JCUMUN 2012
GENERAL ASSEMBLY
‘BACKGROUND GUIDE’
John Cabot University Model
United Nations
John Cabot University Model United Nations 2012
Contents
General Assembly
- Introduction .................. P.2
- The U.N. and the G.A .. P.2-3
-Topic History ................ P.3
-Significant Conflicts ...... P. 4-5
-Commonly Referenced
International Law and Agreements
........................................ P. 5-6
-Peace Initiatives............. P.6-9
-Recent Conflicts ............ P.9-11
-Main Issues Today........P.11-14
-Points Resolutions
Should Address ............... P. 14-15
-Bloc Positions................ P. 15-20
-Further Reading ............. P. 20-21
-Bibliography .................. P. 22-24
Topic: The Recognition of an
Independent Palestinian State
Committee Director:
Anthony Vanicek
avanicek@johncabot.edu
Assistant Directors:
Dodi Gomez Paloma
dpaloma@johncabot.edu
Benedetta Puccetti
bpuccetti@johncabot.edu
Leonardo Quattrucci
lquattrucci@johncabot.edu
A Message from your Directors:
Dear Delegates,
On behalf of the John Cabot University
Model United Nations board, it is my distinct
pleasure to welcome you to JCUMUN 2012! We
are excited to host you in the Eternal City for this
year’s conference. John Cabot University’s Model
United Nations Society invites you to step into the
shoes of a diplomat to debate pressing issues in
the world today while interacting with a diverse
group of students who are not only aware of, but
passionate about, global issues. Suit Up! And
come prepared to make JCUMUN2012
unforgettable!
Your Director
Anthony Vanicek
2
balance of power and has provided as
much hope as it has new challenges.
Aggression from both Arabs and Israelis
has resulted in repeated warfare that
seems to challenge the possibility of
peace in the Middle East. However,
while this conflict is one of the most
divisive issues the in our world today, it
is also one that has received a great deal
of attention from the international
community.2
Topic:
The Recognition and
Admission of an
Independent Palestinian
State
Self-determination of peoples is a
basic value underpinning international law.
The main purpose of the United Nations is
to develop “friendly relations among
nations based on respect for the principle
of equal rights and self-determination of
peoples” (UN Charter, Article 1 (2)). The
International Covenant of Civil and
Political Rights states that “All peoples
have the right of self-determination. By
virtue of that right they are free to
determine their political status and pursue
their economic, social and cultural
development (Article 1(1)). It follows that
the Palestinian people are entitled to selfdetermination, though they remain under
the control of a foreign state.
Many tend to think of this issue as a
matter
of
stubborn
personalities,
entrenched religious ideologies and tragic
cycles of violence to which a solution
remains elusive. Since the creation of the
state of Israel, extreme tensions have
developed in the Middle East between
Israel’s Arab neighbours and Iran. Many
of Israel’s neighbours have yet to
recognize Israel’s right to exist. Originally
The United Kingdom played the main role
in maintaining the legitimacy of the
Zionist enterprise. However, with the
escalation of the Cold War, the United
States took over this role through the
provision economic and military support.1
Support for Arab Nations, originally
came from the Soviet Union, however
the end of the Cold War has changed the
1
Turner, Mark. "Israel, Palestine, and Foreign Intervention." E-mail
Interview. 20 Nov. 2010.
The case in question for JCUMUN
2012 is the recognition of an independent
Palestinian state. In 1948,3 the then newly
created United Nations approved the
Partition Plan for Palestine4 on November
29, 1947, which sought to divide the
country into two states—one Arab and one
Jewish. Jerusalem was designated to be an
international city—a corpus separatum—
administered by the UN.5 However the
agreements that were made have since
failed to ameliorate Palestinian-Israeli
affairs let alone the creation of a one-state
or two-state solution. Arab-Israeli conflicts
have challenged the possibility for a peace
that will satisfy both sides. Although
various peace talks have been held all over
the world, a solution has yet to be
achieved.
The specific question before this
plenary session of the General Assembly is
whether to recommend the recognition and
admission of an independent Palestinian
State. Such a recommendation can take
one of two forms: 1) the General
Assembly can ask UN Member States to
recognize an independent Palestinian
State; 2) the General Assembly can ask the
Security Council to consider the admission
2
Ibid.
3Brenner,
Michael; Frisch, Shelley (April 2003). Zionism: A Brief
History. Markus Wiener Publishers. pp. 184.
4
"The Avalon Project : UN General Assembly Resolution 181." Yale
University. Web. 08 Jan. 2012.
<http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/un/res181.htm>.
5 Best, Anthony (2003), International History of the Twentieth
Century, Routledge.
John Cabot University Model United Nations 2012
•
of an independent Palestinian State into the
UN.
•
The significance of such General
Assembly action might be that:
•

•
Palestine would have a stronger
claim to membership in the
United Nations, though that
decision would ultimately depend
on the political judgment of the
Security Council;

Palestine would have a stronger
claim to membership in other
international organizations, such
as the International Criminal
Court;

