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Annotated Bibliography
Primary Sources:
Gillray, James. The Plumb-Pudding in Danger. 1805. Hand colored etching. National
Portrait Gallery, London.
Gillray’s political cartoon features European powers greedily dividing the globe,
which is represented by a plum pudding. This source is primary because Gillray etched
the picture himself. This cartoon relates to “Rights and Responsibilities” because it
showed the European leaders overexerting their rights to build their empire. We used this
source on our website to depict how the European countries were encroaching on Latin
America.
Kennedy, John F. Democratic Dinner. Democratic Party, Cincinnati, OH. 6 Oct. 1960.
Web. 26 Dec. 2013.
This speech by John F. Kennedy explained one of the major negative effects of
the American foreign policy created by the Big Stick Policy. He described the Cuban
missile crisis and how America influenced this event. His speech is primary because it is
his own speech. It relates to “Rights and Responsibilities” because it stresses the need for
America to return the rights taken from the Latin Americans by the Big Stick Policy. We
used this source to explain the negative effects of the Big Stick Policy and how it affected
the world in history.
Kristensen, Erik Cleves. "Fuera el Imperialismo.” 2011. Photograph. Caracas, Venezuela.
In this photograph, anti-American art is shown depicting Uncle Sam punched by
Latin American people. This source is primary because the photographer took the picture
at the site of the painting. The photograph relates to the theme of “Rights and
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Responsibilities” because this anti-Americanism was one of the major effects of
Roosevelt’s Big Stick Policy, which took the Latin American rights away. We used this
source to depict one of the negative effects of the Big Stick Policy.
Landaeta, Juan Jose. “Gloria al Bravo Pueblo.” Venezuelan Navy, 1881. MP3.
“Gloria al Bravo Pueblo” is the Venezuelan National Anthem. It means “Glory to
the Brave People.” This source is primary because Landaeta composed the song. It
connects to the theme of “Rights and Responsibilities” because Roosevelt’s intervention
allowed the Venezuelan people to keep their independence and rights. We used this
source in our page, “The Venezuelan Crisis” to have impact on the viewer and used it as
music for our website.
Musicant, Ivan. The Banana Wars. New York: Macmillan, 1943. Print.
The Banana Wars explained what the Big Stick Policy was and also explained
what the Monroe Doctrine and Roosevelt Corollary were. We learned about Roosevelt’s
view on the world and his plans about the Panama Canal. This source is primary because
Ivan Musicant lived through the era and wrote about his experience as a soldier in the
United States Navy. It conveys the theme because it displayed Roosevelt’s ideas about
his responsibilities as the “policeman” for the world. We used this source to describe
about how Theodore Roosevelt regarded the world and his duty to enforce laws around
the world.
Pringle, Henry F. Theodore Roosevelt. Orlando: Harcourt Brace, 1931. Print.
In the book Theodore Roosevelt, the meaning behind the name “Big Stick Policy”
is explained, and how it was interpreted by Theodore Roosevelt. The source also
displayed Roosevelt’s quote, “Speak softly and carry a big stick.” It is a primary source
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because the author, Henry Fowles Pringle, wrote down his interview of Theodore
Roosevelt in this book. It relates to the theme “Rights and Responsibilities” because it
described how it was Roosevelt’s responsibility to protect the Latin Americans, however
he took some of their rights away. The quotes that have been shown throughout this
source shall be used in our website, and we also used this source to explain what
Roosevelt thought and what he felt should be done on behalf of his policy.
Roosevelt, Theodore. An Autobiography. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1913. Print.
This source is an autobiography written by Theodore Roosevelt. It explained what
Theodore Roosevelt was thinking while he instigated his policies and his ideas on how
Latin America should be conducted. This source is primary because it is Theodore
Roosevelt’s actual autobiography. It relates to the theme because these very ideas of
Roosevelt caused many effects to occur that related to the responsibilities of the United
States, and affected Roosevelt as well. We used this source to provide an inside view on
the reactions these policies received from the United States and Latin Americans, and
how they affected Roosevelt’s mindset.
Roosevelt, Theodore. “The Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine.” Theodore Roosevelt.
Chapultepec, 1999-2013. Web. 22 Sept. 2013.
Roosevelt’s speech explained some of the Roosevelt Corollary and Monroe
Doctrine. According to this source, mankind’s goal is to attain peace of justice and to not
create unnecessary wars. This source is primary since this is a speech written entirely by
Theodore Roosevelt himself. This source relates to the theme because it describes how
the Roosevelt Corollary prevented the European countries from inflicting any more
damage toward Latin American countries that would limit Latin American rights and
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force them to pay unnecessary debts. Roosevelt’s speech was used to explain the goals
Roosevelt had in mind for Latin America.
Roosevelt, Theodore. “True Americanism and Expansion.” Theodore Roosevelt. New
England Society. Brooklyn. 12. Dec. 1898. Web. 22 Sept. 2013.
