1.
Observations are facts derived from the environment by using the five senses. Ex: The book is yellowish.
2.
In inferences are conclusions or predictions based on your observations. Ex: The rock is old.
3.
Your senses can be extended (made more precise) by using instruments. Ex: The book is 22cm.
4.
Classification is organizing observations in a meaningful way. Ex: The book is science fiction.
5.
Mass- the amount of ___ matter ______ in an object.
6.
Volume- the amount of ____ space _________ an object occupies.
7.
The ___ density _____ of any given substance will remain the same regardless of the size, shape, or mass of the sample.
8.
As the pressure increases, the density of a substance will ___ increase __________.
9.
As the temperature increases, the density ___ decrease __________.
10.
Water expands when it __ freezes ____________ causing density to ____ decrease_ _________.
11.
Most changes are ___ cyclic ________, which means that they are predictable (repeating pattern).
12.
Dynamic Equilibrium means __ changes _____ are occurring but overall they ___ balance _______ out.
13.
Most substances are densest as a ___ solid __________.
14.
Water is densest at __ 4 ___ degrees Celsius, when it is a ___ liquid _________.
15.
Objects more dense than water _____ sink _______, less dense will ___ float __________.
16.
Because the Earth bulges slightly at the equator and is slightly flattened at the poles it is called an ___ oblate
_______ ___ spheroid ___________.
17.
The equatorial diameter is ___ greater __________ than the polar diameter.
18.
A person would weigh slightly _ more ___ at the poles because he/she is __ closer ________ to the center of the
Earth.
19.
The best model of the Earth’s shape is a __ Perfect sphere (ping-pong ball) _________.
20.
Evidence for a round earth: photos from space (best evidence), ships disappear slowly over the horizon, Earth’s shadow on the moon is curved (lunar eclipse), Polaris = latitude, gravity measurements are difference.
21.
The altitude of Polaris (North Star) above the horizon is the same as the observer’s __ latitude ___________.
22.
Polaris is located above the Earth’s ___ axis _______ of ______ rotation _______.
23.
You can only see Polaris in the ___ northern _______ hemisphere –always have to look __ north _____ to see
Polaris.
24.
As a persons latitude increases, the altitude of Polaris ___ increases ________.
25.
If you’re at 90°N, then Polaris is _ 90◦__ above the horizon- If you are at 0° then Polaris is _ 0 _° .
26.
___ Latitude ____ Lines run left to right (horizontal) but measures distances __ north ______ and
___ south _____ of the equator.
27.
____ Longitude _________ Lines run up and down (vertically) but measure east and west of the Prime Meridian.
28.
Approximate latitude of NY is _ 41 ___ to 45°N, 72 to __ 79 __°W.
29.
Longitude is based on earth’s rotation of 15°/hr and the sun’s apparent motion.
30.
If you travel west time becomes less, if you travel east, time will increase!
31.
The closer the isolines (contour, isobar, isotherm) the ____ greater (steeper) __________ the slope (gradient).

32.
Contour lines always bend at a stream forming a “V” that points in the opposite direction of flow.
33.
Contour Interval – the elevation increase between two contour lines, Ocean/ sea level = 0.
34.
Streams always flow from ___ high ______to___ low ______ elevation.
35.
Hydrosphere = water (oceans) Lithosphere = Crust (continental/oceanic) Atmosphere = Layers of gasses.
190.
Rocks are classified based on _______ origin (how they are formed) _____________.
191.
Igneous rocks form from the ____ solidification ___________ (crystallization) of molten material (lava or magma.)
192.
Igneous exhibit intergrown/interlocking mineral crystals.
193.
Vesicular texture – gas pockets (porous). An example would be the rock __________ Pumice, Scoria, etc _________.
194.
If an igneous rock cools extremely fast, the rock will exhibit a _______ glassy _____ texture.
195.
When an igneous rock cools fast, _____________ small _____________ crystals form.
196.
When an igneous rock cools slowly, ___________ large _______________ crystals form.
197.
Intrusive = ______ below _______ ground.
198.
Extrusive = ______ above _______ ground.
199.
Mafic rocks are ____ dark colored _________ with a ______ high _______ density.
200.
Felsic rocks are _______ light colored ______ with a _______ low ______ density.
201.
Clastic sedimentary rocks are formed by the _______ compaction ____ and ______ cementation ____ of sediments.
202.
Bioclastic – form from the compaction and cementation of _____ organic matter ______.
203.
Crystalline sedimentary rocks form from the ______ evaporation ____ of water and _______ precipitation
______ of dissolved mineral from a solution.
204.
Only rock type to contain fossils - ______ sedimentary _______.
205.
Metamorphic rocks from pre-existing rocks that have been altered due ___ heat ____ and/or___ pressure _________.
206.
_____ Metamorphic ________ rocks may be foliated (banding.)
207.
Key words for Metamorphic rocks are ; foliation, re-crystallize, distorted structure.
208.
Mineral properties such as cleavage and hardness depend on the ______ internal arrangement ____ of the molecules.
209.
The most common mineral is _____ quartz ________ (composed of silicon and oxygen.)
210.
Cleavage- the tendency for a mineral to break along ________ smooth __,_________ flat ____ surfaces.
211.
Hardness – the ______ resistance _______ to being ________ scratched _____.
242.
Folds, faults, _______ tilts
_______ provide evidence that the earth’s crust has moved.
243.
Earthquake is a sudden movement along a fault, usually happens at ______ plate boundaries _____.
244.
______ Tsunamis ________ (tidal wave) caused by underwater earthquake.
245.
Fossils of marine life found at high elevation are evidence of _______ uplift _______.
246.
Evidence of continental drift (pangea) – The puzzle like appearance of the continents (South America/Africa)
South America and Africa have same: fossils, rock layers. Climactic evidence (i.e. glacier in Africa?)
247.
Mid-Ocean ridges (spreading center) are areas where ____________ new crust __ ______________ is being created as tectonic plates move apart.