Palestine would have a stronger
claim to recognition by other
states.
The United Nations was created
primarily to ensure security and peace for
all its member states. The only body in the
United Nations with the power to make
enforceable recommendations to member
states is the Security Council. Although
the Security Council is the main body for
matters of international security, the issue
of an independent Palestinian state has
been given frequent attention in the
General Assembly where all 193 member
states may express their concern about this
divisive issue, and the General Assembly
is also equipped to tackle more normative
questions about a people’s right to selfdetermination and sovereignty.7
The United Nations and
the General Assembly
The General Assembly
The United Nations
The United Nations is an international
organization that came into existence in
1945, following the end of World War II.
The purpose of the UN is to bring all
nations of the world together to achieve
peace and development, based on the
principles of justice,
human dignity, and the
self-determination of all
peoples.
The
core
principles of the United
Nations
include
the
following:
•
All member states
have sovereign equality
•
All member states must obey the
Charter
Countries must try to settle their
differences by peaceful means
Counties must avoid using force or
threatening to use force
The UN may not interfere in the
domestic affairs of any country
Countries should try to assist the
United Nations6
The most representative body of
the UN is the General Assembly, which is
composed of 193 member states. As
defined in the Charter of the UN, the goal
of the General Assembly is to discuss,
debate, and make recommendations on a
wide range of topics dealing with
international peace and security. This
includes: disarmament, human rights,
international law, and the peaceful
settlement of disputes between nations.8
The General Assembly is the only
part of the United Nations that
represents all 193 member states, each
6
"Welcome to the United Nations." Welcome to the United Nations:
It's Your World. Web. 08 Jan. 2012. <http://www.un.or
g/en/>.
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John Cabot University Model United Nations 2012
of which has the right to one vote. The
Palestinian people are represented in the
General Assembly by the Palestinian
Liberation Organization, which enjoys
observer status. That gives its delegates the
right to speak and sponsor resolutions, but
not the right to vote on them.9
mandate over Palestine. In the 1917
Balfour Declaration, the British promised
the Zionists the right to create a Jewish
national home in Palestinian lands.11
Jewish immigration to Palestine
followed increasing persecution of Jews in
Europe. The Arab inhabitants of Palestine
resisted such immigration from the outset.
Great Britain, unable to control the land
after World War II, returned the mandate
to the United Nations.
The first attempt to solve the
conflict between Jews and Arabs in
Palestine resulted in the UN partition plan
which was welcomed by the
Jews, but opposed by the
Palestinians and the Arab
countries.
The
plan
established a division of the
area in seven parts with
multiparty
borders
and
corridors, with Jerusalem and
Bethlehem
to
have
12
international status. These
“checker boarded” boundaries
proved fruitless.
Continued antagonism
between Arabs and Jews
proved that this particular solution was
futile. In 1948, after the declaration of the
Independent State of Israel, Arab states
tried to oppose it by force, but Israel
emerged victorious in its war of
independence. The tensions between Arabs
and Jews in Palestine would pave the way
for many conflicts that today remain
unsolved.
History of the Palestinian
State Conflict
Historical Origins
In the 7th Century, the Arab
conquest of Palestine assimilated its
inhabitants (who are today known as the
Palestinians) into Arab culture.
In the year 1516 the land was
conquered by the Ottoman Turks. In 1831,
Muhammad Ali, the Egyptian viceroy
occupied Palestine. Under him and his son
the region was opened to European
influence. Although Ottoman control was
reasserted in 1840, Western influence
continued, and immigration from the West
into Palestinian lands continued. Among
the
many
European
settlements
established, was the Jewish contingent,
(including Russian Jews) who were the
first to come.10 Palestine retained Christian
and Jewish minorities until the twentieth
century. In the later part of the 19th
century, Zionism emerged as a nationalist
movement to restore the land of Israel as
“the promised land” for the Jewish people.
During World War I Great Britain
seized Palestine, from the control of the
Ottoman Empire. After that war, the
League of Nations granted Great Britain a
9"Welcom9
9
Ibid.
Ibid.
10
Brief History of Palestine." Palestine Facts. Web. 2012.
<http://www.palestinefacts.org/pf_early_palestine_brief_history.
php>.
11
"Internet History Sourcebooks." FORDHAM.EDU. Web. 08 Jan.
2012. <http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/balfour.asp>.
12 "The Arab-Israeli Conflict." Israël-Palestina Gids over Israël En.
Web. 08 Jan. 2012. <http://www.israel-palestina.info/arabisraeli_conflict.html>.
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John Cabot University Model United Nations 2012
Significant Conflicts
The 1967 Six Day War
During the Six Day War in 1967
Israel used its military strength to expand
its borders by occupying the Sinai
Peninsula (Egyptian land), and the Golan
Heights (Syrian land), a move that the
Arab League condemned as aggressive
territorial aggrandizement.
After this
conflict, the United Nations adopted a
Security
Council
Resolution
(known as UNSCR 242) that reemphasized
every
state’s
commitment under Article II of the
U.N. Charter to “settle their
international disputes by peaceful
means.”13 U.N. Resolution 242
further called upon Israel to return
lands that were occupied after the
dispute. However, Israel failed to
cooperate.14 During this period, the
United States emerged as a close
ally of Israel. It repeatedly
exercised its veto power in the
Security Council to ensure that
enforcement actions against Israel could
not be taken.
The 1973 Yom Kippur War
In 1971, Egyptian president Anwar
Sadat raised possibilities of overseeing a
peaceful agreement with Israel. Israel
failed to respond to this opportunity, and
Anwar Sadat threatened war.15 The
following year Sadat pleaded for the
United States to take measures for Israeli
withdrawal of occupied territory (in
13
"Charter of the United Nations: Chapter I: Purposes and
Principles." Welcome to the United Nations: It's Your World.
Web. 08 Jan. 2012.
<http://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/chapter1.shtml>.
14
"Security Council Resolutions 1967." Welcome to the United
Nations: It's Your World. Web. 08 Jan. 2012.
<http://www.un.org/documents/sc/res/1967/scres67.htm>.
15 Jewish Virtual Library - Web. 08 Jan. 2012.
<http://Jewishvirtuallibrary.org>.
accordance with U.N. resolution 242).
Sadat believed, mistakenly, that the United
States, Israel’s greatest supporter, was in a
unique position to pressure Israel into
compliance, and enforce Resolution 242.
Sadat appealed to the Soviet Union to use
its influence to coax Israel into
withdrawing troops from the occupied
regions. But the Soviet Union refused to
intervene, seeking to demonstrate an
attitude of détente with the United States.
Frustrated with Israel’s refusal to engage
in diplomacy, Sadat organized a coalition
of Arab states to attack Israel
the afternoon of October 6th,
1973, the holy day of
atonement.16
Egypt attacked Israel
from the Sinai Peninsula, and
Syria attacked from the Golan
Heights. The coalition of Arab
States consisted of forces from
Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Iraq,
Saudi
Arabia,
Morocco,
Algeria,
Libya,
Kuwait,
Tunisia, Sudan,
and the
Palestinian
Liberation
Organization (PLO). Egypt and Syria
received support and weapons from the
Soviet Union, while Israel received
financial support as well as supplies from
the United States, resulting in mass
casualties for both sides.17
The United Nations Security
Council met immediately following the
outbreak of the conflict. Resolution 338,
adopted on October 24, demanded an
immediate and unconditional ceasefire,
and commencement of negotiations.18 The
ceasefire was successfully implemented,
and peace talks followed. On December
16Beres,
Steven. "Effects-Based Operations: The Yom Kippur War
Case Study." Http://www.dodccrp.org. Web. 2012.
17
Jewish Virtual Library - Web. 08 Jan. 2012.
<http://Jewishvirtuallibrary.org>.
18 "Security Council Resolutions 1967." Welcome to the United
Nations: It's Your World. Web. 08 Jan. 2012.
<http://www.un.org/documents/sc/res/1967/scres67.htm>.
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John Cabot University Model United Nations 2012
21,, 1973, Israel, Egypt, Jordan, the United
States and the U.S.S.R. began negotiations
under the observance of the United
Nations. The United States possessed the
influence that could prompt Israeli
withdrawal, and indeed the U.S.
recognized its responsibility. While this
peace negotiation did not lead to
substantive agreements, its success lay in
the establishment of a dialogue process.19
Resolution 338 is significant for
emphasizing the need for dialogue in order
to arrive at a peaceful solution. Since
1973, there have been numerous meetings
between Arab states and Israel. Dialogue
regarding the issue has been overseen by
the United Nations, the League of Arab
States and the United States. For the JCU
MUN debate, we must examine the
international law which ought to guide
these nations, the circumstances under
which negotiations have taken place, and
why they have either succeeded or failed.
law, which aims to regulate the conduct of
armed conflict and seeks to limit its
effects. The Geneva Accords specifically
protect people who have not taken part in
hostile activity, such as civilians, and aid
workers. The Geneva conventions consist
of four different accords made in 1949.20
Israel is one of the many countries
which
have
signed
the
Geneva
Conventions. Lately Israel has faced harsh
criticism due to its direct violation of the
4th Geneva Convention. Article 49 of the
Fourth Geneva Convention relative to the
protection of civilian persons in time of
war states: "The occupying power shall not
deport or transfer parts of its own
population into the territories it occupies."
In the international
community
the
dominant view is that
Article
49
is
applicable to Israel’s
occupation of the West