This speech “True Americanism and Expansion” was about how America needed
to purify the world of evil ideals from other countries. We learned that Roosevelt wanted
to expand American territories to other countries. This is a primary source because it is
actually one of Theodore Roosevelt’s speeches. This source relates to “Rights and
Responsibilities” because Roosevelt thought that it was America’s right to take over other
countries. We used this source to get a better understanding of the reason why Roosevelt
wanted to take control over Latin America.
Siancas, José Rufino Reyes. “Quisqueyanos Valientes.” United States Navy Band, 1883.
MP3
“Quisqueyanos Valientes” is the Dominican Republic National Anthem. It is
primary because Siancas composed it himself. This source relates to the theme because it
displayed how the brave Dominicans obtained their rights. We used this source to
explain the Dominican Republic’s role in the Big Stick Policy and used it as multimedia
in our site.
Sanderson, James. “Hail to the Chief.” Hail to the Chief. United States Marine Band,
1954. MP3.
Sanderson’s “Hail to the Chief” is a musical piece that is played to welcome the
President. This source is primary because it was composed by Sanderson. It relates to
the theme of “Rights and Responsibilities” because it was used to show the authority of
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the President and has a theme of respect towards him. We used this source as a
multimedia source and to show the authority of Theodore Roosevelt.
Sousa, John Philip. Sousa Marches. Sam Fox Publishing Company. 1917. CD.
The album by John Philip Sousa consisted of military marches and instrumental
songs played by the United States Military. It is primary because Sousa composed the
album. This album relates to “Rights and Responsibilities” because it showed the songs
showed the pride of the United States in their rights. We used the songs to display the
prideful United States military marches and integrated them into the website.
Secondary Sources:
Arreola, Pablo. Telephone interview. 11 Sept. 2013
This telephone interview was with Dr. Pablo Arreola. Dr. Arreola, a professor in
Latin American history at California Polytechnic University, talked about the Big Stick
Policy’s Effect in Latin America and provided an inside view of what was going on. This
source is secondary because Dr. Arreola did not experience the event. He explained the
theme of “Rights and Responsibilities” in Latin America by explaining the how the
United States assumed that they had full domination of Latin American affairs and
responsibilities. We used this source to explain how Roosevelt ideas affected Latin
America from a political and economic stand point.
Auchincloss, Louis. Theodore Roosevelt. Waterville: Thorndike, 2001. Print.
Theodore Roosevelt, by Louis Auchincloss, explained the difficulty that
Roosevelt went through trying to build the Panama Canal. This source is a secondary
source because Auchincloss is an expert on Latin America, but was not present during the
time period in which these events occurred. It transmits the theme because Roosevelt
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increased the rights of the Panamanians by fighting for their freedom while at the same
time, increased their responsibilities as a new nation. We used this source to demonstrate
how the Panama Canal was a major step in the Big Stick Policy in that it showed how the
United States could easily persuade the Panamanians and build such a major project.
Brands, H.W. TR the Last Romantic. New York: Basic Books. 1997. Print.
H.W. Brands summarizes the Monroe Doctrine, the Roosevelt Corollary, and the
conflict that these documents caused in his book. This is a secondary source because the
author did not experience these events, but the author is an expert on this subject. TR the
Last Romantic relates to the theme because the Roosevelt Corollary, which followed the
Monroe Doctrine, limited European influence, and helped boost United States domination
of the rights of the Latin Americans. We used the information about the Monroe
Doctrine and Roosevelt Corollary in our website to explain how these documents were so
influential on Roosevelt’s Big Stick Policy.
Coffey, Walter. “Teddy Roosevelt and his ‘Big Stick’.” Walter Coffey.com, American
History Uncut. N.P. 20, Mar, 2013. Web. 15, Jul, 2013.
Walter Coffey’s website is a very useful source that explained every aspect of the
Big Stick Policy, including how it affected other countries and how it still influences our
decisions today. It included information about the Great White Fleet, Japan, the
Philippines, and more. This source is secondary because Walter Coffey was not actually
there at the time and received his information from his own primary sources. It relates to
the theme because the policies enacted by Roosevelt affected many countries around the
world. We used this source to explain how the Big Stick Policy affected the rights of
people not only in the United States and Latin America, but in other countries as well.
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Glennon, Lorraine. Our Times: The Illustrated History of the 20th Century. Georgia:
Turner. 1999. Print.
Our Times: The Illustrated History Of the 20th Century described the building of
the Panama Canal, and what Theodore Roosevelt had to do in order to build there. We
learned that Theodore Roosevelt considered building the canal in location other than
Panama. This source is secondary because the author gathered the information
secondhand. It relates to the theme because it showed how Roosevelt used his rights and
power to assist in the Panamanian fight for independence. We used this source to explain
how Roosevelt used the Panama Canal to display his Big Stick Policy.
