Name ____________________________________ Date ____________ Period _____
GENE TECHNOLOGY (BIOTECHNOLOGY)
Raven, 7th ed. Ch. 16 (Ch. 17, 10th ed.)
Big Idea 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information essential to
life processes.
Essential Knowledge:
 Heritable information provides for continuity of life.
 Expression of genetic information involves cellular and molecular mechanisms.
 The processing of genetic information is imperfect and is a source of genetic variation.
 Cells communicate by generating, transmitting and receiving chemical signals.
 Transmission of information results in changes within and between biological systems.
Biotechnology (Genetic Engineering)- ________________________________________________________
Our tool kit…
1. ________________________
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one-celled ______________________
reproduce by ____________________
 binary fission
rapid growth
 generation every ~______________________
 108 (100 million) colony overnight!
dominant form of life on Earth
incredibly __________________________
Bacterial genome
 __________________ chromosome
 haploid
 _______________ DNA
 no histone proteins
 ~4 million base pairs
 ~4300 genes
 1/1000 DNA in eukaryote
__________________
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Transformation
 Bacteria are ______________________________
 pick up naked _____________________ wherever it may be hanging out
 have surface transport proteins that are specialized for the uptake of naked DNA
 import bits of chromosomes from _______________________________
 incorporate the DNA bits into their own ___________________________
 express new genes
 ___________________________________
 form of ___________________________
2. _______________________
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Small ______________________ circles of DNA
 5000 - 20,000 base pairs
 __________________________
 carry extra __________________
 2-30 genes
 genes for __________________________________
 can be exchanged between bacteria
 bacterial sex!!
 rapid evolution
 can be imported from environment
How can plasmids help us?
 A way to get genes into bacteria easily
 insert new gene into plasmid
 insert plasmid into bacteria = ________________
 bacteria now ___________________ new gene
 bacteria make new _____________________
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How do we cut DNA?
3. _______________________
 ______________________________________
 discovered in 1960s
 evolved in ____________________ to cut up foreign DNA
 “restrict” the action of the attacking organism
 protection against viruses & other bacteria
 bacteria protect their own DNA by _______________________________ & by not
using the base sequences recognized by the enzymes in their own DNA
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Action of enzyme
 cut DNA at specific sequences
 ___________________________________
 symmetrical “palindrome”
 produces protruding ends
 ___________________________________
 will bind to any complementary DNA
Many different enzymes
 named after organism they are found in
 Examples: ___________________________________
Restriction enzymes are named for the organism they come from:
EcoRI = 1st restriction enzyme found in E. coli
1. Cut DNA of wanted gene at specific sites
 leaves “sticky ends”
2. Cut other DNA with same enzymes
 leave “sticky ends” on both
3. Can glue DNA together at “sticky ends”
1.
2.
3.
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Why mix genes together?
 Gene produces protein in different organism or different individual
Example: _______________________________
How can bacteria read human DNA ………
The code is ___________________________
 Since all living organisms…
 use the same DNA
 use the same code book
 read their genes the ______________
Copy (& Read) DNA
 Transformation
 ______________recombinant plasmid into bacteria
 ______________recombinant bacteria in agar cultures
 bacteria make lots of copies of plasmid
 “______________” the plasmid
 ______________of many copies of inserted gene
 production of “new” protein
 transformed phenotype
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Uses of genetic engineering:
 Genetically modified organisms (_____________)
 enabling plants to produce new _________________
 Protect crops from insects: ___________________
o corn produces a bacterial toxin (Bacillus thuringiensis) that kills corn borer (caterpillar pest
of corn)
 Extend growing season: __________________________
o strawberries with an anti-freezing gene from flounder
 Improve quality of food: _________________________
o rice producing vitamin A improves nutritional value
Transforming Vertebrates?
Plants, animals or microorganisms that have changed through genetic engineering are termed genetically modified organisms or
GMOs. Bacteria were the first organisms to be genetically modified. Plasmid DNA containing new genes can be inserted into the
bacterial cell and the bacteria will then express those genes. These genes can code for medicines or enzymes that process food and
other substrates. Plants have been modified for insect protection, herbicide resistance, virus resistance, enhanced nutrition, tolerance
to environmental pressures and the production of edible vaccines. Most commercialized GMO's are insect resistant and/or herbicide
tolerant crop plants. Genetically modified animals have been used for research, model animals and the production of agricultural or
pharmaceutical products. They include animals with genes knocked out, increased susceptibility to disease, hormones for extra
growth and the ability to express proteins in their milk.
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