Bank including East
Jerusalem, the Gaza
Strip and the Golan
Heights.21
Commonly Referenced
International Law and
Agreements
The Universal Declaration of
Human Rights
Before examining the peace
initiatives that have formed the current
state of affairs in the Middle East, it is
necessary to understand the international
agreements that t are often referenced in
meetings of the United Nations General
Assembly. During debate, specific
references to these documents will be
looked upon very favourably by your
directors.
The Universal Declaration of
Human Rights is a document adopted by
the United Nations General Assembly in
the post-war context of 1948, and
represents the first major global
representation of rights to which all human
beings are entitled. Rights range from the
right to life itself, to the right to be free
from slavery, to the right to live with
reasonable
access
to
work
in
The Geneva Conventions
The Geneva Conventions make up
the basis for international humanitarian
19
David Lea and Annamarie Rowe. A Survey of Arab-Israeli Relations: 1947-2000.
London: Europa, 2002. P.47. Print
20
"The Geneva Conventions of 1949 and Their Additional
Protocols." International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) Home. Web. 08 Jan. 2012. <http://www.icrc.org/eng/war-andlaw/treaties-customary-law/geneva-conventions/index.jsp>.
21"BBC NEWS | Middle East | Israel Bans Use of Human Shields."
BBC News - Home. Web. 08 Jan. 2012.
<http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4314898.stm>.
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John Cabot University Model United Nations 2012
circumstances which are not degrading to
the individual. 22
Since the adoption of these
principles, the United Nations has worked
to ensure that the provisions laid out in this
document are monitored by the Council on
Human Rights. Israel has been closely
watched for human rights abuses.
Frequently Israel has been accused of
using Palestinians as human shields,23 the
systematic discrimination of Arab Israeli’s
in the job market and elsewhere, and the
imprisonment of Arab’s without trial.24
Israel has defended itself by pointing to a
great number of Israeli laws that prohibit
such activities, however others insist that
regardless of Israeli law, de-facto
discrimination of Arabs is rampant.25
without external interference; [and] the
right to national independence and
sovereignty.” It also includes clauses such
as the right of return for Palestinian
refugees displaced during the war.
However, perhaps the most
significant
establishment
of
this
Resolution was the official United Nations
Recognition of the Palestinian Liberation
Organization as the representative of the
Palestinian people. While they have not
obtained full membership in the United
Nations, they are an observing member,
allowed to participate in debate at sessions,
without the right to vote. 27
Past Peace Initiatives
In September 1978, President
Jimmy Carter met with Israeli Prime
minister Menachem Begin, and Egyptian
President Anwar Sadat, to establish what
came to be known as the Camp David
Accords. There two agreements were
established: “A Framework for Peace in
the Middle East,” and “The Framework for
the Conclusion of a Peace Treaty between
Israel and Egypt.”28 The Second Camp
David Accord provided for Israeli
withdrawal of the Sinai and the opening of
diplomatic relations “under a U.N. flag.” It
called for cooperation with Resolution
242, a United Nations Resolution that was
passed in the aftermath of the six day war.
Resolution 242 calls for the “Withdrawal
of Israel’s armed forces from territories
occupied in the recent conflict [and the]
Termination of all claims or states of
belligerency and respect for and
acknowledgment of the sovereignty,
territorial
integrity
and
political
independence of every State in the area
and their right to live in peace within
Camp David Accords- A
Framework for Peace
Resolution 338
As
mentioned
above,
this
Resolution, adopted during the Yom
Kippur War, established the dialogue
process.26
Resolution 3236
On November 22, 1974, The
United Nations General Assembly met to
consider the rights of the Palestinian
people. The result was Resolution 3236,
which “Reaffirms the inalienable rights of
the Palestinian people in Palestine,
including: The right to self-determination
22
"The Universal Declaration of Human Rights." Welcome to the
United Nations: It's Your World. Web. 08 Jan. 2012.
<http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/>.
23"BBC NEWS | Middle East | Israel Bans Use of Human Shields."
BBC News - Home. Web. 08 Jan. 2012.
<http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4314898.stm>.
24Jewish Virtual Library - Web. 08 Jan. 2012.
<http://Jewishvirtuallibrary.org>.
25Ibid.
26
27Jewish
Virtual Library - Web. 08 Jan. 2012.
<http://Jewishvirtuallibrary.org>.
Lea, David, and Annamarie Rowe. A Survey of Arab-Israeli Relations: 19472000. London: Europa, 2002. P.47. Print
28
Lea, David, and Annamarie Rowe. A Survey of Arab-Israeli Relations: 19472000. London: Europa, 2002. P.9. Print
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John Cabot University Model United Nations 2012
secure and recognized boundaries free
from threats or acts of force."
The Resolution stipulated the
withdrawal of Israeli forces from the Sinai
Peninsula,
the
establishment
of
demilitarized zones, and the use of United
Nations
peacekeeping
missions.
Guidelines and timelines for the
withdrawal stated that within months after
signing the agreement withdrawal from the
Sinai Peninsula would commence.
The First Camp David accord dealt
with the more broad future of the West
Bank and Gaza, and “provided for the
election of a self-governing Palestinian
authority to replace the existing Israeli
Military Government.”29 In this agreement
both Israel and Egypt agreed to recognize
and abide by the 4th Geneva Convention
which protects civilians in occupied
territories. Israeli Prime Minister Begin
agreed to take steps towards recognizing
the full autonomy of the people of the
West Bank and the Gaza strip. It called
upon Egypt, Israel and Jordan to oversee
the process of providing the Palestinian
state with autonomy. 30
Two countries made concessions
that seemed impossible only years before
its occurrence. The
world was filled with
hope that peace could in
fact be a reality, a fact
that was mirrored when
Anwar
Sadat
and
Menachem
Begin
received the Nobel Prize
following Camp David.
However, when the two
leaders returned to their home countries,
hope began to fade.
Both leaders were faced with harsh
criticism from their governments who felt
that the concessions had gone too far.
Anwar Sadat was criticized for arrogating
to himself right to negotiate on behalf of
the Palestinians, without allowing them a
voice. When Prime Minister Begin faced
harsh pressure in Israel he reassured the
Knesset that he would not “under any
conditions or in any circumstances” allow
for the creation of an autonomous
Palestinian state.31 This disheartened the
international community, who had seen the
Camp David Accords as a step towards a
two-state solution. In November 1978, all
of the Arab states except Egypt gathered in
Baghdad to discuss means to prevent the
implementation of the Camp David
Accords.
Egypt then faced an even more
serious crisis: complete isolation by the
Arab League, which had condemned Sadat
as a traitor to the Arab cause.32 President
Anwar Sadat was later assassinated.
However despite the Camp David
Accord’s many flaws, and subsequent
opposition to it, it succeeded in
establishing official diplomatic relations
between Israel and Egypt, and enabling the
withdrawal of Israeli troops from the Sinai
Peninsula in 1979. Most significantly, the
Camp David Accords mark the first
recognition of Israel’s right to
exist by another major Arab
State. 33
Madrid Conference
In 1991, the Madrid
Conference was convened by
the United States and Russia in
order to encourage the Arab
states to begin bilateral agreements with
Israel. Nations present included Jordan,
31
Lea, David, and Annamarie Rowe. A Survey of Arab-Israeli Relations: 19472000. London: Europa, 2002. P.58. Print
32
Lea, David, and Annamarie Rowe. A Survey of Arab-Israeli Relations: 19472000. London: Europa, 2002. P.59. Print
29
Ibid, 58.
David Accords September 17, 1978."
Http://www.mfa.gov.il. Web. 2012.
30"Camp
33"BBC
NEWS | Middle East | History of Failed Peace Talks." BBC
News - Home. Web. 08 Jan. 2012.
<http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6666393.stm>.
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John Cabot University Model United Nations 2012
Lebanon, Syria, Israel and Egypt. Major
concessions came from Jordan, which
agreed to commence peace talks Israel in
turn agreed to a withdrawal from the
Golan Heights, and this led to a peace
treaty between Israel and Jordan in 1994.
Jordan became the second Arab country to
recognize Israel’s right to exist. 34
Oslo Accords
In 1993 agreements took place in
Oslo to solve a key issue: Israel and
Palestine’s acknowledgement of each
other’s legitimacy. The main agreements
established were that Israeli troops would
withdraw from the West Bank and Gaza.
In addition, a ‘Palestinian Interim SelfGoverning Authority’ would be set up for
a five-year transitional period, leading to a
permanent settlement based on resolutions
242 and 338.35 This agreement also
pointed toward a two-state solution.
Diplomatically and politically, this was a
success, but could not be fully
implemented due to the violent opposition
from Hamas. 36
Camp David Accords 2000
In 2000, Israeli and Palestinian
authorities met to discuss critical final
status issues: a one-state versus a twostate solution, the status of Jerusalem and
Palestinian refugees’ right of return.
During the negotiations, Israel
offered the Gaza Strip, a territory of
mostly Palestinian people, a significant
portion of the West Bank, and Islamic
guardianship of significant sites in
Jerusalem, along with a promise to
contribute finances to a fund for
Palestinian Refugees. Yasser Arafat
offered Israeli control of the Jewish quarter
of Jerusalem in exchange for the “right of
return” for Palestinian refugees. However,
in the end, neither side was satisfied, nor
was any agreement reached. During these
negotiations, the issues discussed were
more precise than ever, and it brought to
light the key themes of conflict that are
still on the table today.37
Saudi Peace Plan
In 2002, the League of Arab States
gathered to discuss the issue of Israel’s
borders, and its relationship to its Arab
