Digestive System Review (organ by organ)
Oral Cavity
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Ingestion Mechanical Digestion using Teeth and Tongue –
Mastication Deciduous vs. Permanent teeth Anatomical Characteristics of teeth:
a. Crown
b. Root
c. Neck
d. Gingival
e. Enamel
f. dentin
g. pulp
h. periodontal ligament
6. Hard Palate, Soft Palate, & Uvula
7. Tongue:
a. Intrinsic muscles
b. Extrinsic muscles
c. Linguinal frenulum
d. Filliform papillae
8. Chemical Digestion using Saliva 9. Characteristics (Components) of Saliva 10. 3 types of salivary glands (names, locations, and locations of openings) 11. Salivary Amylase (Parotid Salivary Gland) – breaks down amylase into di and trisaccharides
12. Linguinal Lipase (Sublinguinal Salivary Gland) – breaks down triglycerides into glycerol and 3 fatty acids
13. Bolus Pharynx
1. Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
Esophagus
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Propulsion Deglutition Peristalsis –
Epiglottis location and function Inner Circular Muscle vs. Outer Longitudinal Muscle
Lower Esophageal, Cardiac, Cardioesophageal, Gastroesophageal Sphincter or Valve
Stomach (Gastric)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Mechanical Digestion by Churning –
Parts of the stomach –
Muscle Layers: Inner Oblique Muscle vs. Middle Circular Muscle vs. Outer Longitudinal Muscle
Rugae (distention)Absorption of what four items in the stomach Chemical Digestion by Gastric Juice: What are the components of gastric juice?
Gastric Juice:
a. Mucus from mucous cells
b. HCl and Intrinsic Factor from Parietal Cells
c. Pepsinogen from Chief Cells
d. Acitvated into Pepsin (to digest proteins) by HCl
e. Enteroendocrine or G-Cells release Gastrin (a hormone) into blood to stimulate to release of
secretions:
i. Chief Cells
ii. Parietal Cells
iii. Mucous Cells
8. Stomach Enzymes for the digestion of Proteins: Rennin, Pepsin (Pepsinogen)
9. Chyme 10. Proenzyme 11. Tissue layers of GI organs:
a. Mucosa
b. Submucosa
c. Muscularis
d. Serosa (Visceral Peritoneum)
12. How long does food stay in the stomach (what affects this amount of time most?)
Pyloric Valve
Small Intestine (entero)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Sections of the small intestine: Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum
Mechanical Digestion = segmentation
Secretin and Cholecystokinin (hormones) and their functions Associated organs: Pancreas, Liver, and Gallbladder (all empty into the duodenum)
a. Cystic Duct, Pancreatic Duct, Common Bile Duct, Common Hepatic Duct, Sphincter of Oddi
Pancreas: pancreatic juice consists of enzymes, proenzymes, and NaHCO3: Sodium Bicarbonate to
Neutralize HCl of Stomach
Pancreatic Enzymes for Digestion of Carbohydrates: pancreatic amylase
Pancreatic Enzymes for Digestion of Proteins: Carboxypeptidase (procarboxypeptidase), chymotrypsin
(chymotrypsinogen), Elastase (proelastase), Trypsin (trypsinogen)
Pancreatic Enzymes for Digestion of Lipids: Pancreatic Lipase
Liver: produces bile which is stored in the gall bladder until needed to break down fat
10. Bile – fat emulsification: BILE IS NOT AN ENZYME!: breaks down large goblets of fat to increase surface
area so small pieces of fat can be further broken into glycerol and 3 fatty acids by pancreatic lipase
11. Brush Border: Plicae Circulares, Villi, Microvilli
12. Brush Border Enzymes for Digestion of Carbohydrates: maltase, lactase, sucrase
13. Brush Border Enzymes for Digestion of Proteins: Enteropeptidase, Dipeptidase, Peptidase
14. Brush Border Enzymes for Digestion of Nucleic Acids and Nucleotides: Nuclease and Nucleotidase
15. Mesentery
16. Absorption of food nutrients
17. Functions of specific intestinal cells:
a. columnar cells
c. enteroendocrine cells
b. goblet cells
d. intestinal crypts
Ileocecal Valve
Large Intestine
1. Ascending, Transverse, Descending, Sigmoid
2. Haustra
3. Absorption of water
4. Production of Vitamins B and K
5. Cecum
6. Appendix
7. Rectum
8. Mass Peristalsis
9. Defecation (what are the contents of feces?)
10. Anal canal
11. Internal anal (involuntary) and external anal (voluntary) sphincters
Additional Items to Review:
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2.
3.
4.
5.
Alimentary Canal or GI Tract and why it is “outside” the body
Visceral peritoneum and parietal peritoneum
3 phases of digestion and their characteristics
Parasympathetic vs. Sympathetic Nervous System
Be able to ID the following organs of the dissected cat: esophagus (within the abdominal cavity),
diaphragm, stomach and rugae, liver, gall bladder, falciform ligament, greater omentum, lesser
omentum, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, urinary bladder, visceral peritoneum, parietal
peritoneum, spleen, kidney
6. What is the purpose of cellulose in the human diet
7. Be able to illustrate dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis
8. Describe the difference between the linguinal frenulum, periodontal ligament, filiform papillae, and
falciform ligament