Medical faculty
2- d course
Module 2
Metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids and its regulation
1. The hormone, which depresses the lipolysis in the fat tissue:
A. Insulin
B. Epinephrine
C. Glucagon
D. Thyroxin
E. Adrenocorticotropin
ANSWER: A
2. Energetic functions in the organism play the following lipids, except:
A. Tryacylglycerol
B. Saturated fatty acids
C. Diacylglycerol
D. Monounsaturated fatty acids
E. Cholesterol
ANSWER: E
3. Glycerol is transformed into an active form by the enzyme:
A. Phosphatase
B. Glycerol kinase
C. Glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase
D. Glycerol phosphate acyltransferase
E. Diglyceride-acyl-transferase
ANSWER: B
4. Where the resynthesis of lipids takes place?
A. In a liver
B. In kidneys
C. In muscles
D. In the intestinal epithelium
E. In the spleen
ANSWER: D
5. In oxidation of fatty acids with odd number of carbon atoms propionyl-CoA is transformed into:
A. Malonyl-CoA
B. Succinyl-CoA
C. Enoil-CoA
D. Butyryl-CoA
E. Acetacetyl-CoA
ANSWER: B
6. Lisophospholipids, formed after action of phospholipase A2, have the following feature:
A. Activate lipase
B. Hemolytic
C. Form conjugates with bile acids
D. Participate in phospholipids resynthesis
E. Accompany absorption of fatty acids
ANSWER: B
7. The bile acids in bile are in conjugated condition with:
A. Cholesterol
B. Bilirubin
C. Glycine and alanine
D. Glycine and taurine
E. Taurine and valine
ANSWER: D
8. The function of pentose-phosphate pathway in the synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol is the
following:
A. Main energy source
B. Source of acetyl-CoA
C. Source of malonyl-CoA
D. Source of NADPH2
E. Source of NADH2
ANSWER: D
9. The products of lipids digestion are the following, except:
A. Glycerol
B. Serine
C. Phosphoric acid
D. Fatty acids
E. Methionine
ANSWER: B
10. Bile acids are metabolic products of :
A. Cholesterol
B. Phospholipids
C. Tryglycerins
D. Glycogen
E. Glycolipids
ANSWER: A
11. Hepatoenteral circulation of bile acids has such aim as:
A. Fats resynthesis
B. Formation of chylomicrons
C. Economical usage of bile acids
D. Cholesterol absorption
E. Glycerol absorption
ANSWER: C
12. In humans, a dietary essential fatty acid is
A. Palmitic acid
B. Stearic acid
C. Oleic acid
D. Linoleic acid
E. All of the above
ANSWER: D
13. In mammals, the major fat in adipose tissues is
A. Phospholipids
B. Cholesterol
C. Sphingolipids
D. Triacylglycerols
E. All of the above
ANSWER: D
14. The enzymes of beta -oxidation are found in
A. Mitochondria
B. Cytosol
C. Golgi apparatus
D. Nucleus
E. EPR
ANSWER: A
15. Long chain fatty acids penetrate the inner mitochondrial membrane
A. Freely
B. As acyl-CoA derivative
C. As carnitine derivative
D. Requiring Na dependent carrier
E. As lipoproteins
ANSWER: C
16. Which of the following is a polyunsaturated fatty acid?
A. Palmitic acid
B. Palmitoleic acid
C. Linoleic acid
D. Oleic acid
E. All of these
ANSWER: C
17. The major lipid in chylomicrons is
A. Triglycerides
B. Phospholipids
C. Cholesterol
D. Free fatty acids
E. A and B
ANSWER: A
18. Number of carbon atoms in cholesterol is
A. 17
B. 19
C. 27
D. 30
E. 25
ANSWER: C
19. Sucrase hydrolyses sucrose into:
A. Glucose and galactose;
B. Glucose and glucose;
C. Glucose and fructose;
D. Glucose and mannose.
E. None of the above.
ANSWER: C
20. The family of GluT (glucose transporters) is:
A. The proteins embedded into the cell membrane and facilitating the glucose transport across the
membrane;
B. The proteins embedded into the cell membrane and inhibiting the glucose transport across the
membrane;
C. The cytoplasmic proteins transporting glucose in the cytoplasm of cell;
D. The proteins of blood plasma transporting glucose via the blood.
E. None of the above.
ANSWER: A
21. The main hormones that regulate the synthesis and decomposition of glycogen are:
A. Insulin, glucocorticoids, thyroxin;
B. Glucagons, glucocorticoids, vasopressin;
C. Insulin, glucagon, epinephrine;
D. Glucocorticoids, glucagons, epinephrine.
E. All of the above.
ANSWER: C
22. Glycolysis is defined as:
A. Aerobic process in which glucose is transformed to CO2 and H2O;
B. Anaerobic process in which glucose is transformed to pyruvate;
C. Anaerobic process in which glucose is converted to pentoses and NADPH is produced;
D. Aerobic process in which glucose is converted to glycogen.
E. Anaerobic process in which glucose is transformed to lactate;
ANSWER: E
23. The possible metabolic pathways for pyruvate in anaerobic conditions are:
A. Conversion to lactate or acetyl CoA;
B. Conversion to ethanol or acetyl CoA;
C. Conversion to lactate or ethanol;
D. Conversion to lactate or ethanol or acetyl CoA.
E. All of the above.
ANSWER: C
24. How many molecules of ATP have to be spent during glycolysis?
A. 1;
B. 2;
C. 3;
D. 4.
E. 0
ANSWER: B
25. The three control sites in glycolysis are the reactions catalyzed by:
A. Hexokinase, phosphofructokinase 1 and aldolase;
B. Phosphofructokinase 1, aldolase and pyruvate kinase;
C. Hexokinase, aldolase and pyruvate kinase;
D. Hexokinase, phosphofructokinase 1 and pyruvate kinase.
E. All of the above.
ANSWER: D
26. The enzyme which the key regulatory step in glycogen biosynthesis is
A. Glycogen synthase
B. Glycogenin
C. Branching enzyme
D. Phosphoglucomutase
E. UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase
ANSWER: A
27. Which substance causes muscles to ache during strenuous exercise?
A. Pyruvic acid
B. Lactose dehydrogenase
C. Lactate ion
D. Lactic acid
E. None of the above
ANSWER: D
28. The pentose phosphate pathway has two primary products. They are _________.
A. ATP and NADPH
B. Oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA
C. Sorbitol and fructose
D. Ribose-5-phosphate and NADPH
E. A and d
ANSWER: D
29. An enzyme that catalyzes conversions of L-sugars to D-sugars is called an
A. Lyase
B. Hydrolase
C. Synthetase
D. Synthase
E. Isomerase
ANSWER: E
30. In the oxygen insufficiency glycolisis is used as the energy source. Select glycolisis among the below
mentioned processes.