neighbors. Saudi Crown Prince Abdullah
introduced what became known as the
Saudi Peace Initiative. Under this
agreement, Israel’s borders would be
redrawn to its original 1967 boundaries,
there would be an appropriate solution
found for the refugees including a right of
return. In exchange Israel would gain
recognition by Arab States.38 Israel found
itself unable to negotiate because of
pressure from the United States who
advised Israel against concessions that
would have been crucial for the agreement.
The Roadmap to Peace
In 2003, the U.N., along with
Russia, the United States, and the
European
Union,
established
the
“Roadmap to peace” process, which called
for the creation of a Palestinian State along
with recognition of Israel’s right to exist
34
Ibid.
Ibid.
36Āghā, Ḥusayn, and Shai Feldman. Track-II Diplomacy: Lessons from
the Middle East. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 2003 P.84. Print.
35
37"BBC
NEWS | Middle East | History of Failed Peace Talks." BBC
News - Home. Web. 08 Jan. 2012.
<http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6666393.stm>.
38
Ibid.
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John Cabot University Model United Nations 2012
(the two-state solution). The Roadmap to
Peace proposed a 3-phased process:
“1) Both sides would issue
statements supporting the two-state
solution, the Palestinians would end
violence, act against ‘all those engaged in
terror’, draw up a constitution, hold
elections and the Israelis would stop
settlement activities and act with military
restraint. 2) Would see the creation, at an
international conference, of a Palestinian
state with ‘provisional borders.’ 3) Final
agreement talks.”
The plan was originally designed to
be implemented in 2005, but has yet to
have any effect.39 The “Roadmap to
peace” was a plan initiated by U.S.
president George W. Bush that was meant
to be completed in 2005. However, these
attempts were largely diverted by the
international community and the United
States by the war in Iraq. This also
generated a general mistrust in the United
states intentions in the Middle East.
Today the Roadmap to Peace
functions as a basis for Palestinian-Israeli
negotiations. The Israeli government has
claimed that the Palestinians have failed to
subdue suicide bombers and gunmen of
Hamas and other extremist groups that
claim to represent the Palestinian cause;
the Palestinians argue that Israel was never
genuinely committed to ending its
expansion of settlements despite having
promised to do so. The death of Yasser
Arafat in 2004, his replacement by
Mahmoud Abbas, and Israel’s withdrawal
from the Gaza Strip in 2005 has raised
mild hopes that the road map process may
potentially be revived.40
Recent Conflicts
The Rise of Hamas, and the
Hamas- Fatah Conflict.
In December 1987, the Palestinian
population in the West Bank and Gaza
started a mass uprising against the Israeli
occupation and settlement in Palestinian
lands known as the First Intifada.41 The
frustration felt by many caused the
Palestinian people to turn to Hamas.
Hamas is an Islamic militant group
founded in 1987 with the stated goal to
“liberate Palestine through violent jihad.”
Unlike the more moderate Fatah, which
agreed to work towards peace with Israel,
Hamas has yet to recognize Israel’s right
to exist. Its members have carried out
many suicide bombings against Israel, and
this group receives support from Iran and
Syria. The international community has
largely recognized it as a terrorist
organization.
In 2006, Hamas won a majority of
seats in parliamentary elections, but failed
to take control of the Palestinian
Authority, led by current President
Mahmoud Abbas, a member of Fatah, the
main rival party, and representative of the
PLO. Since June 2007, Hamas has been in
control of the Gaza Strip after winning a
majority of seats in Parliamentary
elections.42
The United Nations continues to
recognize the PLO as the representatives
of the Palestinian people. Since the
election of Hamas in 2006, the United
41
39
Otterman, Sharon. "MIDDLE EAST: The Road Map to Peace."
Cfr.org. 7 Feb. 2005. Web. 2012.
40
Ibid.
"The Intifada | Middle East Research and Information Project."
MERIP Home | Middle East Research and Information Project.
Web. 08 Jan. 2012. <http://www.merip.org/palestineisrael_primer/intifada-87-pal-isr-primer.html>.
422008, June. "Hamas - The New York Times." Times Topics - The
New York Times. 08 Jan. 2012. Web. 08 Jan. 2012.
<http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organiz
ations/h/hamas/index.html?scp=5>.
9
John Cabot University Model United Nations 2012
States and the European Union halted
financial assistance to the Gaza Strip.43
The Arab Spring in 2011 led many
Palestinians to express a desire for the two
groups to consolidate. In May, 2011 the
two rival parties signed a reconciliation
accord in Cairo, recognizing the removal
of Israeli occupation of Palestinian lands
as a common cause. 44
The
unity
between Fatah and
Hamas has been fragile,
and provides a challenge
for Israel, the United
States, and the European
Union, who regard
Hamas as a terrorist
organization. However,
Hamas’ supporters see it
as a legitimate fighting
force defending Palestinians from a brutal
military occupation and providing badlyneeded social services. This has raised
intense debate in the United Nations about
the definition of an organization as
terrorist, rather than as pursuing national
liberation. With Hamas in control of the
Gaza Strip and Fatah in control of the
West Bank, this division has also hindered
the pursuit of Palestinian statehood.45
struggle for national independence, justice,
and an end to Israeli Occupation. In Israel,
the Second Intifada is viewed as yet
another wave of attacks of Palestinian
terrorism. 46
This conflict was devastating due
to the amount of casualties. The conflict
took the lives of an estimated 5,500
Palestinians and 1,100 Israelis.47
On November of 2004 Palestinian
leader Yasser Arafat died, which
suddenly rendered an internal
conflict between Hamas and Fatah.
During this time Israel also
unilaterally disengaged from the
Gaza Strip. In 2005, the Sharm ElSheikh Summit resulted in Abbas
declaring that the use of violence
would come to an end. In return
Ariel Sharon agreed to release 900
Palestinian prisoners.48
Israel and Lebanon
Hezbollah was founded in 1982 in
response to the Israeli invasion of
Lebanon, as a Lebanese militant resistance
group which has been supported by Iran
and Syria.49 Today the United States, the
United Kingdom, Israel, Australia, and
Canada have classified Hezbollah as a
terrorist organization (although the
European Union remains divided on this
classification).50
In July 2006, Hezbollah attacked
Israeli civilian areas using rockets, killing
The 2000-2005 Second
Intifada
For many who had hoped that
progress in Israeli-Palestinian relations
would follow from the Oslo Accords, the
subsequent period of violence was a
demoralizing defeat.
The ongoing violence was viewed
by the Palestinians as part of their ongoing
43Paraino,
Kevin. "The Gangs of Gaza." Http://www.ifcj.org.
Newsweek. Web. 2012.
44.2008, June. "Hamas - The New York Times." Times Topics - The
New York Times. 08 Jan. 2012. Web. 08 Jan. 2012.
<http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organiz
ations/h/hamas/index.html?scp=5>.
45"BBC News - Who Are Hamas?" BBC News - Home. Web. 08 Jan.
2012. <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1654510.stm>.
46
Pressman, Jeremy. "The Second Intifada: Background and Causes
of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict." Http://www.lib.unb.ca. Web.
2012. <http://www.lib.unb.ca/Texts/JCS/Fall03/pressman.pdf>
47"B'Tselem Casuality Statistics." Http://old.btselem.org. Web.
<http://old.btselem.org/statistics/english/Casualties.asp>.
48
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel
/1482803/Palestinian-ceasefire-ends-four-year-intifada.html
49 "Hezbollah (a.k.a. Hizbollah, Hizbu'llah)." Cfr.org. Web. 2012.
<http://www.cfr.org/lebanon/hezbollah-k-hizbollahhizbullah/p9155?breadcrumb=%2F>.
50"Prospects for Adding Hezbollah to the EU Terrorist List." Ajc.org.
Web. 2012.
<http://www.ajc.org/site/apps/nl/content2.asp?c=ijITI2PHKoG
&b=1323269&ct=4490703#_ftnref5>.
10
John Cabot University Model United Nations 2012
eight. Israel responded by bombing and
invading Lebanon, with the intention to
eliminate Hezbollah.51 After a month of
conflict, the United Nations Security
Council unanimously approved UN
Resolution 1701. The Resolution was
approved by Israeli and Lebanese
governments and called for the
disarmament of militant groups including
Hezbollah, and withdrawal of Israel from
Lebanon. 52
Hezbollah still plays a significant
role in Lebanese politics. It was able to
engage Lebanon into a war against the will
of the sovereign government. Despite two
United
Nations
Security
Council
Resolutions (1559
and 1701) calling
for the disarmament
of all Lebanese
militias, but it has
thus far refused to
cooperate
with
United Nations Policy. 53
Main Issues Today
Israeli Settlements
Perhaps the issue that is most
divisive between the government of Israel
and the Palestinian Authorities are Israel’s
continued settlements in the West Bank. It
is also a great source of tension within
Israel itself, and between Israel and the
international community.
The settlements first came about in
the aftermath of the Six Day War of 1967
which left Israel in control of Gaza, the
West Bank, and the Golan Heights, in
which
Israel
subsequently
built
communities to expand the Jewish
homeland and improve Israel’s bargaining
position in future peace talks.54
The territory captured is considered
occupied territory, and settlements
continue to exist in East Jerusalem, the
West Bank, and the Golan Heights.
Settlements existed in the Sinai Peninsula
as well as the Gaza Strip, however
residents were evacuated following
agreements with Egypt in 1979.55
Approximately 280,000 Israeli
citizens live in 121 settlements in the West
Bank and another
estimated 190,000
Israelis live in
East Jerusalem.
These settlements
place
civilians
into
occupied
territory, which is
a violation of
international law.56
Whether in the West Bank or East
Jerusalem, Israeli settlements are widely
regarded as violations of the Fourth
Geneva Convention prohibition on
colonizing occupied territories. The 2003
Roadmap for Peace stipulated a freeze on
settlement construction. Settlements have
rendered it significantly more difficult to
envisage a Palestinian state, due the
massive apparatus of roads, military
infrastructure and protected land that
services the Israeli communities.57
