Lesson Plans
LabSim for CompTIA’s
Linux+
Powered by LPI
(Exam LX0-101 and Exam LX0-102)
Version 8.0
Table of Contents
Table of Contents ................................................................................................................ 1
Course Overview ................................................................................................................ 3
Section 0.1: Introduction ..................................................................................................... 5
Section 1.1: The Shell ......................................................................................................... 7
Section 1.2: Help ................................................................................................................. 9
Section 1.3: Environment Variables ................................................................................. 11
Section 1.4: Aliases ........................................................................................................... 13
Section 1.5: Text Editors................................................................................................... 14
Section 1.6: Redirection and Piping.................................................................................. 16
Section 1.7: Directories ..................................................................................................... 18
Section 1.8: Files ............................................................................................................... 20
Section 1.9: Links ............................................................................................................. 22
Section 1.11: Locating and Searching Files ...................................................................... 25
Section 2.1: Installation Design ........................................................................................ 27
Section 2.2: Linux Installation .......................................................................................... 29
Section 2.3: Localization .................................................................................................. 31
Section 3.1: Linux Boot Process ....................................................................................... 33
Section 3.2: BootLoaders .................................................................................................. 34
Section 3.3: Runlevels ...................................................................................................... 36
Section 3.4: Init Scripts ..................................................................................................... 38
Section 3.5: System Shutdown ......................................................................................... 40
Section 4.1: X Window System ........................................................................................ 42
Section 4.2: Display Managers ......................................................................................... 44
Section 4.3: Accessibility.................................................................................................. 46
Section 5.1: Red Hat Package Manager (RPM)................................................................ 48
Section 5.2: Debian Package Manager (DPKG) ............................................................... 50
Section 5.3: Shared Libraries ............................................................................................ 52
Section 6.1: User and Group Overview ............................................................................ 54
Section 6.2: User Management ......................................................................................... 56
Section 6.3: Group Management ...................................................................................... 58
Section 7.1: Disk Partitions............................................................................................... 60
Section 7.2: File Systems .................................................................................................. 62
Section 7.3: Mounting File Systems ................................................................................. 64
Section 7.4: File System Maintenance .............................................................................. 66
Section 7.5: Disk Quotas................................................................................................... 68
Section 7.6: Ownership ..................................................................................................... 70
Section 7.7: Permissions ................................................................................................... 72
Section 7.8: Archive and Backup...................................................................................... 74
Section 8.1: Device Drivers .............................................................................................. 76
Section 8.2: Kernel Module Management ........................................................................ 78
Section 8.3: Hotplug and Coldplug Devices ..................................................................... 80
Section 9.1: Processes ....................................................................................................... 82
Section 9.2: Process Management .................................................................................... 84
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
1
Section 9.3: Task Management ......................................................................................... 86
Section 9.4: Print Management ......................................................................................... 88
Section 9.5: Time Management ........................................................................................ 91
Section 9.6: Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) ......................................................................... 93
Section 9.7: Structured Query Language (SQL) ............................................................... 95
Section 10.1: System Log Files ........................................................................................ 97
Section 10.2: Scripts ......................................................................................................... 99
Section 10.3: Text Stream Processing ............................................................................ 101
Section 11.1: Networking Overview............................................................................... 103
Section 11.2: Network Interface Configuration .............................................................. 105
Section 11.3: Routing Configuration .............................................................................. 107
Section 11.4: Hostname and DNS Configuration ........................................................... 109
Section 11.5: Network Troubleshooting ......................................................................... 111
Section 12.1: Root Usage ................................................................................................ 113
Section 12.2: User Security and Restriction ................................................................... 115
Section 12.3: Network Security ...................................................................................... 116
Section 12.4: File Auditing ............................................................................................. 117
Section 12.5: Login Blocking ......................................................................................... 118
Section 12.6: Xinetd and Inetd Super Daemons ............................................................. 120
Section 12.7: OpenSSH .................................................................................................. 122
Section 12.8: SSH Port Tunneling .................................................................................. 124
Section 12.9: Public Key Authentication ........................................................................ 126
Section 12.10: Gnu Privacy Guard (GnuPG) .................................................................. 128
Practice Exams ................................................................................................................ 129
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
2
Course Overview
This course prepares students for CompTIA’s Linux+ Exams; LX0-101 and LX0-102. It
focuses on running GNU and Unix commands from the command line, installing and
configuring Linux, and maintaining and securing the Linux system.
Module 0 – Introduction
This module introduces the students to the Linux+ certification exams; LX0-101 and
LX0-102.
Module 1 – Using Linux
This module introduces the students to using Linux. They will learn about the Linux
shell, help options, the role of environment variables, using aliases, text editors,
redirection and piping available on a Linux system. Students will also learn about
commands to manage files and directories, links, FHS, and how to locate and search files
for specific character patterns.
Module 2 – Installation and Localization
This module examines designing an effective installation, installing a Linux operating
system, and configuring country and language-specific settings.
Module 3 – Boot and Shutdown
In this module students will learn concepts about the Linux boot process, installing
bootloaders, managing runlevels, using init scripts, and shutting down the system.
Module 4 – User Interfaces and Desktops
This module teaches the students about configuring an X Window system and display
managers, and providing accessibility to people with impairments.
Module 5 – Software Installation
This module discusses installing application packages using RPM and Debian, and
managing shared libraries.
Module 6 – Users and Groups
This module examines the fundamentals of managing user and group accounts.
Module 7 – Disk and File System Management
In this module students will learn concepts about managing disk partitions, managing,
monitoring and maintaining file systems, restricting disk space to users, managing file
and directory ownership and permissions, and archiving data on a Linux system.
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
3
Module 8 – Hardware Installation
This module discusses hardware installation. Topics covered include; device drivers,
managing kernel modules, and managing Hotplug and Coldplug devices.
Module 9 – Processes and System Services
In this module students will learn the basics of managing and prioritizing processes,
managing tasks, printing, and time. This module also provides an overview of using
Structured Query Language (SQL).
Module 10 – System Monitoring
This module discusses concepts of system monitoring; system logging, using scripts to
execute commands and processing a text stream.
Module 11 – Networking
This module examines the basics of networking, configuring network interfaces,
configuring routing, configuring DNS settings, and troubleshooting network
communication problems.
Module 12 – Security
This module examines the fundamentals of security on the Linux system. This includes
the root user account, promoting user security and restrictions, increasing network
security, file auditing and login blocking. Students will also become familiar with using
the xinetd and inetd super daemons, OpenSSH and SSH port tunneling, a public key to
authenticate to a computer, and the GnuPG encryption tool.
Practice Exams
In Practice Exams students will have the opportunity to test themselves and verify that
they understand the concepts and are ready to take the certification exams.
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
4
Section 0.1: Introduction
Summary
The Linux+ certification is a vendor neutral certification designed to certify applicants
can complete general Linux tasks across many different distributions. In the latest version
of the Linux+ certification CompTIA has partnered with the Linux Professional Institute
(LPI) to identify what knowledge is necessary to be an effective Linux administrator, thus
the CompTIA Linux+ certification is essentially the same as the Linux Professional
Institute Level 1 certification.
The Linux+ certification certifies that applicants have the skills and knowledge of a
junior level Linux administrator, one with about six months to a year’s worth of
experience on the job, including the following skills:




Managing the system using the command line interface.
Performing maintenance tasks such as adding users, backing up the system,
shutting down and rebooting the system.
Managing your display.
Connecting the system to a network.
The Linux+ certification has been updated. To obtain the certification, applicants must
pass two exams:


The LX0-101 exam covers the following:
o Basic system architecture
o Linux installation and software management
o Unix commands
o Devices
o Linux file systems
o Linux file system hierarchy
The LX0-102 exam covers details about:
o Linux shell
o Scripting and managing data
o User interfaces and desktops
o Administrative tasks
o Essential system services
o Basic networking fundamentals
o Linux security
This course covers content for the Linux+ exam. If possible, we recommend that students
study for both exams before taking either exam.
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
5
Lecture Focus Questions:



What exams are required for you to pass to certify for the CompTIA Linux+
Powered by LPI certification?
Why do many administrators choose to use a command line interface on a Linux
server?
What is a Linux distribution?
Video/Demo
Time
0.1.1 Instructor Introduction
2:12
0.1.2 Linux+ Certification Overview
5:07
0.1.3 Linux Operating System Introduction
13:13
Total
20:32
Time
About 20 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
6
Section 1.1: The Shell
Summary
This section introduces the student to the shell that administrators use to control a Linux
operating system. Students will become familiar with the:





Common shell types
Common shell characteristics
Tips for working in the shell
Common commands used from the shell
Shell configuration files used when the shell starts
Students will learn how to:






Navigate through shells and execute shell commands.
Use the command history.
Use tab completion while executing a shell command.
Locate and edit shell configuration files.
Use exec to execute a command.
Execute common commands such as pwd, whoami, uname, su, and exit.
Linux+ Objectives:



103.1 Work on the command line
Candidates should be able to interact with shells and commands using the
command line. The objective assumes the bash shell.
o Use single shell commands and one line command sequences to perform
basic tasks on the command line.
o Use and edit command history.
o Invoke commands inside and outside the defined path.
105.1 Customize and use the shell environment
Candidates should be able to customize shell environments to meet users' needs.
Candidates should be able to modify global and user profiles.
o Set environment variables (e.g. PATH) at login or when spawning a new
shell.
o Write BASH functions for frequently used sequences of commands.
o Maintain skeleton directories for new user accounts.
Set command search path with the proper directory.
Lecture Focus Questions:


What is a shell?
What are the basic differences between common shells?
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
7