A. Glucose to lactate oxidation
B. Glucose to CO2 and H2O oxidation
C. Pyruvate to acetyl CoA oxidation
D. Glucose to glucuronic acid oxidation
E. Glycogen to glucose oxidation
ANSWER: A
31. Enzyme which catalyzes the first glycolysis reaction:
A. Hexokinase
B. Glucose-6-phosphatase
C. Phosphorylase
D. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
E. Amylase
ANSWER: A
32. The products, which are formed by the decomposition of fructose-1,6-biphosphate in the glycolysis:
A. Glycerol, pyruvate
B. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
C. Pyruvate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate
D. Lactic acid, acetyl CoA
E. Acetyl CoA, glycerin
ANSWER: B
33. How many ATP molecules are formed with complete oxidation of glucose in aerobic condition?
A. 2
B. 8
C. 38
D. 42
E. 30
ANSWER: C
34. The process of glucose oxidation in anaerobic condition is:
A. Glycolisis
B. Glyconeogenesis
C. Glycogenolysis
D. Glycogenogenesis
E. Lipolysis
ANSWER: A
35. The end produtcs of aerobic glucose oxidation:
A. Lactic acid
B. Pyruvate
C. CO2 and H2O
D. Ethanol
E. Acetaldehyde
ANSWER: B
36. The concentration of glucose in the blood is normal. Which of the below-mentioned index proves this?
A. 3-10 mmol/l
B. 3,3-5,5 mmol/l
C. 4-8 mmol/l
D. 10-15 g/l
E. 1-2 mmol/l
ANSWER: B
37. How long at starvation in humans glycogen store in a liver may be used?
A. 10 minutes
B. 4 hours
C. 24 hours
D. 1 week
E. 2 weeks
ANSWER: C
38. What is the prosthetic group of transketolase?
A. Thiamine pyrophosphate
B. Biotin
C. Pyridoxal phosphate
D. NAD+
E. FAD
ANSWER: A
39. Pathway for synthesis of glycogen (from glucose)
A. Glycolysis
B. Gluconeogenesis
C. Glycogenesis
D. Glycogenolysis
E. Pentose phosphate pathway
ANSWER: C
40. Carnitine is required for the transport of
A. Triglycerides out of liver
B. Triglycerides into mitochondria
C. Short chain fatty acids into mitochondria
D. Long chain fatty acids into mitochondria
E. C and D
ANSWER: D
41. The largest lipoproteins are the __________.
A. Chylomicrons
B. VLDLs
C. LDLs
D. HDLs
E. None of the above.
ANSWER: A
42. After having fatty food the patient had nausea and steatorrhea. The cause of this condition can be:
A. Amylase insufficiency
B. Increase of lipase excretion
C. Trypsin synthesis malfunction
D. Lack of bile acids
E. Increased acidity of gastric juice
ANSWER: D
43. HDL is synthesized and secreted from
A. Pancreas
B. Liver
C. Kidney
D. Muscle
E. Lung
ANSWER: B
44. Cholesterol is transported from liver to extrahepatic tissues by
A. Chylomicrons
B. VLDL
C. HDL
D. LDL
E. Carnitin
ANSWER: D
45. Beta-oxidation results is the formation of:
A. Pyruvate.
B. Acetyl-CoA.
C. Carbon monoxide.
D. Oxaloacetate.
E. None of the above
ANSWER: B
46. The normal amount of cholesterol in blood plasma is:
A. 3-7 mmol/l
B. 10-15 mmol/l
C. 20-25 mmol/l
D. 1-3 mmol/l
E. 5-7 mmol/l
ANSWER: A
47. Protein anabolism is stimulated by
A. ACTH
B. Testosterone
C. Glucagon
D. Epinephrine
E. All of these
ANSWER: B
48. Which of the amino acid produces a vasodilator on decarboxylation?
A. Glutamin acid
B. Histidine
C. Ornithine
D. Cysteine
E. C and D
ANSWER: B
49. Which pathological component appears in the gastric juice in cancer of the stomach?
A. Lactic acid