Nabil Shaath, leader of the foreign
affairs department of Fatah has said, “We
want to generate pressure on Israel to
54"The
51
http://www.cfr.org/lebanon/hezbollah-k-hizbollahhizbullah/p9155?breadcrumb=%2F
52"Lebanon: UN Peacekeepers Lay out Rules of Engagement,
including Use of Force." Welcome to the United Nations: It's
Your World. Web. 08 Jan. 2012.
<http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=20106>.
53 "Hezbollah (a.k.a. Hizbollah, Hizbu'llah)." Cfr.org. Web. 2012.
<http://www.cfr.org/lebanon/hezbollah-k-hizbollahhizbullah/p9155?breadcrumb=%2F>.
Six Day War." Sixdaywar.org. Web. 2012.
<http://www.sixdaywar.org/content/settlements.asp>.
55Macintyre, Donald. "The Big Question: What Are Israeli
Settlements.” Independent | News | UK and Worldwide News |
Newspaper. Web. 08 Jan. 2012.
<http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/thebig-question-what-are-israeli-settlements-and-why-are-theycoming-under-pressure-1692515.html>.
56Ibid
57
Ibid
11
John Cabot University Model United Nations 2012
make it feel isolated and help it understand
that there can be no talks without a stop to
settlements. This statement was reaffirmed
by Mahmoud Abbas who said that
negotiations would not commence until
settling in the West Bank had frozen.58
Although this
is
a large
impediment to peace, there are many who
remain optimistic and believe that the
international community, and particularly
the United States has the power to
persuade
Israeli
leader
Benjamin
Netanyahu to put a halt to settlements, thus
recommencing peace talks. Other optimists
point to the withdrawal of settlements
from Gaza. 59
The Israeli West Bank Barrier
Starting in 2002, Israel has
constructed a barrier to separate Israeli
settlements from Palestinians in the West
Bank. According to Israel, the purpose of
these walls is to protect Israelis from
terrorist attacks. Israel has said that attacks
from the West Bank have dropped 90%
thanks to the wall, however, the wall has
been declared illegal by both the
International Court of Justice and the
Israeli Supreme Court.
For
the
Palestinians,
the
barrier has cut
Palestinians
off
from 17% of land
that is rightfully
theirs. In 2004, the
United Nations General Assembly passed
a Resolution asking Israel to tear down its
58Bronner,
Ethan. "Israel: Time for Peace May Run Out."
Nytimes.com. Web.
<http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/03/world/middleeast/03m
ideast.html?pagewanted=all>.
59Macintyre, Donald. "The Big Question: What Are Israeli
Settlements.” Independent | News | UK and Worldwide News |
Newspaper. Web. 08 Jan. 2012.
<http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/thebig-question-what-are-israeli-settlements-and-why-are-theycoming-under-pressure-1692515.html>.
wall and made a reference for an Advisory
Opinion to the International Court of
Justice.
The Palestinian Bid for Full
U.N. Membership
Frequent debate about UN reform
surrounds the fact that the Security
Council has five permanent members: the
United Kingdom, France, the United
States, Russia, and China, each of whom
have veto power, meaning that they can
block the passage of any resolution (this
power is not reflected in General
Assembly meetings). When the United
Nations Security Council convened in
September 2011 to discuss Palestinians’
bid for full membership in the United
Nations, the United States wielded the
threat of its veto to obstruct the Palestinian
Authority’s ambitions for full United
Nations membership.
In a statement explaining the
United States position, President Barack
Obama addressed world leaders in the
General Assembly, stating that, “Peace
will not come through statements and
resolutions at the U.N… If it were that
easy, it would have been accomplished by
now.” 60
Mr. Obama asserted that the
international community must keep
pushing towards Israeli and Palestinian
talks on four key issues that have
challenged peace since 1979: the borders
of a new Palestinian state, security for
Israel, the status of Palestinian refugees
and the fate of Jerusalem which is disputed
as the capital for Israelis and Palestinians
alike.
While
President
Obama
congratulated the democratic movements
60Cooper,
Helene. "Obama Says Palestinians Are Using Wrong
Forum." Nytimes.com. Web. 2012.
<http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/22/world/obama-unitednations-speech.html>.
12
John Cabot University Model United Nations 2012
in the Ivory Coast, Tunisia, South Sudan,
Egypt, and Libya, President Obama has
insisted that the Palestinians must make
peace with Israel before gaining statehood
themselves. He concluded, “Israelis and
Palestinians have grievances and the
United Nations must be an arbiter.” 61
The Status of Palestinian
Refugees
UN Resolution 194, adopted on
December 11, 1948, called for the return
of Palestinian refugees to their place of
origin. So many had fled, that the
warranting the creation of the United
Nations Relief Works Agency for
Palestine Refugees (UNRWA). UNRWA
defines Palestinian refugees as people
whose original place of residence was
Palestine between June 1946 and May
1948, who lost their homes as a result of
the 1948 Arab-Israeli conflict. The
descendants of the original Palestinian
refugees are also eligible for protection.62
From 1950 until the present day, the
number of registered Palestinian refugees
has risen from 750,000 to nearly 5
million.63 Today, one-third of the
registered Palestine refugees live in 58
recognized refugee camps in Jordan,
Lebanon, the Syrian Arab Republic, the
Gaza Strip and the West Bank.64
Upon the creation of the Israeli
state, the Jewish Agency had agreed to
allow Palestinian Arabs that did not flee
during the war the opportunity to become
full citizens of the State of Israel.65 But the
refugees and their descendants do not have
Israeli citizenship.
Arab League members, such as
Egypt, Syria and Jordan, have also denied
citizenship to Palestinian Arab refugees, in
order to avoid the dissolution of their
identities, and thus their claim to their
homeland.66 This position has been widely
criticized as it forces Palestinian refugees
to live as second class citizens.
Article 13 of the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR),
which declares that "Everyone has the
right to leave any country and to return to
his home country."67 Furthermore General
Assembly Resolution 194 "Resolves that
the refugees wishing to return to their
homes and live at peace with their
neighbors should be permitted to do so at
the earliest practicable date, and that
compensation should be paid for the
property of those choosing not to return.”
This is a non-binding resolution, but it is
significant in
that it reflects
the
basic
values of the
international
community.
Jerusalem
Since biblical times, Jerusalem has
represented a holy site for Muslims, Jews,
and Christians alike. In 1947, the General
Assembly (Resolution 181) established a
demilitarized Jerusalem as a separate
entity to be managed under the aegis of the
United Nations Trusteeship Council.68
This plan failed in light of the Six Day war
and subsequent conflicts.
66"Israel
61Ibid.
62
"Palestine Refugees." UNRWA. Web. 08 Jan. 2012.
<http://www.unrwa.org/etemplate.php?id=86>.
63
Ibid.
64 Ibid.
65 Pappeé, Ilan. The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine. Oxford: Oneworld,
2006. 110.
Print
to Build New Homes in Jewish Settlement [Archive] - Iran
Defense Forum." Iran Defense Forum - Powered by VBulletin.
Web. 09 Jan. 2012.
<http://www.irandefence.net/archive/index.php/t34596.html>.
67
"The Universal Declaration of Human Rights." Welcome to the
United Nations: It's Your World. Web. 08 Jan. 2012.
<http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/>.
68"The Status of Jerusalem." Un.org. Web.
<http://www.un.org/Depts/dpi/palestine/ch12.pdf>
13
John Cabot University Model United Nations 2012
Israel has currently announced
plans to build 1,300 housing units for
Jewish settlers in occupied East Jerusalem,
a move that has been seen as an aggressive
attempt to strengthen its claims to
Jerusalem.69
The Palestinians also have claimed
East Jerusalem as the capital of the
Palestinian state, but the Israelis have
maintained that they alone will control the
city. For each side, the claims to this city
come from deep religious and historical
ties.70
Points Resolutions
Should Address
What is a Resolution?
Just as parliaments passes Acts or
bills into law, the United Nations debates
and passes “draft resolutions” which
subsequently become official United
Nations Policy. Your goal for JCUMUN
2012 will be to pass a resolution that
69"Israel
to Build New Homes in Jewish Settlement [Archive] - Iran
Defense Forum." Iran Defense Forum - Powered by VBulletin.
Web. 09 Jan. 2012.
<http://www.irandefence.net/archive/index.php/t34596.html>.
70
"Negotiating Jerusalem." Internet Archive: Wayback Machine.
Web. 09 Jan. 2012.
<http://web.archive.org/web/20060514191731/http://www.p
ublicpolicy.umd.edu/IPPP/Fall97Report/negotiating_jerusalem.
htm>.
asserts your country’s foreign policy. In
the United Nations, country’s are eager to
propose resolutions that reflect their
policy. Draft Resolutions may be written
beforehand, or as is often done, they may
be written during the conference.
Step by Step Guide to Writing a
Resolution
1) The first step to writing a draft
resolution is first to identify what issues
your country wishes to address. Then
one must follow the proper format of a
U.N. Resolution. In resolution writing,
delegates should read past United
Nations resolutions not only to grasp
the format of a resolution, but for
inspiration as well.
2) Once a Draft Resolution is written the
authors, or “sponsors” of the draft
resolution are required to have at least
six signatories. If country agrees to be a
signatory of a resolution it means that
this delegate wishes to see this draft
resolution debated.
3) Next, after obtaining the proper amount
of signatories, the delegate must submit
the resolution to the chair for approval.
4) Once a resolution is approved the
delegate must move to introduce the
draft resolution and must speak about
the general aims of the resolution. Once
this is complete the draft resolution may
be debated.
For more information on how to
write a resolution and to view sample
resolutions delegates are advised to visit:
http://www.unausa.org/munpreparation/res
olutions 71
71
"Resolutions | Model UN Preparation Guide | MUN." United
Nations Association of the USA. Web. 14 Jan. 2012.
<http://www.unausa.org/munpreparation/resolutions>.
14
John Cabot University Model United Nations 2012