Lewis, Daniel. Telephone interview. 13 Sept. 2013
Dean Daniel Lewis of California Polytechnic University is an expert in Latin
American history, and provided a very detailed explanation of the events that happened in
the United States and Latin America. We learned many valuable facts about the attitude
the two had against each other, as well as the effects of the policies on the people.
Although an expert, Dr. Lewis was not present during these events, therefore this
interview is secondary. This interview relates to the theme because Dr. Lewis described
thoroughly how the United States seized the Latin American people’s vulnerable rights.
We used this interview to better explain how people’s lives were altered by the policies
initiated by the United States, such as the Panamanian revolution and the attitudes
towards the United States.
McCullough, David. The Path Between The Seas. New York: Simon and Schuster. 1977.
Print.
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The book is about the Panama Canal. It explained about the Panama Canal was
built and how it contributed to what Roosevelt was thinking on at the time. It also
explained about the difficulty in building the canal. This is a secondary source because
the author was not originally there at the time that the event happened. It relates to the
theme because the Panama Canal affected many of the Latin Americans’ rights as well as
increasing their responsibilities to maintain the canal in good condition. We used this
source to explain why Roosevelt needed it built for income and power purposes and how
it strengthened the Big Stick Policy.
Miller, Nathan. Theodore Roosevelt: A Life. New York: William Morrow, 1992. Print.
The book Theodore Roosevelt: A Life included several quotes from Theodore
Roosevelt about his opinions on the matter of America’s dominance in Latin America.
Nathan Miller demonstrated Roosevelt’s belief that claiming territory was vital, as well
as how he felt he should remove troubling individuals. This is a secondary source
because the author is an expert on the subject, but did not experience any of the events.
This source relates to the theme because Roosevelt’s decisions made him responsible
over the rights of the people of Latin America, though they did not agree with him.
Americans were referred to as yanquis, a derisive term that means someone who is a
stupid, power-demanding maniac. The information from this source was used in order to
show how Theodore’s decisions created unease in the relationship between the United
States and Latin America.
Morris, Edmund. Theodore Rex. New York: Random House, 2007. Print.
This source explained Edmund Morris’s view of Roosevelt’s ideas and actions.
Morris had a very negative viewpoint towards Roosevelt and did not support American
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intervention in Latin America because he thought that Latin America could handle their
problems. This source is secondary because Morris gained his opinion from other
primary sources at the time, and he did not experience the event. This source relates to
the theme Morris explained how Roosevelt had no right to interfere with Latin American
government. He believed that the United States was more of a bother to the Latin
Americans at the time. We used this source to show the negative aspects of Roosevelt’s
policies.
Parker, Matthew. Panama Fever. First US Edition. London: Hutchinson, 2007. Print.
Panama Fever is about how the Monroe Doctrine identified the importance of the
location of the Panama Canal, and also how ensuring United States dominance over Latin
America was of importance in the construction of the canal. From here, we learned why
Theodore Roosevelt had to have dominance over Latin America. This is a secondary
source because Matthew Parker wasn’t present during this time period, and therefore
unable to experience these events firsthand. Panama Fever related to the theme “Rights
and Responsibilities” because it described how the Panama Canal affected the United
States and the Panamanians and other countries around the world by having a monopoly
over the Panama Canal and limiting trade, therefore increasing the United States’
responsibilities. We used this source to explain the economical perspectives of the
Panama Canal, and how different countries benefitted or suffered from it.
Sayles, Stephen. Personal interview. 7 Oct. 2013.
Dr. Stephen Sayles is a professor of history at La Verne University. He
emphasized many important details, including wars, influences that the United States
borrowed ideas from, and the feedback that the policies received. We learned about
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“root reforms” and many other aspects. This interview is secondary because Dr. Sayles
did not experience these events. This source is relevant to “Rights and Responsibilities”
because these reforms and policies caused many rights and responsibilities to change.
We used this interview to better explain how Roosevelt used military force to achieve his
goals.
Theodore Roosevelt: Roughrider to Rushmore. Biography writ. Agnes Nixon. A & E
Home Videos, 1996. DVD.
Theodore Roosevelt: Roughrider to Rushmore is about Roosevelt’s reasons for
taking over the Latin countries and aiding in the Panamanian revolution. Though his
outside goal was to create peace and stability, his ulterior motive was to show the power
of the United States. This taught us why Theodore Roosevelt thought it necessary to
have United States dominance over Latin America, and also affected the building of the
Panama Canal. This is a secondary source because none of the people speaking in this
film were present during the time period. This relates to the theme, “Rights and
Responsibilities” because it shows why Theodore Roosevelt needed to have dominance
over Latin America’s rights. We used this source to show why Roosevelt thought it
necessary to gain control over Latin America and why he advanced due to his decisions.