B. Hydrochloric acid
C. Acetic acid
D. Sulfuric acid
E. Citric acid
ANSWER: A
50. Which enzyme activates the trypsinogen?
A. Chymotrypsin
B. Carboxypeptidase
C. Enterokinase
D. Trypsin
E. Aminopeptidase
ANSWER: C
51. Which compounds are formed during the oxidative deamination of amino acids?
A. Keto acid and ammonia.
B. Saturated fatty acid and ammonia.
C. Unsaturated fatty acid and ammonia.
D. Keto acid and H2O.
E. A and D.
ANSWER: A
52. Which of the following is an essential amino acid?
A. Glutamine
B. Proline
C. Methionine
D. Cysteine
E. Asparagine
ANSWER: C
53. Bioactive amines are formed in reaction of:
A. Transamination.
B. Decarboxylation.
C. Oxidation.
D. Deamination.
E. All of these
ANSWER: B
54. What disease can be proved by increase of AsAT in blood?
A. Parotiditis
B. Gastritis
C. Pancreatitis
D. Cardiac infarction
E. Pneumonia
ANSWER: D
55. Chymotrypsinogen is transformed to chymotrypsin in the effect of:
A. Renin, gastrixin
B. Elastase, enterokinase
C. Hydrochloric acid, pepsin
D. Trypsin, chymotrypsin
E. Pepsin, enterokinase
ANSWER: D
56. In the stomach act such proteolytic enzymes:
A. Trypsin, chymotrypsin
B. Pepsin, enterokinase
C. Trypsin, renin
D. Pepsin, gastrixin, rennin
E. Chymotrypsin, enterokinase
ANSWER: D
57. The major site of urea synthesis is
A. Brain
B. Kidneys
C. Muscles
D. Both B and C
E. Liver
ANSWER: E
58. Urea is transported by
A. Plasma
B. Blood
C. RBC
D. WBC
E. None af the above
ANSWER: A
59. Excess amino acids in the body are broken down to form urea in
A. Kidney
B. Liver
C. Spleen
D. Pancreas
E. Stomach
ANSWER: B
60.
Most enzymes are composed of:
A. Lipids
B. Carbohydrates
C. Proteins
D. Phosphates
E. Vitamins
ANSWER: C
61. What is the area of an enzyme called where the chemical reactions occur?
A. The Cytoplasm
B. The Active Site
C. The Catalyst
D. The Nucleus
E. A substrate
ANSWER: B
62. Lactate dehydrogenase is a
A. Coenzyme
B. Isoenzyme
C. Zymogen
D. Abzyme
E. Prostetic group
ANSWER: B
63. Isoenzymes are generally separated by
A. Ion exchange chromatography
B. Gel filtration chromatography
C. Paper chromatography
D. Electrophoresis
E. Selective adsorbtion
ANSWER: D
64. The product(s) of lactate dehydrogenase under anaerobic conditions is (are)
A. Pyruvic acid
B. TPP
C. NADH
D. Propionate
E. Lactate
ANSWER: E
65. Which vitamin does not serve as a coenzyme?
A. B1
B. B2
C. B5
D. С
E. B12
ANSWER: D
66. Allosteric centers serve as:
A. The place of the effect on the enzyme different regulators
B. The place relation of enzyme with substrate
C. Catalytic area
D. Contact area
E. The area of the spatially united amino acid residues separation
ANSWER: A
67. According to the international classification there are six classes of enzymes in such order:
A. Oxidoreductases, hydrolyses, ligases, lyases, transferases, isomerases.
B. Transferases, hydrolyses, oxidoreductase, isomerases, lyases, ligases.
C. Hydrolyses, oxidoreductase, transferases, lyases, isomerases, ligases.
D. Oxidoreductase, transferases, hydrolyses, isomerases, ligases, lyases.
E. Oxidoreductase, transferases, hydrolyses, lyases, isomerases, ligases.
ANSWER: E
68. The laboratory test allows to diagnose myocardium infarction. The increase of what enzyme in
blood proves it?
