
2013-14
586
843
1439
247
309
1251
3160
3299
1044
946
716
757
1820
1622
891
1924
1640
853
70
1147
1631
9927
9526
960
Prod
Yield
Area
Prod
Yield
Area
Prod
Yield
Area
Prod
Yield
Area
7
Prod
Yield
Area
Prod
Yield
Area
Prod
Yield
Area
Prod
Yield
8