Perambulatory Clauses:
The preamble of a draft resolution states
the reasons for which the committee is
addressing the topic and highlights past
international action on the issue. Each
clause begins with a present participle
(called a preambulatory phrase) and ends
with a comma. Preambulatory clauses can
include:





Bloc Positions
Israel
References to the UN Charter;
Citations of past UN resolutions or
treaties on the topic under
discussion;
Mentions of statements made by
the Secretary-General or a relevant
UN body or agency;
Recognition of the efforts of
regional
or
nongovernmental
organizations in dealing with the
issue; and
General statements on the topic, its
significance and its impact.72
Today Israel continues to face a
problem of legitimacy from its Arab
neighbours, many of whom do not
recognize Israel’s right to exist. However,
Israel has been given overwhelming
support from the United States, which
shares “common democratic values,
religious
affinities,
and
security
interests."73 The Israeli Defence Force has
close ties to the United States, which
ensures that it is a considerable force in the
Middle East.74
In a United Nations meeting in
November 2011, the Israeli delegation
stated, “Time and again, we have extended
our hand in peace to the Palestinians.
Prime Minister Netanyahu declared his
commitment to the cause of Palestinian
self-determination - and his vision for
establishing a Palestinian state, alongside
the Jewish State of Israel - two states for
two peoples. Yet, today we wait for the
Palestinians to give up the false idol of
unilateralism - and get back to the real
hard work of direct negotiations.”75 Israel
also greatly fears the power of Hamas,
Hezbollah, and the states that continue to
Operative Clauses:
Operative clauses identify the actions
or recommendations made in a resolution.
Each operative clause begins with a verb
(called an operative phrase) and ends with
a semicolon. Operative clauses should be
organized in a logical progression, with
each containing a single idea or proposal,
and are always numbered. If a clause
requires further explanation, bulleted lists
set off by letters or roman numerals can
also be used. After the last operative
clause, the resolution ends in a period.
When a delegate writes a
Resolution, the Operative clauses become
the subject of debate. For the case in
question operative clauses should mention:
 Israeli Settlements
 The Borders of a new Palestinian
State.
72
Ibid
Assuring Security for Israel
The Status of Palestinian Refugees
The Fate of Jerusalem
Plans for Palestinian Statehood and
eventual United Nations
Membership
73
Migdalovitz, Carol. "CRS Report for Congress: Background and
Relations with the United States." Web. 2012.
<http://www.dtic.mil/cgibin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA470003&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.p
df>.
74 Mahler, Gregory S. (1990). Israel After Begin. SUNY Press. p. 45.
Print.
75"Camp David Accords September 17, 1978."
Http://www.mfa.gov.il. Web. 2012.
15
John Cabot University Model United Nations 2012
support these organizations such as Syria
and Iran.76
Israel bases its claims to its land on
four premises: first, the religious premise
that God promised the land to the patriarch
Abraham; second, that the Jewish people
rightfully settled and developed the land;
third, that the international community
granted political sovereignty in Palestine
to the Jewish people and lastly, that the
territory was captured in defensive wars.77
The United States
Although the United States is
frequently seen as an uncompromising ally
of Israel, it has played a more nuanced role
in negotiations with both sides during the
conflict. The United States makes up part
of the Quartet (EU, Russia, US and the
UN) that aims to structure negotiations to
resolve the Arab-Israeli disputes.78
Meetings of the United Nations are
frequently hostile to Israel and the United
States often stands as Israel’s sole
supporter. Israel has responded by voting
with the United States in virtually all
issues.79
However, just as Israel is often the
target of hostilities, the United States
receives an equal amount of criticism for
its continued support to Israel, regardless
of the international laws that Israel breaks.
In light of recent of Israeli attacks on
heavily populated civilian areas of the
Gaza Strip in 2009, Amnesty International
called for the United States to suspend
military aid to Israel on human rights
grounds. The United States has done no
such thing and has continued its support
for Israel.80
The International Community has
accused the United States of merely
pumping billions of dollars worth of
advanced weaponry into lands that can be
used as an outpost with which to extend its
foreign policy ambitions into the Middle
East.81
In 2009, President Barack Obama
declared that “America’s commitment and
my commitment to Israel and Israel’s
security is unshakable.”82
In February 2011, the United States
vetoed a Security Council Resolution that
would have made Israeli Settlements in the
West Bank illegal. While the United States
officially recognizes the settlements in the
West Bank as illegal, it vetoed the
resolution on the grounds that it would
hinder the peace process, and that
agreements made outside of the United
Nations would be more conducive to
negotiations and concessions. President
Barack Obama maintains relations with
PLO leader Mahmoud Abbas, and has
stated that he is open to negotiations
outside of the Security Council.83
80Wellen,
76
Ibid.
77Jewish
Virtual Library - Web. 08 Jan. 2012.
<http://Jewishvirtuallibrary.org>.
78 Rettman, Andrew. "EUobserver.com / Foreign Affairs / EU and US
Criticise Israel Ahead of UN Showdown." EUobserver.com /
Headline News. Web. 09 Jan. 2012.
<http://euobserver.com/24/113332>.
79"United States Support of Israel?" Palestine Facts. Web. 09 Jan.
2012.
<http://www.palestinefacts.org/pf_1991to_now_israel_us_sup
port.php>.
Russ. "Obama and Israel's Military: Still Arm-in-Arm |
FPIF." Foreign Policy In Focus | International Affairs, Peace,
Justice, and Environment. Web. 09 Jan.
81 Turner, Mark. "Israel, Palestine, and Foreign Intervention." E-mail
Interview. 20 Nov. 2010.
82Cooper, Helene. "In Israel, Obama Speech on Little Mention of
Palestinians." Politics and Government - 2012 Presidential
Watch - The Caucus Blog - NYTimes.com. Web. 09 Jan. 2012.
<http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/12/16/in-obamaspeech-on-israel-no-mention-of-palestinians/>.
83 "U.S. Vetoes U.N. Resolution Declaring Israeli Settlements Illegal CNN." Featured Articles from CNN. 18 Feb. 2011. Web. 09 Jan.
2012. <http://articles.cnn.com/2011-02-
16
John Cabot University Model United Nations 2012
EU Nations
“EU–Israel Action Plan” serves to
intensify
political
and
security
cooperation, introduce a significant
element of economic integration, boost
socio-cultural and scientific cooperation
and share responsibility in conflict
prevention and resolution.84
The European Union is also the
largest donor of aid to Palestinian
communities.85 In regards to Israeli
Settlements in the West Bank and
elsewhere, the High Representative of the
E.U commented that the “EU position on
settlements is clear. Settlements are illegal,
they constitute an obstacle to peace and
threaten to make a two-state solution
impossible. A solution that the Israeli
Prime Minister says he supports. He is
right, and these talks are urgent.”86
Most EU member states wish to see
Israeli borders returned to their pre-1967
boundaries, though many states differ on
their policy regarding the matter.
Germany
Seeking to expiate its crimes
against the Jews, Germany has maintained
a very supportive relationship with Israel,
and a policy of virtually unconditional
support in the pursuit of security for the
Jewish homeland, while placing less
importance on the Palestinian demands for
sovereignty.87 The German Government
18/world/un.israel.settlements_1_israeli-settlements-securitycouncil-hanan-ashrawi?_s=PM:WORLD>.
-settlements-security-council-hanan-ashrawi?_s=PM:WORLD
84Parodo, Sharon. "Going West: Guidelines for Israel’s Integration
into the European Union." Http://israelcfr.com. Web. 2012.
<http://israelcfr.com/documents/issue8_SharonPardo.pdf>.
85Ibid.
86Lempkowicz, Yossi. "In Cairo Speech, EU’s Catherine Ashton Very
Critical of Israeli Policies." Ejpress.org. Web. 2012.
<http://www.ejpress.org/article/news/western_europe/42936
>..
87"Crisis in Germany's Unconditional Support of Israel." Web.
<http://www.alternativenews.org/english/index.php/topics/ec
onomy-of-the-occupation/2718-crisis-in-germanysunconditional-support-of-israel->.
has been the largest provider of
submarines and other sea fairing vessels to
Israel, with the German government
subsidizing one-third of the cost.88
Recently, however, even the
German government has expressed
disapproval
of
continued
Israeli
settlements in the West Bank, and it has
even commissioned an investigation on the
recent Israeli attack on the Free Gaza
Flotilla, which took the lives of 9 peace
activists and left nearly 30 injured.
The Arab League