A. LDH4,5
B. Arginase
C. Pyruvate dehydrogenase
D. AsAT
E. ALAT
ANSWER: D
69. NAD+, FAD, and FMN are all cofactors for:
A. Oxidoreductases
B. Transferases
C. Hydrolases
D. Lyases
E. Ligases
ANSWER: A
70. What pathology is developed in the absence of phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase?
A. Phenylketonuria.
B. Alkaptonuria
C. Galactosemia.
D. Hyperglycemia.
E. Achilia
ANSWER: A
71. What is the cause of primary enzymo-pathologies?
A. Liver diseases.
B. Genetic disorders.
C. Trauma.
D. Ischemia.
E. All of these
ANSWER: B
72. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex require the
following for their oxidative decarboxylation:
A. CoASH and Lipoic acid
B. NAD+ and FAD
C. CoASH and TPP
D. CoASH, TPP,NAD+,FAD, Lipoate
E. A and C
ANSWER: D
73. There are such three enzymes in pyruvate dehydrogenase complex:
A. Pyruvate carboxylase, lactate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase
B. Pyruvate dehydrogenase, dihydrolipoyl acetyl transferase, dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase.
C. Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, acetyltransferase, aconitase
D. NАDН2- dehydrogenase
E. Succinate dehydrogenase, aldehyde dehydrogenase.
ANSWER: B
74. There are 4 main functions of Krebs cycle, except:
A. Oxidation of acetic acid into СО2 і Н2О
B. Donator of hydrogen atoms for respiratory chain
C. Oxidation of lactate into pyruvate
D. Formation of ATP
E. Supplying substrates for heme synthesis
ANSWER: C
75. Name the common product of the second stage of catabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and amino
acids:
A. Acetyl-CoA.
B. Pyruvate
C. Citric acid.
D. Acyl-CoA.
E. ATP
ANSWER: A
76. Central intermediate product of metabolism is:
A. Acetyl-CoA
B. Succinyl-CoA
C. Oxaloacetate
D. Pyruvate
E. Citrate
ANSWER: A
77. Pyruvate can be form all substrates, except one:
A. Lactate
B. Glycerol
C. Glucose
D. Fatty acids
E. Glycogen
ANSWER: D
78. All enzymes and coenzymes of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex are located in:
A. Cytoplasm;
B. Matrix of mitochondria;
C. Lysosomes;
D. Partially in cytoplasm, partially in mitochondrial matrix.
E. All of the above
ANSWER: B
79. Which cofactor is not used by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?
A. Lipoamide
B. Thiamine pyrophosphate
C. FAD
D. QH2
E. HS-CoA
ANSWER: D
80. Which enzyme catalyzes the citrate synthesis?
A. Aldolase
B. Citrate synthase
C. Citrate isomerase
D. Aconitase
E. Citrate dehydrogenase
ANSWER: B
81. All of the following are intermediates of citric acid cycle, except
A. Oxalosuccinate
B. Oxaloacetate
C. Pyruvate
D. Fumarate
E. α-Ketoglutarate
ANSWER: C
82. A deficiency in thiamin causes the disease beriberi. Which might you expect to have a higher than
normal blood concentration in an individual with this condition?
A. Isocitrate
B. Pyruvate
C. Oxaloacetate
D. Acetyl CoA
E. Malate
ANSWER: B
83. Compounds like succinate, fumarate and а-ketoglutarate have a catalytic effect on the consumption
of oxygen in a cell suspension. The rate of oxygen consumption is far more than that required for
their own oxidation. This is evidence that ________.
A. They are intermediates in glycolysis
B. They act as enzymes to cause the oxidation of other compounds
C. They are involved in a cyclic pathway
D. They must be cofactors for enzymes that are oxidoreductases
E. All of these
ANSWER: C
84. Substrate-level phosphorylation differs from oxidative phosphorylation in that:
A. Substrate-level phosphorylation involves the transfer of electrons
B. Substrate-level phosphorylation only occurs in the cytosol
C. Oxidative phosphorylation only occurs in the cytosol
D. Oxidative phosphorylation involves the transfer of electrons
E. GTP is always involved in substrate-level phosphorylation
ANSWER: D
85. The coenzymes NAD and FAD carry electrons to the
A. Nucleus
B. Citric Acid cycle
C. Plasma membrane
D. Electron transport system
E. Lysosoms
ANSWER: D
86. Which of the following statements about the chemiosmotic theory is false?
A. Electron transfer in mitochondria is accompanied by an asymmetric release of protons on one
side of the inner mitochondrial membrane.
B. Energy is conserved as a transmembrane pH gradient.
C. Oxidative phosphorylation cannot occur in membrane-free preparations.
D. The effect of uncoupling reagents is a consequence of their ability to carry protons through
membranes.