This regional organization has
played an important role in the ArabIsraeli conflicts, and taken a strong stand
on the question of Palestinian statehood.
Many nations within the Arab League tend
to vote as a block. The Arab League has
always maintained a close connection to
the Palestinian cause. In 2010, the Arab
League urged Palestinian President
Mahmoud Abbas to abandon the Peace
Process. 89
While the Arab League supports
the Palestinian cause, the extent of its
support can fluctuate. For example, after
the Yom Kippur war, Egyptian President
Anwar Sadat’s desire to negotiate with
Israel earned him fierce opposition and
even economic isolation from the Arab
League.
Egypt and Jordan are among the
few nations who have pursued diplomatic
relations with Israel.
Recently Arab foreign ministers
have decided to reject a demand made by
Israel
that
Palestinian
negotiators
88"Germany
Sells Israel More Dolphin Subs." Daily Defense News for
Military Procurement Managers, Contractors, Policy Makers.
Web. 09 Jan. 2012.
<http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/germany-may-sell-2more-dolphin-subs-to-israel-for-117b-01528/>.
89
"Arab League Summit in Libya (March 2010)." Geopolitical
Intelligence, Strategic Intelligence, Diplomacy News, World
Affairs & Geopolitics - ISRIA.com. Web. 09 Jan. 2012.
<http://www.isria.com/free/27_March_2010_ArabLeagueSum
mit.php>.
17
John Cabot University Model United Nations 2012
recognize Israel as a Jewish state, arguing
that a Jewish state would compromise the
possibility of the right of return for nonJewish refugees. 90
Arab League chief Amr Moussa
has addressed the Hamas-Fatah conflict,
stating that Arab governments should
consider sanctions against the fighting
Palestinian political factions Fatah and
Hamas if they hinder reconciliation efforts
by the League.91
The recent Arab Spring has
affected Arab League-Israeli relations, as
new, more democratically-accountable
governments form. The Arab League has
“fallen out” with Syria, due to its violent
suppression of popular protests, barring it
from meetings of the Arab League. 92
The Arab League has boycotted
Israeli goods, and defends its decision to
do so by pointing to Israel’s refusal to
cooperate with international law, past U.N.
resolutions, and peace talks.93
Iran
Iran (along with Syria) constitutes
Israel’s greatest security threat in the
Middle East. Ever since the Islamic
Revolution led by Ayatollah Khomeini,
Iran has severed all diplomatic relations
with Israel, and has even condemned those
who enter into negotiations with Israel. It
actively supports Hamas and Hezbollah,
claiming that they are “freedom fighters,”
and not the “terrorists” the Western nations
insist they are.
Iran equates the term “Zionism”
with racism
Iran's supreme leader
90"Maan
News Agency: Arab League Refuses to Recognize Israel as
Jewish State." .:: ‫ووووووو وووووووو‬
‫ ووووووووووووو‬::. Web. 09 Jan. 2012.
<http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=315642
>.
91 "BBC News - Profile: Arab League - Timeline." BBC - Homepage.
Web. 09 Jan. 2012. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/worldmiddle-east-15747947>.
92 Ibid.
93Jewish Virtual Library - Web. 08 Jan. 2012.
<http://Jewishvirtuallibrary.org>.
Ayatollah Ali Khomeini has recently
stated “Today Palestine is the symbol of
life, determination, faithfulness, diligence,
and dignity,” 94
Official Iranian policy sustains that
the September 11 terrorist attacks were a
plot by the US government, to create an
excuse for supporting Israel and extending
its reach into the Middle East.95
Among the most controversial
policies include Iran’s denial of the
Holocaust. In a statement to the United
Nations, President said, “they (the Western
powers) launched the myth of the
Holocaust. They lied, they put on a show
and then they support the Jews96
The Palestinian Liberation
Organization
The PLO is the governing body
that is dominant in the West Bank despite
the election of Hamas, which controls the
Gaza Strip. The PLO has been recognized
as the official representative of the
Palestinian people and maintains relations
with the West and has been the chief
negotiator on behalf of the Palestinian
people.
Though many believed the
divisions between Hamas and Fatah (the
PLO political arm) to be grave, due to
differences in diplomatic styles (or
Hamas’s
relative unwillingness
to
negotiate), the two sides came together in
2011, where a statement of reconciliation
was signed in Cairo recognizing each
other’s power, and realizing a common
struggle. The Western powers are highly
94"'Israel’s
Obliteration Is Certai... JPost - Iranian Threat - News."
Israel News | Online Israeli News Covering Israel & The Jewish
World - JPost. Web. 09 Jan. 2012.
<http://www.jpost.com/IranianThreat/News/Article.aspx?id=1
68066>.
95"Mahmoud Ahmadinejad: His Outlandish Quotes."
Telegraph.co.uk - Web. 09 Jan. 2012.
<http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/ira
n/8022125/Mahmoud-Ahmadinejad-his-outlandishquotes.html>.
96
Ibid
18
John Cabot University Model United Nations 2012
critical of the deal, however Mahmoud
Abbas insists that forging Palestinian unity
is essential for prospects to become an
independent state.97
PLO priorities include freezing
Israeli settlements in the West Bank,
maintaining control of Jerusalem, removal
of the West Bank Barrier wall, and the
return for displaced Palestinian refugees
Asia
In East Asia, a plethora of views
can be found on the Israeli-Palestinian
conflict. Indonesia has faced much the
same hindrances in developing a
relationship with Israel as have other
Muslim-majority nations of Asia. While
not hostile to Israel, Indonesia places a
higher value on avoiding tensions with
Islamist factions at home than it does on
establishing
relations
with
Israel.
Indonesia, like many other south-east
Asian nations has adopted a pro-Arab
policy as part of an overarching anticolonialist worldview.98 These policies
have been mirrored by Malaysia and
Bangladesh.
China has continued to maintain
relations with both Arab states as well as
Israel and Western nations. Recently
tensions have emerged over Israel’s sale of
arms to the Chinese.99 Recently, however,
China has backed a U.N. statement
condemning Israel’s attacks on the flotilla
bringing aid supplies into the Gaza strip.100
97
Abunimah, Ali. "Questions about "Hamas-Fatah Reconciliation""
Electronicintifada.net. Web. 2012.
<http://electronicintifada.net/node/9879>.
98Barton, Greg. " Indonesia And Israel: A Relationship In Waiting"
jcpa.org. Web. 2012.
<http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DRIT=
5&DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=111&FID=625&PID=0&IID=180
2&TTL=Indonesia_And_Israel:_A_Relationship_In_Waiting>.
99 "BBC NEWS REPORT: US 'anger' at Israel Weapons Sale TO CHINA
- Right Face!" Right Face! - Taking Back America. Web. 09 Jan.
2012. <http://www.rightface.us/forum/topics/bbc-newsreport-us-anger-at-israel-weapons-sale>.
100 "China Backs UN Presidential Statement on Israel's Deadly Raid."
Consulate-General of the People's Republic of China in Cape
Town. Web. 09 Jan. 2012. <http://capetown.chinaconsulate.org/eng/xwdt/t706363.htm>.
India is a country with a long
history of enmity with many of the nations
that threaten Israel’s interests. India and
Israel have had a long-standing military
alliance.
India
prioritizes
Israel’s
security.101
Latin America
With the exception of Venezuela,
Cuba and Bolivia, the Latin America states
have relations with both the Arab states
and Israel. In 2009, Venezuela joined
Bolivia in severing ties with Israel in
protest against its war in the Gaza
Strip, which left more than 1,000
Palestinians dead. Venezuela was trying to
make a larger statement against “imperial
western powers.”102
Brazil’s former president Luiz
Inacio Lula da Silva was the first Brazilian
president to visit Israel officially. He also
dramatically changed Brazilian policy
towards Israel when he officially
recognized the Palestinian state, and
recognized the land gained by Israel in
1967 as occupied territory. IsraeliBrazilian relations have been tense ever
since. Brazil has also promoted a policy of
dialogue with Iran, frightened both Israel
and the United States. Argentina has
followed this policy as far as recognition
of Palestinian Authorities.
Israel signed a free-trade agreement
with the Mercosur, the fifth-largest bloc in
terms of gross domestic product in the
world. This has been unfavourable to the
Palestinians, who identify the Free Trade
101Online,
Asia Time. "Asia Times Online :: South Asia News,
Business and Economy from India and Pakistan." Asia Times
Online :: Asian News Hub Providing the Latest News and
Analysis from Asia. Web. 09 Jan. 2012.
<http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/KD02Df02.html>.
102"Venezuela Breaks off Israel Ties - Americas - Al Jazeera English."
AJE - Al Jazeera English. Web. 09 Jan. 2012.
<http://www.aljazeera.com/news/americas/2009/01/2009115
36357502.html>.
19
John Cabot University Model United Nations 2012
Agreement as a boost to the Israeli military
and industrial complex.103

Further Reading
http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/nationa
l-security/un-once-again-center-stage-forisraeli-palestinianconflict/2011/09/08/gIQA6cBuaK_story_1.htm
l
About Model United
Nations:





Guide to MUN:
http://www.unausa.org/munpre
paration/
Public Speaking and Model
U.N:
http://www.unausa.org/munpre
paration/publicspeaking
Model U.N. Rules of
Procedure:
http://www.unausa.org/munpre
paration/rulesofprocedure
Chart of Rules and Motions:
http://www.unausa.org/munpre
paration/rulesofprocedure/chart
Sample Resolutions:
http://www.unausa.org/munpre
paration/resolutions/sample



Delegates should keep up on
periodicals and news broadcasts (BBC,
Al Jazeera etc...) as this issue is
ongoing, and references to current
events will be looked upon favourably
by the directors.
http://www.aljazeera.com/news/mid
dleeast/
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world/m
iddle_east/
Recommended Relevant
Online Articles:
103
The Council on Foreign Relations:
Issue Guide: The Israeli –
Palestinian Conflict:
http://www.cfr.org/middle-east/issue-guideisraeli-palestinian-conflict/p25059

The Council on Foreign Relations:
Palestinian Statehood at the U.N.:
http://www.cfr.org/palestinianauthority/palestinian-statehood-un/p25954

BBC News: Israeli’s and
Palestinians: “No Progress “in
Jordan Talks
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east16385990
Books

Bowker, Robert P. G. (2003).
Palestinian Refugees: Mythology,
Identity, and the Search for Peace.
Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 158826-202-2

Gerson, Allan (1978). Israel, the
West Bank and International Law.
Routledge. ISBN 0-7146-3091-8

Segev, Tom (2007) 1967 Israel,
The War and the Year that
Transformed the Middle East Little
Brown ISBN 978-0-316-72478-4

Gold, Dore. The Fight for
Jerusalem: Radical Islam, the
West, and the Future of the Holy
City. Washington, DC: Regnery
Publishing, Inc., 2007.
Periodicals:

Washington Post: U.N. once again
center stage for Israeli-Palestinian
conflict:
"Why Latin America Turned Against Israel." Big Peace | Big
Peace. Web. 09 Jan. 2012.
<http://bigpeace.com/cglick/2010/12/11/why-latin-americaturned-against-israel/>.
20
John Cabot University Model United Nations 2012
Essential Documents for
Delegates:

The United Nations Charter:

The Geneva Conventions

The United Nations Declaration of
Human Rights

Convention on the rights of the
Refugee

The Camp David Accords
21
John Cabot University Model United Nations 2012
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2
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3
John Cabot University Model United Nations 2012
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4