E. The membrane ATPase, which plays an important role in other hypotheses for energy coupling,
has no significant role in the chemiosmotic theory.
ANSWER: E
87. 2,4-Dinitrophenol and oligomycin inhibit mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. 2,4-Dinitrophenol
is an uncoupling agent; oligomycin blocks the ATP synthesis reaction itself. Therefore, 2,4dinitrophenol will:
A. Allow electron transfer in the presence of oligomycin.
B. Allow oxidative phosphorylation in the presence of oligomycin.
C. Block electron transfer in the presence of oligomycin.
D. Diminish O2 consumption in the presence of oligomycin
E. Do none of the above.
ANSWER: A
88. Several prosthetic groups act as redox centers in Complex I, including:
A. FMN, ubiquinone, iron-sulfur clusters, heme.
B. FMN, iron-sulfur clusters.
C. Heme, ubiquinone, iron-sulfur clusters.
D. All of the above
E. None of the above
ANSWER: B
89. In the electron transport chain, the hydrogen ions enter the inner compartment of mitochondria
through special channels formed by
A. ATP synthase.
B. Coenzyme A
C. Acetyl CoA.
D. Oxygen.
E. Water
ANSWER: A
90. All of the following processes produce ATP, except:
A. Lactic acid formation
B. Oxidative phosphorilation
C. Glycolysis
D. The Krebs cycle
E. The electron transport chain
ANSWER: A
91. Chemiosmotic generation of ATP is driven by
A. Phosphate transfer through the plasma membrane
B. Sodium, potassium pump
C. A difference in H+ concentration on the two sides of the mitochondrial membrane
D. Osmosis of macromolecules
E. Large quantities of ADP
ANSWER: C
92. A process common to all organisms, aerobic and anaerobic, is
A. Glycolysis
B. Fermentation
C. The Krebs cycle
D. Electron transport chain reactions
E. Pyruvate oxidation
ANSWER: A
93. Which of the following would be considered one of a cell's electron carriers?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
ATP
NADH
FAD
All of the above
More than one of the above, but not
ANSWER: B
94. Which of the following takes place during oxidative phosphorilation in mitochondria
A. Protons are pumped from the matrix to the innermembrane space
B. Protons are translocated from the innermembrane space to the matrix
C. Electrons are pumped from the matrix to the innermembrane space
D. Electrons are pumped from the innermembrane space to the matrix
E. NADP is pumped from the matrix to the innermembrane space
ANSWER: B
95. Which group of organic compounds includes the enzymes?
A. Starches
B. Carbohydrates
C. Lipids
D. Nucleic acids
E. Proteins
ANSWER: E
96. The inherited genetic defects results in disorder of some enzymes synthesis in the human organism.
The defect of which enzyme results in disorders of splitting of lactose:
A. Maltase
B. Sucrase
C. Amylase
D. Peptidase
E. Lactase
ANSWER: E
97. Acute pancreatitis of the patient was diagnosed. Determination of which from the below mentioned
enzymes in blood can be a diagnostic criteria?
A. LDH
B. Aldolase
C. Creatin kinase
D. Alanine amino peptidase
E. Amylase
ANSWER: E
98. Which enzyme cleaves proteins in the stomach?
A. Trypsin
B. Chymotrypsin
C. Carboxypeptidase
D. Enterokinase
E. Pepsin
ANSWER: E
99. At the inspection of patient was diagnosed alkaptonuria. The deficiency of what enzyme causes this
pathology?
A. Phenylalanine hydroxylase
B. Thyrosinase
C. Thyroxin hydroxylase
D. Mono amino oxidase
E. Oxidase of homogentisic acid
ANSWER: E
100.
Hairs, skin and eyes of a patient do not have a pigment. A diagnosis – albinism was set. The
deficiency of what enzyme does take place?
A. Arginase
B. Carbanhydrase
C. Histidin decarboxylase
D. Aldolase
E. Tyrosinase
ANSWER: E