What is the difference between how executable programs are run by a Linux shell
as compared to a DOS environment?
What is the difference between how a Linux shell recognizes the path to
executable programs compared to how a DOS environment recognizes the path?
What common commands are used to navigate through shells?
What types of items can Tab complete be used to complete once you start typing
the entities' name?
What does the tilde symbol (~) in the prompt indicate?
Video/Demo
Time
1.1.1 Shell Overview
4:23
1.1.3 Shell Commands
19:16
1.1.4 Using Shell Commands
12:47
1.1.6 Shell Configuration Files
9:29
1.1.7 Viewing Shell Configuration Files
7:19
Total
53:14
Time
About 65 minutes
Number of Exam Questions
14 questions
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
8
Section 1.2: Help
Summary
This section provides information about sources that can be used to find syntax, options
available, and uses for the commands that are available on a Linux computer. Students
will become familiar with help options available for a Linux system:




Manual (man) pages
Info pages
On-screen help
Whatis database
Students will learn how to:



Access documentation about a specified command.
Search for information about a command.
Use on-screen help to display the syntax and available options of a command.
Linux+ Objectives:

103.1 Work on the command line
Candidates should be able to interact with shells and commands using the
command line. The objective assumes the bash shell.
o Use single shell commands and one-line command sequences to perform
basic tasks on the command line.
Lecture Focus Questions:



What are the differences between the man utility and info utility?
What types of files are stored in the /usr/share/doc directory?
How can you access on-screen help for each command?
Video/Demo
Time
1.2.1 Help
9:30
1.2.2 Accessing Help
9:18
Total
18:48
Lab/Activity



Get Help 1
Get Help 2
Get Help 3
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
9
Number of Exam Questions
2 questions
Time
About 40 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
10
Section 1.3: Environment Variables
Summary
This section discusses the role of environment variables. Concepts discussed include:



User-defined variables
Common environment variables
Common environment variable commands
Students will learn how to:


Display the value of currently set environment variables.
Set the value of an environment variable.
Linux+ Objectives:


103.1 Work on the command line
Candidates should be able to interact with shells and commands using the
command line. The objective assumes the bash shell.
o Use and modify the shell environment including defining, referencing and
exporting environment variables.
105.1 Customize and use the shell environment
Candidates should be able to customize shell environments to meet users' needs.
Candidates should be able to modify global and user profiles.
o Set environment variables (e.g. PATH) at login or when spawning a new
shell.
o Write BASH functions for frequently used sequences of commands.
Lecture Focus Questions:




What is the role of environment variables?
What is the standard syntax for environment variable identifiers?
How do you preserve the current values of the PATH environment variable when
adding a new value to it?
How do you make a new value assigned to an environment variable persistent
across all shell sessions?
Video/Demo
Time
1.3.1 Environment Variables
16:18
1.3.2 Managing Environment Variables
10:14
Total
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
26:32
11
Lab/Activity

View Environment Variables
Number of Exam Questions
11 questions
Time
About 40 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
12
Section 1.4: Aliases
Summary
In this section students will learn how to use aliases to perform a specific action invoked
at startup or from the shell.
Students will learn how to:




Display a list of the currently defined aliases on the system.
Create a custom command using an alias.
Create a single alias that includes multiple commands.
Remove an alias.
Linux+ Objectives:

105.1 Customize and use the shell environment
Candidates should be able to customize shell environments to meet users' needs.
Candidates should be able to modify global and user profiles.
Lecture Focus Questions:



What is the purpose of an alias?
What happens if you create a new alias with an alias name that already exists?
When would it be important to make an alias persistent?
Video/Demo
Time
1.4.1 Aliases
6:43
1.4.2 Using Aliases
6:50
Total
13:33
Number of Exam Questions
1 question
Time
About 15 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
13
Section 1.5: Text Editors
Summary
This section examines using text editors to create and modify text files. Concepts
covered include:


Vim (vi improved) modes:
o Command mode
o Command line mode
o Edit modes
Common vi commands
Students will learn how to:



Navigate a text file using vi.
Open and edit an existing text file using the vi editor.
Create a new file using vim.
Linux+ Objectives:

103.8 Perform basic file editing operations using vi
Candidates should be able to edit text files using vi. This objective includes vi
navigation, basic vi modes, inserting, editing, deleting, copying and finding text.
o Navigate a document using vi.
o Use basic vi modes.
o Insert, edit, delete, copy and find text.
Lecture Focus Questions:



Why is it important to know how to run a text editor on a Linux system?
What are the four different modes available in vim, and how can you tell the
current mode?
Which vi mode would you use to overwrite existing text?
Video/Demo
Time
1.5.1 Text Editors
15:21
1.5.2 Using vim
12:05
Total
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
27:26
14
Lab/Activity


Create a New File
Modify an Existing File
Number of Exam Questions
14 questions
Time
About 55 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
15
Section 1.6: Redirection and Piping
Summary
This section provides information about using redirection and piping to create, send, or
gather information on a Linux system. Concepts covered include:




The role of redirection
The role of piping
Redirection and piping commands
The xargs command
Students will learn how to:







Redirect the standard output from the screen to a file.
Redirect and append new content to an existing file.
Redirect a standard error from a command to a file.
Redirect the standard input to a command.
Pipe the output of a command to the input of another command.
Use the pipe command to search a file for specified text.
Use the pipe command to create a text stream.
Linux+ Objectives:

103.4 Use streams, pipes and redirects
Candidates should be able to redirect streams and connect them in order to
efficiently process textual data. Tasks include redirecting standard input, standard
output and standard error, piping the output of one command to the input of
another command, using the output of one command as arguments to another
command and sending output to both stdout and a file.
o Redirecting standard input, standard output and standard error.
o Pipe the output of one command to the input of another command.
o Use the output of one command as arguments to another command.
o Send output to both stdout and a file.
Lecture Focus Questions:




What is the difference between redirection and piping?
When might you choose to redirect the input of a command?
What are the three default file descriptors that Linux uses to classify information
for a command?
How can you overcome the 128 KB shell command size restriction?
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
16
Video/Demo
Time
1.6.1 Redirection
10:21
1.6.2 Piping
7:12
1.6.3 Using Redirection and Piping
9:19
1.6.5 Xargs
2:50
Total
29:42
Number of Exam Questions
10 questions
Time
About 35 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
17
Section 1.7: Directories
Summary
This section discusses basic commands used to manage directories:









pwd
cd
ls
mkdir
cp –r
cp –R
mv
rmdir
rm
Students will learn how to:







Navigate directories using the cd command.
Display the current working directory using the pwd command.
Display a list of the contents of a directory including hidden files.
Create a new directory using the mkdir command.
Delete an empty directory and also a directory with existing files.
Copy the entire directory including files and subdirectories to a new location.
Move directories to a new location using the mv command.
Linux+ Objectives:

103.3 Perform basic file management
Candidates should be able to use the basic Linux commands to manage files and
directories.
o Copy, move and remove files and directories individually.
o Copy multiple files and directories recursively.
o Remove files and directories recursively.
Lecture Focus Questions:


What is the shortcut to move directly to the home directory when using the cd
command?
What is the difference in function between the rm command and the rmdir
command?
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
18
Video/Demo
Time
1.7.1 Directory Management
15:15
1.7.2 Manage Directories
11:52
Total
27:07
Lab/Activity





Find the Working Directory
View Directory Information
Find a Hidden Directory
Create Directories
Delete Directories
Number of Exam Questions
7 questions
Time
About 55 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
19
Section 1.8: Files
Summary
This section examines basic commands that are used to manage files on a Linux system:











touch
cat
less
head
tail
file
cp
mv
rm
shred
lsattr
Students will learn how to:




Create and view files from the command line.
Use cat, less, head, and tail to view the contents of a text file.
Delete and move files from one directory to another.
Delete an existing directory including all subdirectories and files.
Linux+ Objectives:

103.3 Perform basic file management
Candidates should be able to use the basic Linux commands to manage files and
directories.
o Copy, move and remove files and directories individually.
o Copy multiple files and directories recursively.
o Remove files and directories recursively.
Lecture Focus Questions:




How can you display only the first few lines of a file?
Why is it more common to use the tail command than the head command?
How can you use the tail command to monitor a specified file when
troubleshooting the system?
What is different about file extensions in Linux compared to file extensions in a
DOS environment?
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
20
Video/Demo
Time
1.8.1 File Management
19:08
1.8.2 Managing Files
15:37
Total
34:45
Lab/Activity





View the Contents of a File
View a List of Available Shells
Delete Files
Move Files
Delete Files and Directories
Number of Exam Questions
8 questions
Time
About 60 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
21
Section 1.9: Links
Summary
This section discusses using links to point to another file. Concepts covered include:


Link types:
o Hard link
o Symbolic link
Commands for creating hard links and symbolic links:
o ln source link_name
o cp source link_name
Students will learn how to:



Determine where a link points to.
Create a hard link to share access to data.
Create a symbolic link to a specified directory.
Linux+ Objectives:

104.6 Create and change hard and symbolic links
Candidates should be able to create and manage hard and symbolic links to a file.
o Create links.
o Identify hard and/or softlinks.
o Copying versus linking files.
o Use links to support system administration tasks.
Lecture Focus Questions:





What is an inode?
What is the difference between a hard link and a symbolic link?
How can you identify a symbolic link when using the ls -l command?
Which type of link is similar to shortcuts in Windows?
Which utilities can you use to create links?
Video/Demo
Time
1.9.1 Links
6:50
1.9.2 Creating Links
7:54
Total
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
14:44
22
Lab/Activity


Create a Hard Link
Create a Symbolic Link
Number of Exam Questions
5 questions
Time
About 35 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
23
Section 1.10: Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS)
Summary
In this section students will explore the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) which is a
subset of the Linux Standards Base (LSB). Students will become familiar with the
standard set of directories defined by the FHS.
Students will learn how to:

Determine the correct location for files under the FHS.
Linux+ Objectives:

104.7 Find system files and place files in the correct location
Candidates should be thoroughly familiar with the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard
(FHS), including typical file locations and directory classifications.
o Understand the correct locations of files under the FHS.
o Find files and commands on a Linux system.
o Know the location and purpose of important files and directories as
defined in the FHS.
Lecture Focus Questions:




What are the benefits to the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS)?
Why does a Linux system use a more structured file system than the Windows
OS?
What should you be aware of when saving files in the /temp directory?
Which directory is specified by Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) to hold
temporarily mounted filesystems?
Video/Demo
1.10.1 Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS)
Time
18:54
Number of Exam Questions
7 questions
Time
About 25 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
24
Section 1.11: Locating and Searching Files
Summary
This section discusses the details about locating and searching files. Concepts covered
include:


Commands to find file locations
o find
o locate
o which
o whereis
o type
Commands to search file text for specific words or character patterns:
o grep
o egrep
o fgrep
Students will learn how to:

Determine the location of a command and view detailed information about it.
Linux+ Objectives:


103.7 Search text files using regular expressions
Candidates should be able to manipulate files and text data using regular
expressions. This objective includes creating simple regular expressions
containing several notational elements. It also includes using regular expression
tools to perform searches through a filesystem or file content.
o Create simple regular expressions containing several notational elements.
o Use regular expression tools to perform searches through a filesystem or
file content
104.7 Find system files and place files in the correct location
Candidates should be thoroughly familiar with the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard
(FHS), including typical file locations and directory classifications.
o Understand the correct locations of files under the FHS.
o Find files and commands on a Linux system.
o Know the location and purpose of important files and directories as
defined in the FHS.
Lecture Focus Questions:


What is the advantage of using the locate utility over the find utility? What are
the disadvantages?
When would you use the which command to locate a file?
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
25





Which utilities can you use to locate a file?
Which utilities can you use to locate and get information about a command?
What does it mean when a command is hashed?
How can you discover the category of a command?
What commands can you use to search for text within files?
Video/Demo
Time
1.11.1 File Location Utilities
10:51
1.11.2 Finding Files
12:41
1.11.4 Content Search Utilities
10:03
1.11.5 Finding File Content
4:49
Total
38:24
Time
About 60 minutes
Number of Exam Questions
19 questions
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
26
Section 2.1: Installation Design
Summary
This section examines the general steps to design an effective installation:









Perform a needs assessment
Pick a distribution
Determine the hardware requirements
Plan the file system
Plan the partitions
Identify software
Identify the users
Gather network information
Select an installation source
Students will learn how to:

Design and gather information to plan a Linux installation.
Linux+ Objectives:

102.1 Design hard disk layout
Candidates should be able to design a disk partitioning scheme for a Linux
system.
o Allocate filesystems and swap space to separate partitions or disks.
o Tailor the design to the intended use of the system.
o Ensure the /boot partition conforms to the hardware architecture
requirements for booting.
Lecture Focus Questions:







Why is it important to create a detailed plan prior to deploying a Linux
installation?
What elements should you consider when performing a needs assessment?
What factors should you consider when selecting a Linux distribution?
How can you ensure that specific hardware is compatible with the Linux
distribution you have selected?
Why must the /etc, /bin, /sbin, /lib, and /dev directories all be on the same
partition?
Which user account is automatically created when Linux is installed?
What types of installation sources are available for Linux?
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
27
Video/Demo
2.1.1 Installation Design
Time
24:08
Number of Exam Questions
6 questions
Time
About 35 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
28
Section 2.2: Linux Installation
Summary
In this section students will learn the general steps necessary to install a Linux operating
system:











Start the install
Select a language
Set the system time
Format partitions
Select applications and services
Set the root password
Specify a host name
Configure network connections
Configure services
Add new users and groups
Configure the hardware settings
Students will learn how to:

Install a Linux operating system.
Linux+ Objectives:

102.1 Design hard disk layout
Candidates should be able to design a disk partitioning scheme for a Linux
system.
o Allocate filesystems and swap space to separate partitions or disks.
o Tailor the design to the intended use of the system.
o Ensure the /boot partition conforms to the hardware architecture
requirements for booting.
Lecture Focus Questions:





What might you have to do to ensure that the system will boot from the correct
installation media?
Under what conditions should you select the UTC for the system time?
How can you create more than four partitions on a Linux system?
What are the characteristics of a secure password?
What is the purpose of the bootloader?
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
29
Video/Demo
Time
2.2.1 Linux Installation
2:41
2.2.2 Installing Linux
20:55
Total
23:36
Number of Exam Questions
2 questions
Time
About 30 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
30
Section 2.3: Localization
Summary
This section examines how to configure country and language-specific settings for
various applications. Concepts covered include:


Configurable environment variables
Commands to configure local settings:
o locate
o iconv
Students will learn how to:

Localize a system with the appropriate country, monetary and language-specific
settings.
Linux+ Objectives:

107.3 Localisation and internationalisation
Candidates should be able to localize a system in a different language than
English. As well, an understanding of why LANG=C is useful when scripting.
o Locale settings.
o Timezone settings.
Lecture Focus Questions:




Why is it important to configure locale settings?
What type of elements can be configured using the locale settings?
What is the syntax of the locale settings?
Which environment variable overrides all other locale settings?
Video/Demo
Time
2.3.1 Locale Settings
9:38
2.3.2 Configuring Locale Settings
5:20
Total
14:58
Number of Exam Questions
5 questions
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
31
Time
About 35 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
32
Section 3.1: Linux Boot Process
Summary
This section examines the general stages of the Linux boot process:




BIOS
Boot loader
OS Kernel
Init
Students will learn how to:

Direct the system through the boot process.
Linux+ Objectives:

101.2 Boot the system
Candidates should be able to guide the system through the booting process.
o Provide common commands to the boot loader and options to the kernel at
boot time
o Demonstrate knowledge of the boot sequence from BIOS to boot
completion
o Check boot events in the log file
Lecture Focus Questions:






What are the four general stages for the boot process?
When is the initrd image loaded into memory?
What is the default initial program?
Which component mounts the root partition?
What is the process ID of the initial program?
Where is the primary boot loader located?
Video/Demo
3.1.1 Linux Boot Process
Time
7:36
Number of Exam Questions
8 questions
Time
About 20 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
33
Section 3.2: BootLoaders
Summary
This section discusses bootloaders. Concepts covered include:


The Grand Unified Boot Loader (GRUB) utility
Linux Loader
Students will learn how to:



View the grub configuration file and gather pertinent information about the
system.
Configure the GRUB configuration file to boot as required by your setup.
Install the LILO bootloader.
Linux+ Objectives:

102.2 Install a boot manager
Candidates should be able to select, install and configure a boot manager.
o Providing alternative boot locations and backup boot options.
o Install and configure a boot loader such as GRUB.
o Interact with the boot loader.
Lecture Focus Questions:






What do you have to do to apply the changes you have made to the LILO
configuration file?
What is the path to the GRUB configuration file?
How do you change the default operating system when using GRUB?
Which setting displays the available operating systems during system boot up?
What is the syntax used to identify the root file system for each operating system
in the GRUB menu?
How can you require authentication for the options in the GRUB menu?
Video/Demo
Time
3.2.1 GRUB
9:23
3.2.2 Using GRUB
10:24
3.2.6 LILO
8:52
3.2.7 Using LILO
5:56
Total
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
34:35
34
Lab/Activity


Read the Boot File
Configure the Boot File
Number of Exam Questions
13 questions
Time
About 60 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
35
Section 3.3: Runlevels
Summary
In this section students will learn about managing runlevels. Concepts covered include:





Runlevels 0-6
The role of the /etc/inittab file
The contents of the /etc/inittab file
Commands to determine and change the current runlevel
Kernel options to customize Linux boot parameters.
Students will learn how to:



Identify the current runlevel and change it as required by your system
circumstances.
Change the default runlevel.
Supply kernel options at boot time to customize how the system boots.
Linux+ Objectives:


101.2 Boot the system
Candidates should be able to guide the system through the booting process.
o Provide common commands to the boot loader and options to the kernel at
boot time
101.3 Change runlevels and shutdown or reboot system
Candidates should be able to manage the runlevel of the system. This objective
includes changing to single user mode, shutdown or rebooting the system.
Candidates should be able to alert users before switching runlevel and properly
terminate processes. This objective also includes setting the default runlevel.
o Set the default runlevel.
o Change between run levels including single user mode.
Lecture Focus Questions:







Which file affects the default runlevels?
Why would you set the runlevel to 1?
What is the difference in functionality between a runlevel 1 and runlevel 3?
Which runlevel reboots the system, and which runlevel shuts the system down?
What commands can be used to change the runlevel?
How can you enter kernel options during the system boot up?
How can you identify the current and previous runlevels?
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
36
Video/Demo
Time
3.3.1 Runlevels
8:17
3.3.2 Managing Runlevels
6:34
3.3.7 Using Kernel Options
6:05
Total
20:56
Lab/Activity



Find the Runlevel
Change the Runlevel
Change the Default Runlevel
Number of Exam Questions
4 questions
Time
About 45 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
37
Section 3.4: Init Scripts
Summary
This section examines the basics of using init scripts. Concepts covered include:



The role of init scripts
Init script directories
o rc (BSD and System V)
o halt (BSD and System V)
o boot (BSDF) or rc.sysinit (System V)
o boot.local (BSD)
Commands to manage daemons and the init scripts
o service
o insserv
o chkconfig
Students will learn how to:


Use init scripts to start and stop services on the system.
Determine the default runlevels for init scripts.
Linux+ Objectives:

101.3 Change runlevels and shutdown or reboot system
Candidates should be able to manage the runlevel of the system. This objective
includes changing to single user mode, shutdown or rebooting the system.
Candidates should be able to alert users before switching runlevel and properly
terminate processes.
Lecture Focus Questions:






What is the role and function of init scripts?
Which distribution stores the init scripts in the /etc/rc.d/init.d directory?
What does the /etc/init.d/rc5.d directory contain?
How would you view what init scripts are available in your distribution?
What command runs an init script?
What identifier kills or starts an init script?
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
38
Video/Demo
Time
3.4.1 Init Scripts
17:16
3.4.2 Using Init Scripts
19:36
Total
36:52
Lab/Activity



Change a Service Runlevel
Determine Service Status
Restart a Service
Number of Exam Questions
6 questions
Time
About 60 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
39
Section 3.5: System Shutdown
Summary
This section discusses commands for shutting down the system.
Students will learn how to:

Use the shutdown, halt, and init commands at the shell prompt to properly
shutdown or reboot the system.
Linux+ Objectives:

101.3 Change runlevels and shutdown or reboot system
Candidates should be able to manage the runlevel of the system. This objective
includes changing to single user mode, shutdown or rebooting the system.
Candidates should be able to alert users before switching runlevel and properly
terminate processes. This objective also includes setting the default runlevel.
o Set the default runlevel.
o Change between run levels including single user mode.
o Shutdown and reboot from the command line.
o Alert users before switching runlevels or other major system event.
o Properly terminate processes.
Lecture Focus Questions:






What happens when you run init 0 at the shell?
How would you send a message to all users on the system without shutting down
the system?
Which commands shut the system down immediately?
What command will reboot the system after 15 minutes?
What is the purpose of the /etc/shutdown.allow?
How can you terminate the shutdown process after it is already running?
Video/Demo
Time
3.5.1 System Shutdown
4:12
3.5.2 Shutting Down the System
5:11
Total
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
9:23
40
Lab/Activity



Shut Down Immediately
Shut Down with Notification
Shut Down and Reboot
Number of Exam Questions
7 questions
Time
About 35 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
41
Section 4.1: X Window System
Summary
This section discusses configuring an X Window system. Concepts covered include:




X Window components:
o X server
o Window manager
o Desktop environment
o X font server
Configuring the X server
o Required information
o Configuration files
o Sections in configuration files
o Utilities used with X server
Configuring a window manager or desktop environment on a System V
distribution
Commands to start a specific application if the system does not have a graphical
interface enabled
Students will learn how to:

Configure the X server settings.
Linux+ Objectives:

106.1 Install and configure X11
Candidates should be able to install and configure X11.
o Verify that the video card and monitor are supported by an X server.
o Awareness of the X font server.
o Basic understanding and knowledge of the X Window configuration file.
Lecture Focus Questions:







What three components make up the X Windows System? What is the additional
optional component?
Why does the xorg.conf file contain a warning about editing the file?
What is the function of the module section in the xorg.conf or XF86Config file?
What types of information do you need to gather before configuring the X server?
What are the two popular desktop managers?
Which utilities can you use to configure XFree86 X server?
How can you launch a desktop manager if the system does not have a graphical
interface enabled?
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
42
Video/Demo
Time
4.1.1 X Window System
9:15
4.1.3 X Window System Configuration
19:20
4.1.4 Configuring X Window System
7:50
Total
36:25
Number of Exam Questions
10 questions
Time
About 45 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
43
Section 4.2: Display Managers
Summary
This section discusses details about configuring display managers. Concepts covered
include:








Main display manager types for Linux:
o X Display Manger (XDM)
o Gnome Display Manager (GDM)
o KDE Display Manager (KDM)
Tasks to complete when configuring the display manager
Paths to XDM configuration files:
o /etc/X11/xdm
o /usr/X11R6/lib/x11/xdm
XDM configuration files
o Xresources
o Xservers
o xdm-config
o Xaccess
KDM configuration files
o /etc/kde/kdm/kdmrc
o /etc/x11/ksm/kdmrc
General sections of the kdmrc configuration file
o General
o XDMCP
o Xgreeter
The GDM configuration file is /etc/X11/gdm/gdm.conf
Sections of the /etc/X11/gdm/gdm.conf file
o Xserver definitions
o Servers
o Security options
o XDMCP support
o XDMCP chooser
o Greeter
Students will learn how to:



Enable or disable an XDM display manager.
Use the Xresources and Xserver files to configure the display manager.
Configure the display manager to use X terminals.
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
44
Linux+ Objectives:

106.2 Setup a display manager
Candidates should be able setup and customize a display manager. This objective
covers the display managers XDM (X Display Manger), GDM (Gnome Display
Manager) and KDM (KDE Display Manager).
o Turn the display manager on or off.
o Change the display manager greeting.
o Change default color depth for the display manager.
o Configure display managers for use by X-stations.
Lecture Focus Questions:





What is the function of a display manager?
What are the three main display manager types?
Which display manager uses the same configuration files as the XDM display
manager?
What two different commands can you use to start the display manager?
How can you change the color depth of the display manager?
Video/Demo
Time
4.2.1 Display Managers
15:44
4.2.2 Configuring Display Managers
10:10
Total
25:54
Number of Exam Questions
7 questions
Time
About 45 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
45
Section 4.3: Accessibility
Summary
This section explores providing accessibility to Linux systems to people with tactile,
audible, and visual impairments. Concepts covered include:


Keyboard accessibility options:
o Sticky keys
o Mouse keys
o Slow keys
o Toggle keys
o Repeat rate
o Bounce keys
Visual accessibility options:
o Onscreen keyboard
o Mouse gesture
o Screen reader
o Screen magnifier
o Braille devices
o Desktop themes
Students will learn how to:




Configure the Assistive Technologies options for people with impairments.
Use the GOK onscreen keyboard to send characters to an application.
Configure Orca for use by visually impaired users.
Configure High Contrast Large Desktop Themes for visually impaired users.
Linux+ Objectives:

106.3 Accessibility
Demonstrate knowledge and awareness of accessibility technologies.
o Keyboard Accessibility Settings (AccessX?)
o Visual Settings and Themes
o Assistive Technology (ATs)
Lecture Focus Questions:



What types of disabilities does the accessibility option support?
Which accessibility option can be set to assist users who have trouble pressing
multiple keys at the same time?
What feature can you use to compensate for a user who has Parkinson's disease
and accidentally presses a single key multiple times?
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
46


What accessibility options are available for the visually impaired user?
Which types of alternative input methods are supported by GOK?
Video/Demo
Time
4.3.1 Accessibility
8:22
4.3.2 Configuring Accessibility Settings
13:05
Total
21:27
Number of Exam Questions
11 questions
Time
About 30 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
47
Section 5.1: Red Hat Package Manager (RPM)
Summary
This section examines using the RPM utility to install application packages. Concepts
covered include:


Red Hat Package Manager (RPM)
o The role of RPM
o RPM naming conventions
o Commands for managing RPM packages
 rpm
 rpm2cpio
Yellowdog Updater Modified (YUM)
o The role of YUM
o Uses /etc/yum.conf as the configuration file
o Uses /etc/yum.repos.d to keep a .repo file
o Uses /var/usr.yum.log as a log file
o Commands for managing RPM packages:
 yum
 yumdownloader
 createrepo
Students will learn how to:





Use rpm to test dependencies before installing a package.
Install a package using the rpm -ihv options to install and view the progress of
the installation.
Uninstall a package using rpm.
Determine if a package has been installed.
Use yum install a package and all the required dependencies.
Linux+ Objectives:

102.5 Use RPM and YUM package management
Candidates should be able to perform package management using RPM and YUM
tools.
o Install, re-install, upgrade and remove packages using RPM and YUM.
o Obtain information on RPM packages such as version, status,
dependencies, integrity and signatures.
o Determine what files a package provides, as well as find which package a
specific file comes from.
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
48
Lecture Focus Questions:








What is the role of a package manager?
How does the RPM naming convention help you to quickly select a package with
a specific version?
How would you check the authenticity of a package?
What sources are available for obtaining packages?
What utility will extract files from an RPM package without installing the
package?
What is the difference between how RPM handles dependencies and how YUM
handles dependencies?
How would you verify if a package has been installed?
What is the main configuration file for the YUM package?
Video/Demo
Time
5.1.1 RPM Part 1
16:56
5.1.2 RPM Part 2
9:49
5.1.3 Managing RPM Packages
12:32
5.1.5 Yellowdog Update Manager (YUM)
6:25
5.1.6 Installing RPM Packages with YUM
5:12
Total
50:54
Number of Exam Questions
22 questions
Time
About 80 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
49
Section 5.2: Debian Package Manager (DPKG)
Summary
This section explores using Debian packages to install packages. Details include:

Commands used to manage Debian packages:
o dpkg
o apt-cache
o apt-get
o aptitude
Students will learn how to:



Install and uninstall a new package using the dpkg command.
Use the apt-cache command to view information about installed packages.
Download and install a package using the apt-get command.
Linux+ Objectives:

102.4 Use Debian package management
Candidates should be able to perform package management using the Debian
package tools.
o Install, upgrade and uninstall Debian binary packages.
o Find packages containing specific files or libraries which may or may not
be installed.
o Obtain package information like version, content, dependencies, package
integrity and installation status (whether or not the package is installed).
Lecture Focus Questions:





When would you use Debian packages instead of RPM packages?
How can you identify a Debian package from an RPM package?
What dpkg option prevents a package from being installed if a newer version of
the package already exists on the computer?
What command would you use to display all of the package’s dependencies?
What command for Debian is similar to the YUM tool for RPM packages?
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
50
Video/Demo
Time
5.2.1 Debian Package Manager (DPKG)
10:12
5.2.2 Managing Debian Packages
7:27
Total
17:39
Number of Exam Questions
16 questions
Time
About 30 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
51
Section 5.3: Shared Libraries
Summary
This section provides information about managing shared libraries. Concepts covered
include:



The role of shared libraries
Types of shared libraries:
o Dynamic
o Static
Commands to manage libraries
o ldd
o ldconfig
Students will learn how to:


Identify a daemon's required shared libraries.
Recognize a broken library link.
Linux+ Objectives:

102.3 Manage shared libraries
Candidates should be able to determine the shared libraries that executable
programs depend on and install them when necessary.
o Identify shared libraries.
o Identify the typical locations of system libraries.
o Load shared libraries.
Lecture Focus Questions:







What is the purpose of a shared library?
What is the difference between a dynamic shared library and a static shared
library?
What does it mean if a library file name contains .so in the name?
What command would you use to identify library dependencies?
What are the management complications for shared libraries?
Which file contains a cached list of dynamic shared libraries?
What are the methods to configure additional dynamic libraries on a Linux
system?
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
52
Video/Demo
Time
5.3.1 Shared Libraries
7:00
5.3.2 Managing Shared Libraries
2:22
Total
9:22
Number of Exam Questions
10 questions
Time
About 20 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
53
Section 6.1: User and Group Overview
Summary
This section provides the following information about user and group accounts:


Types of users and groups:
o Standard user
o System user
o Primary group
o Secondary groups
Files the user and group databases are stored in:
o /etc/passwd
o /etc/shadow
o /etc/group
o /etc/gshadow
Students will learn how to:


View the user account information in the /etc/passwd file.
View the group membership information in the /etc/group file.
Linux+ Objectives:

107.1 Manage user and group accounts and related system files
Candidates should be able to add, remove, suspend and change user accounts.
o Add, modify and remove users and groups.
o Manage user/group info in password/group databases.
o Create and manage special purpose and limited accounts.
Lecture Focus Questions:






Which file stores user accounts?
Which file contains the passwords for each user account?
What are the differences between standard user accounts and system user
accounts?
What is default primary group for each user?
How can you determine if a user account is locked?
How is the GECOS field typically used?
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
54
Video/Demo
Time
6.1.1 User and Group Overview
19:14
6.1.2 User and Group File Review
9:44
Total
28:58
Lab/Activity


View User Account Information
View Group Membership Information
Number of Exam Questions
8 questions
Time
About 50 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
55
Section 6.2: User Management
Summary
This section provides information about managing user accounts. Details include:


Configuration files used when managing user accounts:
o /etc/default/useradd
o /etc/login.defs
o /etc/skel
Commands to manage user accounts:
o useradd
o passwd
o usermod
o userdel
Students will learn how to:



Create, rename, lock and unlock a user account.
Change a user's password.
Rename or remove a user account.
Linux+ Objectives:

107.1 Manage user and group accounts and related system files
Candidates should be able to add, remove, suspend and change user accounts.
o Add, modify and remove users and groups.
o Manage user/group info in password/group databases.
o Create and manage special purpose and limited accounts.
Lecture Focus Questions:








Which directory contains configuration file templates that are copied into a new
user's home directory?
When using useradd to create a new user account, what types of default values
create the user account?
How can you view all the default values in the /etc/default/useradd file?
What is the purpose of the /etc/login.defs file?
How would you create a user using useradd without using the default values in
/etc/default/useradd file?
At the shell prompt, how do you create a password for a user?
What does it mean if a user account is locked?
Which command deletes a user and their home directory at the same time?
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
56
Video/Demo
Time
6.2.1 Useradd Command
9:59
6.2.2 Passwd Command
3:27
6.2.3 Usermod and Userdel Commands
5:38
6.2.4 Managing Users
9:29
Total
28:33
Lab/Activity






Create a User Account
Rename a User Account
Delete a User
Change Your Password
Change a User's Password
Lock and Unlock User Accounts
Number of Exam Questions
14 questions
Time
About 75 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
57
Section 6.3: Group Management
Summary
In this section students will learn about the following commands used to manage group
accounts and group membership:







groupadd
groupmod
groupdel
gpasswd
newgrp
usermod
groups
Students will learn how to:



Create groups and define the group ID.
Change secondary group membership for specific user accounts.
Enable a group password.
Linux+ Objectives:

107.1 Manage user and group accounts and related system files
Candidates should be able to add, remove, suspend and change user accounts.
o Add, modify and remove users and groups.
o Manage user/group info in password/group databases.
o Create and manage special purpose and limited accounts.
Lecture Focus Questions:




Which usermod option changes the secondary group membership?
Which command removes all secondary group memberships for specific user
accounts?
How can you display the primary and secondary group membership for a single
user?
Which groupmod option changes the name of a group?
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
58
Video/Demo
Time
6.3.1 Group Management Commands
4:52
6.3.2 Managing Groups
3:17
Total
8:09
Lab/Activity






Rename and Create Groups
Add Users to a Group
Add a User to Additional Groups
Delete a Group and Users
Remove a User from a Group
Remove a User from All Groups
Number of Exam Questions
4 questions
Time
About 45 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
59
Section 7.1: Disk Partitions
Summary
This section examines details about managing disk partitions. Concepts covered include:




Partition types:
o Primary
o Extended
Tools to create and manage partitions:
o fdisk
o partprobe
The role of device files
Common device files:
o /dev/sdxn
o /dev/cdrom
o /dev/fdn
o /dev/ttyn
o /dev/ttySn
o /dev/lpn
o /dev/usb/file_name
o /dev/psaux
o /dev/stn
Students will learn how to:

Use fdisk to view the partition information on the system.
Linux+ Objectives:


102.1 Design hard disk layout
Candidates should be able to design a disk partitioning scheme for a Linux
system.
o Allocate filesystems and swap space to separate partitions or disks.
o Tailor the design to the intended use of the system.
o Ensure the /boot partition conforms to the hardware architecture
requirements for booting.
104.1 Create partitions and filesystems
Candidates should be able to configure disk partitions and then create filesystems
on media such as hard disks. This includes the handling of swap partitions.
Lecture Focus Questions:


Why is it important to plan disk partitioning before installing Linux?
What is the difference between a primary and an extended partition?
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
60




What utility do you use to manage disk partitions?
Linux allows a maximum of only four primary partitions on a single hard disk
drive. What can you do to get around this limitation?
What does /dev/sda3 device file name identify?
In what directory are the device file names stored?
Video/Demo
Time
7.1.1 Disk Partitions
13:04
7.1.2 Managing Partitions
7:33
7.1.3 Viewing Partitions
3:03
Total
23:40
Lab/Activity

View the Partition Table
Number of Exam Questions
11 questions
Time
About 40 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
61
Section 7.2: File Systems
Summary
This section discusses file systems supported by Linux and how to format a hard disk.




Common file systems:
o ext2
o ext3
o ext4
o swap
o reiserfs
o ntfs
o vfat
o xfs
Command used to format a partition:
o mkfs
o mkreiserfs
o mkswap
o mke2fs
The role of the inode table
The role of a superblock
Students will learn how to:


Format a hard disk with a specified file system.
Create and activate a new swap partition.
Linux+ Objectives:

104.1 Create partitions and filesystems
Candidates should be able to configure disk partitions and then create filesystems
on media such as hard disks. This includes the handling of swap partitions.
o Use various mkfs commands to set up partitions and create various
filesystems such as:
 ext2
 ext3
 xfs
 reiserfs v3
 vfat
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
62
Lecture Focus Questions:





How would you make mkfs automatically calculate the size of the data blocks for
the file system?
What two different commands can you use to create the ReiserFS file system
type?
How would you create and activate a swap partition?
Which file systems provide journaling?
What is the difference between the ext3 and ext4 file system types?
Video/Demo
Time
7.2.1 File System Creation
8:59
7.2.2 Creating a File System
4:43
Total
13:42
Lab/Activity



Format a Hard Disk with ext3
Format a Hard Disk with reiserfs
Create a Swap Area
Number of Exam Questions
8 questions
Time
About 40 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
63
Section 7.3: Mounting File Systems
Summary
This section discusses mounting file systems. Concepts covered include:


Files that manage and monitor the mounting of file systems:
o /etc./fstab
o /etc/mtab
o /procs/mounts
Commands to manage the mounting of file systems:
o mount /dev/device/mountpoint
o mount
o df
o umount
Students will learn how to:



Mount a volume to a specified directory with a specified file system.
Unmount a volume.
Mount a DVD drive to a specified directory.
Linux+ Objectives:

104.3 Control mounting and unmounting of filesystems
Candidates should be able to configure the mounting of a filesystem.
o Manually mount and unmount filesystems.
o Configure filesystem mounting on bootup.
o Configure user mountable removable filesystems.
Lecture Focus Questions:






What directory contains mount points specifically for external storage devices?
What do you need to do to make a USB drive accessible?
What happens if you mount a volume to a directory that already contains data?
How can you verify that a volume is mounted correctly?
What commands can you use to view the devices that are currently mounted?
How can you prevent users from mounting an optical media drive?
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
64
Video/Demo
Time
7.3.1 File System Mounting
15:40
7.3.2 Mounting a File System
4:32
Total
20:12
Lab/Activity



Mount a Volume
Unmount a Volume
Mount a DVD Drive
Number of Exam Questions
15 questions
Time
About 50 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
65
Section 7.4: File System Maintenance
Summary
This section explores commands to maintain file system integrity:











df
du
lsof
fuser
fsck
e2fsck
debugfs
dumpe2fs
tune2fs
xfs_info
xfs_metadump
Students will learn how to:



Use the df and du commands check disk usage.
Use the lsof and fuser commands to monitor the file system.
Use the fsck command to check and repair the file system
Linux+ Objectives:

104.2 Maintain the integrity of filesystems
Candidates should be able to maintain a standard filesystem, as well as the extra
data associated with a journaling filesystem.
o Verify the integrity of filesystems.
o Monitor free space and inodes.
o Repair simple filesystem problems.
Lecture Focus Questions:




What utility allows you to view the space available on all mounted file systems?
What kinds of information can the lsof utility provide?
What action must you perform before using the fsck utility?
Which utility converts ext2 file systems to ext3 file systems?
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
66
Video/Demo
Time
7.4.1 File System Maintenance
8:26
7.4.2 Maintaining File Systems
7:48
Total
16:14
Lab/Activity


Determine the Amount of Free Disk Space
Determine the Directory Size
Number of Exam Questions
13 questions
Time
About 45 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
67
Section 7.5: Disk Quotas
Summary
In this section students will learn about using disk quotas to limit the amount of disk
space a user or group can use. Concepts covered include:



Quota types:
o Soft limit
o Hard limit
Steps to implement quotas:
o Install quota package
o Edit mount option in /etc/fstab
o Create quota files
o Enable quotas and view a quota report
o Edit quotas
Commands for working with quotas:
o quotacheck –mavug
o quotaon
o quotaoff
o repquota
o edquota
o quota
Students will learn how to:




Scan the file system and create quota files.
Enable quotas on the file system.
Create a quota and set the block and inode quotas.
Generate a quota report.
Linux+ Objectives:

104.4 Manage disk quotas
Candidates should be able to manage disk quotas for users.
o Set up a disk quota for a filesystem.
o Edit, check and generate user quota reports.
Lecture Focus Questions:



What is the difference between a soft and hard block limit?
What is the difference between block quotas and inode quotas?
What tool do you use to create the aquota.user and aquota.group files in the file
system?
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
68

How would you generate a quota report to display how much space is used by
users on the system?
Video/Demo
Time
7.5.1 Disk Quotas
8:05
7.5.2 Managing Quotas
13:37
Total
21:42
Lab/Activity






Find the User Quota
Generate a Quota Report
Turn Quotas On
Turn Quotas Off
Edit Quotas 1
Edit Quotas 2
Number of Exam Questions
8 questions
Time
About 65 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
69
Section 7.6: Ownership
Summary
This section discusses managing file and directory ownership. Concepts covered include:

Common commands for managing file ownership:
o ls –l
o chown
o chgrp
Students will learn how to:


Use the chown command to change file ownership.
Change the group ownership of a file.
Linux+ Objectives:

104.5 Manage file permissions and ownership
Candidates should be able to control file access through the proper use of
permissions and ownerships.
o Manage access permissions on regular and special files as well as
directories.
o Use access modes such as suid, sgid and the sticky bit to maintain
security.
o Know how to change the file creation mask.
o Use the group field to grant file access to group members.
Lecture Focus Questions:



Which user accounts can change file ownership?
Which utility will display ownership information for files and directories?
What are the two different methods you can use to change group ownership of a
file?
Video/Demo
Time
7.6.1 Ownership
5:23
7.6.2 Managing Ownership
4:52
Total
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
10:15
70
Lab/Activity




View Ownership Information
Change File Ownership
Change Group Ownership for a File
Change Directory Ownership
Number of Exam Questions
2 questions
Time
About 30 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
71
Section 7.7: Permissions
Summary
This section discusses managing file and directory permissions. Concepts covered
include:










The role of the file inode
Mode sections
Types of Permissions contained in the mode
o Read
o Write
o Execute
Identifying permissions:
o Letter Abbreviation
o Octal Number
Identifying a file vs. a directory in the mode
Common commands for managing permissions
o ls –l
o chmod
The role of the umask
Commands for managing umask
Special permissions
o SUID
o SGID
o Sticky bit
Commands to manage special permissions
o ls –l
o chmod
Students will learn how to:



Manage permissions by setting the needed file and directory permissions.
Change the umask settings to control access.
Set or remove special permissions.
Linux+ Objectives:

104.5 Manage file permissions and ownership
Candidates should be able to control file access through the proper use of
permissions and ownerships.
o Manage access permissions on regular and special files as well as
directories.
o Use access modes such as suid, sgid and the sticky bit to maintain
security.
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
72
o Know how to change the file creation mask.
o Use the group field to grant file access to group members.
Lecture Focus Questions:










What is the 'mode of a file'?
Which user accounts can change the mode of a file?
What permissions does 764 represent when identifying permissions numerically?
What does the first dash represent in -rwxrw-r--?
What are the default permissions for files and directories?
What is the function of umask? What does the umask value represent?
In which file should you set the umask value to make it persistent?
On which types of files should you configure the SUID and SGID bits?
What is the purpose for setting the sticky bit?
Which special permissions would be set using chmod 6421?
Video/Demo
Time
7.7.1 Permissions
15:36
7.7.2 Managing Permissions
14:18
7.7.8 Umask
9:51
7.7.9 Using Umask
9:39
7.7.12 Special Permissions
4:55
7.7.13 Assigning Special File Permissions
7:58
Total
62:17
Lab/Activity







Set Directory Permissions
Add File Permissions
Set File Permissions
Enable Directory Browsing
Change the Umask
Set the SUID Bit
Remove SUID and SGID Permissions
Number of Exam Questions
17 questions
Time
About 110 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
73
Section 7.8: Archive and Backup
Summary
This section discusses creating archives to backup data. Concepts covered include:



The tar (tape archive) utility
o tar
o gzip
o gunzip
o bzip2
The cpio utility
The dd utility
Students will learn how to:




Use tar to create a compressed tar file.
Use tar to extract files from a tar file.
Use cpio to create an archive file and extract files from the cpio file.
Use dd to copy information from records.
Linux+ Objectives:

103.3 Perform basic file management
Candidates should be able to use the basic Linux commands to manage files and
directories.
o Usage of tar, cpio and dd.
Lecture Focus Questions:




What type of file would the file marketing.tar.gz represent?
Which tar command option decompresses a file?
Which utilities can decompress a file with a .bz2 extension?
When would you use the dd command over the cp command to copy
information?
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
74
Video/Demo
Time
7.8.1 Tar Utility
10:22
7.8.2 Using Tar
4:26
7.8.6 cpio and dd Utility
10:23
7.8.7 Using cpio and dd
8:48
Total
33:59
Lab/Activity


Create a Compressed tar File
Extract from tar Files
Number of Exam Questions
9 questions
Time
About 55 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
75
Section 8.1: Device Drivers
Summary
In this section students will learn the basics of device drivers. Concepts covered include:



Methods Linux uses to implement device drivers:
o Loaded as a kernel module
o Compiled into the kernel
Directories that contain hardware information:
o /proc
o /sys
Utilities that provide information about hardware configuration:
o lsusb
o hwinfo
o lspci
Students will learn how to:


View hardware information by viewing the contents of the /proc and /sys
directories.
View hardware information using the lsusb, hwinfo and lspci utilities.
Linux+ Objectives:

101.1 Determine and configure hardware settings
Candidates should be able to determine and configure fundamental system
hardware.
o Enable and disable integrated peripherals
o Configure systems with or without external peripherals such as keyboards
o Differentiate between the various types of mass storage devices
o Set the correct hardware ID for different devices, especially the boot
device
o Determine hardware resources for devices
o Tools and utilities to list various hardware information (e.g., lsusb, lspci,
etc.)
o Tools and utilities to manipulate USB devices
Lecture Focus Questions:



How are device drivers implemented on a Linux system?
Why are some device drivers not compiled into the kernel?
Which directories contain information about the hardware that is installed on the
computer?
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
76




How would you use the hwinfo utility to display information about all the
hardware in the computer?
What extension identifies a kernel module?
What type of information is stored in /proc/cmdline?
Which utility will display information about the PCI devices on the system?
o Tools and utilities to list various hardware information (e.g., lsusb, lspci,
etc.)
o Tools and utilities to manipulate USB devices
Video/Demo
Time
8.1.1 Device Drivers
12:36
8.1.2 Viewing Hardware Information
10:21
Total
22:57
Lab/Activity

View /proc Information
Number of Exam Questions
9 questions
Time
About 40 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
77
Section 8.2: Kernel Module Management
Summary
This section examines managing kernel modules. Concepts covered include:


Files to automatically load kernel modules when the system boots:
o /etc/modprobe.conf
o /etc/modprobe.d
Commands to manage kernel modules manually:
o lsmod
o modinfo
o depmod
o insmod
o modprobe
o rmmod
Students will learn how to:




View a list of currently loaded modules using lsmod.
Create a list of module dependencies using depmod.
Use modprobe to load a kernel module.
Remove a module using rmmod.
Linux+ Objectives:

101.1 Determine and configure hardware settings
Candidates should be able to determine and configure fundamental system
hardware.
o Enable and disable integrated peripherals
o Configure systems with or without external peripherals such as keyboards
o Differentiate between the various types of mass storage devices
o Set the correct hardware ID for different devices, especially the boot
device
o Determine hardware resources for devices
Lecture Focus Questions:




Which commands can you use to view modules that are currently loaded?
How would you generate a list of module dependencies?
What is the advantage of using modprobe over insmod to load a module into the
kernel?
How do you unload a kernel module with its dependencies?
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
78
Video/Demo
Time
8.2.1 Kernel Module Management
13:45
8.2.2 Managing Kernel Modules
4:29
Total
18:14
Lab/Activity


Insert a Module into the Kernel
Remove a Module from the Kernel
Number of Exam Questions
3 questions
Time
About 35 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
79
Section 8.3: Hotplug and Coldplug Devices
Summary
This section provides information about managing Hotplug and Coldplug devices.
Concepts covered include:


Device categories:
o Coldplug
o Hotplug
Components to manage devices:
o sysfs
o Hardware Abstraction layer (HAL) daemon
o Desktop Bus (D-Bus) daemon
o /udev
Students will learn how to:


View the rules file in /udev/rules.
Modify and save a rule.
Linux+ Objectives:

101.1 Determine and configure hardware settings
Candidates should be able to determine and configure fundamental system
hardware.
o Know the differences between coldplug and hotplug devices
o Conceptual understanding of sysfs, udev, hald, dbus
Lecture Focus Questions:





What is the difference between a hotplug and a coldplug device?
Which types of devices are usually coldplug devices?
What is the function of the sysfs virtual file? Where is sysfs located?
How does the system recognize when a device is added or removed?
Which utility dynamically creates device files as devices are added to the system?
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
80
Video/Demo
Time
8.3.1 Hotplug and Coldplug Devices
6:47
8.3.2 Managing udev Rules
3:01
Total
9:48
Number of Exam Questions
4 questions
Time
About 15 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
81
Section 9.1: Processes
Summary
This section discusses the basics of processes. Concepts covered include:




File types that create processes on a Linux system:
o Binary executable
o Internal shell commands
o Shell scripts
Types of processes:
o User
o Daemon
Process identifiers:
o Process ID (PID)
o Parent Process ID (PPID)
Commands to view processes:
o top
o ps
Students will learn how to:


Use top to monitor Linux processes.
Use ps to troubleshoot a Linux system.
Linux+ Objectives:


103.5 Create, monitor and kill processes
Candidates should be able to perform basic process management.
o Monitor active processes.
o Select and sort processes for display.
o Send signals to processes.
103.6 Modify process execution priorities
Candidates should be able to manage process execution priorities.
o Know the default priority of a job that is created.
Lecture Focus Questions:





Which types of files can create processes on a Linux system?
What is the difference between user process and daemon processes?
How are system processes usually identified?
Which process is always assigned the same process ID number?
What is the major difference between how top and ps display system processes?
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
82
Video/Demo
Time
9.1.1 Processes
14:16
9.1.3 Process Display
9:38
9.1.4 Viewing Processes
9:22
Total
33:16
Lab/Activity

View process Information
Number of Exam Questions
8 questions
Time
About 50 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
83
Section 9.2: Process Management
Summary
This section discusses managing and prioritizing processes. Concepts covered include:


Commands to move processes between the foreground and background, and
adjust process priorities:
o command &
o jobs
o bg
o fg
o Ctrl+z
o nice
o renice
o nohup &
Commands to terminate running processes:
o kill
o killall
o xkill
Students will learn how to:




Switch a process between the foreground and background.
Set and change the priority of a process.
Terminate a process using either kill or killall.
Scan and kill zombie processes on the system.
Linux+ Objectives:


103.5 Create, monitor and kill processes
Candidates should be able to perform basic process management.
o Run jobs in the foreground and background.
o Signal a program to continue running after logout.
o Monitor active processes.
o Select and sort processes for display.
o Send signals to processes.
103.6 Modify process execution priorities
Candidates should be able to manage process execution priorities.
o Know the default priority of a job that is created.
o Run a program with higher or lower priority than the default.
o Change the priority of a running process.
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
84
Lecture Focus Questions:







What is the difference between a process running in the foreground and a process
running in the background?
Which commands can be used to move processes between the foreground and the
background?
How can you change the priority of a process?
What is the range for nice values?
What number would be the highest priority for a nice value?
Which termination signal is sent by the Ctrl+c key combination?
Which utility changes the cursor to an X to terminate GUI applications?
Video/Demo
Time
9.2.1 Process Management
12:04
9.2.2 Switching Foreground and Background Processes
4:54
9.2.3 Prioritizing Processes
6:54
9.2.5 Process Termination
5:57
9.2.2 Terminating Processes
3:55
Total
33:44
Lab/Activity

Stop a Zombie Process
Number of Exam Questions
19 questions
Time
About 55 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
85
Section 9.3: Task Management
Summary
This section discusses task management. Details include:

The role of the at daemon
o Steps to use the at utility
o Commands to manage tasks with the at command
 at time date
 at time_of_day
 at now
 at now + number time_period
 at –f filename time
 at -1
 atq
 at –d jobnumber
 atrm jobnumber


The role of the cron daemon
The configuration files that cron uses:
o /etc/crontab
o /etc/cron.timeparameter
o /var/spool/cron/username
o /etc/cron.allow
o /etc/cron.deny
Commands to manage cron task scheduling:
o crontab
o vi /etc/crontab
o crontab file
o which

Students will learn how to:




Verify that the atd daemon is running.
Schedule a job to run in the future using the at command.
View a list of pending jobs using the atq command.
Removing a pending job using the atrm command.
Linux+ Objectives:

107.2 Automate system administration tasks by scheduling jobs
Candidates should be able to use cron or anacron to run jobs at regular intervals
and to use at to run jobs at a specific time.
o Manage cron and at jobs.
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
86
o Configure user access to cron and at services.
Lecture Focus Questions:






Which script controls the at daemon?
Which files control access to the at command?
What is the main difference between using at and cron to schedule a job?
Which files control access to the cron command?
Where is the system wide crontab file located?
How can you edit personal crontab files?
Video/Demo
Time
9.3.1 At Task Scheduling
7:11
9.3.2 Scheduling Tasks with at
4:35
9.3.4 Cron Task Scheduling
12:04
9.3.5 Scheduling Tasks with cron
7:12
Total
31:02
Number of Exam Questions
16 questions
Time
About 55 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
87
Section 9.4: Print Management
Summary
This section examines managing printers and printing on Linux systems. Concepts
covered include:





CUPS components:
o Client
o Server
o Scheduler
o Queue
o Filter
o Backend
o Postscript Printer Descriptions (PPD)
The steps CUPS uses to process print jobs
Common parameters in /etc/cups/cupsd.conf configuration file:
o ServerName
o ServerAdmin
o DocumentRoot
o LogLevel
o Listen
o MaxCopies
o MaxJobsPerUser
o User
o Group
o MaxClients
o Browsing
o BrowseAddress
o BrowseInterval
o BrowseOrder
o BrowseAllow
o BrowseDeny
Utilities used to configure CUPS:
o cupsctl
o lppasswd –g sys –a root
Commands associated with LPD and CUPS:
o lpr
o lpc
o lpq
o lprm
o lpstat
o cancel
o lpoptions
o accept
o reject
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
88

o disable
o cupsdisable
o enable
o cupsenable
Parameters commonly found in the LPD configuration file, /etc/lpd.perms.
o DEFAULT
o HOST
o REMOTEHOST
o REMOTIP
o REMOTEUSER
o SAMEHOST
o SAMEUSER
o SERVER
o SERVICE
o USER
Students will learn how to:




Verify CUPS is installed and running.
Configure the CUPS daemon parameters to provide network printing on a Linux
system.
Enable the printer to allow printer sharing.
Use lp commands to manage print jobs at the shell prompt.
Linux+ Objectives:

108.4 Manage printers and printing
Candidates should be able to manage print queues and user print jobs using CUPS
and the LPD compatibility interface.
o Basic CUPS configuration (for local and remote printers).
o Manage user print queues.
o Troubleshoot general printing problems.
o Add and remove jobs from configured printer queues.
Lecture Focus Questions:






What is the function of the cupsd daemon on the server?
How can you access the Web-based administration tool for the CUPS server?
What is the file used to configure CUPS?
Which commands can you use to remove print jobs from the queue?
What command is necessary to activate a printer queue?
How can you display all the printer queues on the system?
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
89
Video/Demo
Time
9.4.1 Common Unix Print System (CUPS) Operation
8:29
9.4.2 CUPS Installation and Configuration
12:57
9.4.3 Configuring a CUPS Printer
11:15
9.4.5 Print Management Commands
5:45
9.4.6 Managing Print Jobs
4:31
Total
42:57
Lab/Activity


Print a File
Remove a Print Job
Number of Exam Questions
17 questions
Time
About 75 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
90
Section 9.5: Time Management
Summary
This section discusses the basics of time management. Details include:








Time zones
Linux clocks:
o Hardware clock
o System time
Local time or Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) time
Calculating the UTC offset
Tools and files to determine and change time zone settings:
o /usr/share/zoneinfo
o /etc/localtime
o /etc/timezone
o /etc/sysconfig/clock
o date
o tzselect
o TZ=time-zone export TZ
Files and utilities to manage the hardware clock and system time:
o cat /proc/driver/rtc
o hwclock
o /etc/sysconfig/clock
o netdate
o date
The role of the Network Time Protocol (NTP)
Files and utilities to manage time using the NTP:
o /etc/ntp.conf
o ntpdate
o ntpd
o rcntp start or service ntpd start
o insserv ntp
o ntpq
o ntptrace
Students will learn how to:



Change time zone settings and make them permanent.
Setting the hardware clock.
Create a time synchronization solution using public NTP time providers.
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
91
Linux+ Objectives:


107.3 Localisation and internationalisation
Candidates should be able to localize a system in a different language than
English. As well, an understanding of why LANG=C is useful when scripting.
o Locale settings.
o Timezone settings.
108.1 Maintain system time
Candidates should be able to properly maintain the system time and synchronize
the clock via NTP.
o Set the system date and time.
o Set the hardware clock to the correct time in UTC.
o Configure the correct timezone.
o Basic NTP configuration.
o Knowledge of using the pool.ntp.org service
Lecture Focus Questions:






How can you view the current hardware clock time?
What does it mean for 'time to drift'?
How do you synchronize time on a Linux network?
How does stratum help to provide accurate time?
What is the difference between stepping and slewing?
What happens when the time provider and the time consumer are more than 17
minutes off from each other?
Video/Demo
Time
9.5.1 Time Zone Settings
10:20
9.5.2 Configuring Time Zone Settings
4:34
9.5.4 Time Maintenance
7:02
9.5.5 Setting the Hardware Clock
8:08
9.5.7 Network Time Protocol (NTP)
15:03
9.5.8 Synchronizing Time with NTP
10:57
Total
56:04
Number of Exam Questions
21 questions
Time
About 90 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
92
Section 9.6: Mail Transfer Agent (MTA)
Summary
In this section students will explore using Mail Transfer Agents (MTA). Details include:


Common MTA types on a Linux system:
o Sendmail
o Postfix
o qmail
o Exim
To manage messages use:
o mail
o /etc/aliases.db
o ~/.forward
o /var/spool/mail
Students will learn how to:



Send mail to a local user from the command line.
Configure an alias for long term redirection of mail.
Configure forwarding to another user for a temporary redirection of mail.
Linux+ Objectives:

108.3 Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) basics
Candidates should be aware of the commonly available MTA programs and be
able to perform basic forward and alias configuration on a client host. Other
configuration files are not covered.
o Create e-mail aliases.
o Configure e-mail forwarding.
o Knowledge of commonly available MTA programs (postfix, sendmail,
qmail, exim) (no configuration)
Lecture Focus Questions:





What is the role and function of a Mail Transfer Agent (MTA)?
What are the most common types of MTAs on a Linux system?
How do you read mail for local user accounts from the command line?
Why would you configure an alias for the MTA running on a local system?
What file do you use to configure forwarding of e-mail messages?
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
93
Video/Demo
Time
9.6.1 MTA Overview
11:29
9.6.2 MTA Configuration
8:26
9.6.3 Configuring MTA Settings
8:44
Total
28:39
Number of Exam Questions
13 questions
Time
About 45 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
94
Section 9.7: Structured Query Language (SQL)
Summary
This section provides an overview of using Structured Query Language (SQL) in
database applications. Details include:




Commands used to access and control a MySQL server:
o mysql_install_db
o mysqladmin
o mysql
o service mysqld start rcmysql start
Database objects:
o Database
o Table
o Record
o Attributes
o Integers
o Primary key
Common SQL data types:
o Character
o Varchar
o Decimal
o Float
o Time
o Date
o Enum
Commands to create, modify and extract data from databases:
o CREATE DATABASE
o USE
o SHOW TABLES
o CREATE TABLE
o INSERT INTO
o DESCRIBE
o SELECT
o UPDATE
o DELETE FROM
o ALTER TABLE
o DROP TABLE
Students will learn how to:




Use SQL commands to create a new database and a table within the database.
Add data to the table using SQL commands.
Use the SELECT command to print data from the database.
Use the DELETE command to delete data from the table.
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
95
Linux+ Objectives:

105.3 SQL data management
Candidates should be able to query databases and manipulate data using basic
SQL commands. This objective includes performing queries involving joining of
2 tables and/or subselects.
o Use of basic SQL commands.
o Perform basic data manipulation.
Lecture Focus Questions:





What are the components that make up a database?
What is the difference between a table record and an attribute?
What SQL command would you use to view the data in a database?
How can you ensure that you do not delete the wrong data from the database?
When would you combine the SELECT and SORT BY commands?
Video/Demo
Time
9.7.1 SQL Data Management
10:03
9.7.2 Manipulating SQL Data
12:31
Total
22:34
Number of Exam Questions
9 questions
Time
About 35 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
96
Section 10.1: System Log Files
Summary
This section examines system logging. Concepts covered include:







The role of log files
Entry options in the /etc/syslog.conf
Common log files
The role of the logrotate utility:
Commands found in the /etc/logrotate.conf or scripts in /etc/logrotate.d:
o compress
o maxage
o dateext
o rotate
o size
o notifyempty
o missingok
o create
o postrotate
Commands to view and manage text-based log files:
o cat
o grep
o tail
o head
o less
o more
o vi
o gedit
Commands to view and manage binary log files:
o dmesg
o dmesg –n #
o last
o faillog
o lastb
o lastlog
o logger
o logrotate
o sar
Students will learn how to:

Configure a syslog daemon to log to a remote host.
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
97
Linux+ Objectives:

108.2 System logging
Candidates should be able to configure the syslog daemon. This objective also
includes configuring the logging daemon to send log output to a central log server
or accept log output as a central log server.
o syslog configuration files
o syslog
o standard facilities, priorities and actions
Lecture Focus Questions:









What is the role of the syslog daemon?
Why is it a good idea to send log message to a remote server?
What actions are necessary to configure a server to receive messages from a
client?
What is the syntax for the entries in the /etc/syslog.conf file?
How can you send messages to a virtual console?
What is the function of logrotate utility?
Where are the entries for the logrotate configuration file stored?
What commands can be used to view text-based log files?
What command will show all failed login attempts on the system?
Video/Demo
Time
10.1.1 Log Files
14:23
10.1.2 Configuring Remote Logging
8:24
10.1.5 Logrotate
7:06
10.1.7 Log File Display
9:53
10.1.8 Displaying Log Files
5:18
Total
45:04
Number of Exam Questions
20 questions
Time
About 65 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
98
Section 10.2: Scripts
Summary
In this section students will learn about using scripts to execute commands. Details
include:





The role of scripts
Methods to run scripts
Simple scripting functions:
o Specify the shell that runs the script
o Add comments
o Add commands
o Use variables
o Display information on the screen
o Get user input
o Declare integers or function in the text
Script control structures:
o Branching structures
o Looping structures
Commands and statements to create control structures:
o Sequences
o Testing conditions
o If, then, else statements
o Case statements
o While loops
o Until loops
o For loops
Students will learn how to:




Create a simple script to echo text on the screen and run a command.
Create a script that will read input from a user.
Create a script that will use declared variables as integers to allow math to be
performed by the script.
Create a script using control structures.
Linux+ Objectives:

105.2 Customize or write simple scripts
Candidates should be able to customize existing scripts, or write simple new
BASH scripts.
o Use standard sh syntax (loops, tests).
o Use command substitution.
o Test return values for success or failure or other information provided by a
command.
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
99
o Perform conditional mailing to the superuser.
o Correctly select the script interpreter through the shebang (#!) line.
o Manage the location, ownership, execution and suid-rights of scripts.
Lecture Focus Questions:








What lines are required within a shell script?
How can you comment out lines in a shell script?
Why do you need to assign the execute permission to a script?
What methods can you use to run a script from the command line?
What command do you use to obtain user input during the execution of a script?
Why might you need to use the declare command in a script?
Under which conditions would you use an until loop in place of a while loop?
How should you end the script containing the if, then, else control structure?
Video/Demo
Time
10.2.1 Scripts Overview
15:17
10.2.2 Creating Simple Scripts
9:45
10.2.4 Script Control Structure
11:27
10.2.5 Creating Script Control Structures
5:33
Total
42:02
Number of Exam Questions
13 questions
Time
About 60 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
100
Section 10.3: Text Stream Processing
Summary
This section discusses the processing of a text stream. Details include:

Commands to intercept and process the text stream:
o cut
o expand
o fmt
o join
o nl
o od
o paste
o pr
o sed
o awk
o sort
o split
o tr
o unexpand
o uniq
o wc
Students will learn how to:

Use text stream processing to manipulate text using commands that filter and
modify the output.
Linux+ Objectives:

103.2 Process text streams using filters
Candidates should be able to apply filters to text streams.
o Send text files and output streams through text utility filters to modify the
output using standard UNIX commands found in the GNU textutils
package.
Lecture Focus Questions:




How can text stream processing be used to modify the output of text?
What command would you use to remove characters from lines of text in a text
stream?
How could you format files with long lines to display properly on the monitor?
What command would you use to format a text file for printing?
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
101


Which commands replace a tab character with a specified number of spaces and
vice versa?
How can you display a text stream with numbers preceding each line?
Video/Demo
Time
10.3.1 Text Stream Processing
24:37
10.3.2 Processing Text Streams
17:32
Total
42:09
Number of Exam Questions
20 questions
Time
About 60 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
102
Section 11.1: Networking Overview
Summary
This section provides students with an overview of networking. Details include:











The role of a protocol
Protocols in the IP protocol suite
IPv4 address details
o 32-bit binary number represented in four octets (four 8-bit numbers)
o Subnet mask
o Default class
o Address classes
 A
 B
 C
 D
 E
Network Address Translation (NAT) router
Subnetting
Network address
Broadcast address
IPv6 address details:
o 32 hexadecimal numbers, organized into 8 quartets
o 128-bit address contains two parts:
 Prefix
 Interface ID
The role of ports
ICANN specifies three categories for port:
o Well known
o Registered
o Dynamic
Ports that correspond to common Internet services
Linux+ Objectives:

109.1 Fundamentals of internet protocols
Candidates should demonstrate a proper understanding of TCP/IP network
fundamentals.
o Demonstrate an understanding network masks.
o Knowledge of the differences between private and public "dotted quad"
IP-Addresses.
o Setting a default route.
o Knowledge about common TCP and UDP ports (20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 53, 80,
110, 119, 139, 143, 161, 443, 465, 993, 995).
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
103
o Knowledge about the differences and major features of UDP, TCP and
ICMP.
o Knowledge of the major differences between IPv4 and IPV6.
Lecture Focus Questions:







What is the function of the IP protocol?
What is the difference between a connectionless and a connection-oriented
protocol?
What is the main role of the ICMP protocol?
What is the difference between a private and public IP address?
How does the subnet mask identify the network address and network node?
What are the differences between IP version 4 and IP version 6 addresses?
Which file lists all network services and their ports on the Linux system?
Video/Demo
Time
11.1.1 IP Protocols
7:33
11.1.3 IP Addresses
8:32
11.1.4 Subnet Masks
6:50
11.1.6 Common Ports
4:03
Total
26:58
Number of Exam Questions
24 questions
Time
About 55 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
104
Section 11.2: Network Interface Configuration
Summary
This section discusses configuring network interfaces. Topics covered include:



Options for assigning IP addresses
o Static (manual assignment)
o Dynamic Host Configuration protocol (DHCP) assignment
Files used for network configuration:
o /etc/init.d/network
o /etc/rc.d/init.d/network
o /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts
o /var/lib/dhcpcd/dhcpclientn
o /var/lib/dhcpcd/dhclient.leases
Commands for configuring network settings
o service network
o ifconfig interface parameters
o ifup
o ifdown
o ifconfig
o ifconfig interface
Students will learn how to:



View information about the current network interfaces.
Use the interface configuration file to manually assign a static address for the
network interface.
Disable and enable a network interface.
Linux+ Objectives:

109.2 Basic network configuration
Candidates should be able to view, change and verify configuration settings on
client hosts.
o Manually and automatically configure network interfaces
o Basic TCP/IP host configuration.
Lecture Focus Questions:




What is the advantage of using dynamic addressing over static addressing?
Where is the interface configuration file located on the system?
What is the purpose of the lo network interface?
How can you view the current status of the network interfaces from the shell
prompt?
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
105

What utilities can disable and enable the network interfaces?
Video/Demo
Time
11.2.1 Address Configuration
11:57
11.2.2 Viewing and Managing Addresses with ifconfig
5:33
11.2.3 Configuring DHCP and Static Addressing
5:57
Total
23:27
Lab/Activity


Start a NIC
Stop a NIC
Number of Exam Questions
7 questions
Time
About 55 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
106
Section 11.3: Routing Configuration
Summary
In this section students will learn about configuring routing. Details include:




The role of a router
The role of a routing table
The role of a default router
Commands for configuring routing
o route add
o route del
o route
Students will learn how to:




Configure a persistent default gateway route in the proper configuration file
(dependent upon your Linux distribution).
Set the default gateway address.
Manually add a route to another network.
Delete a route.
Linux+ Objectives:


109.1 Fundamentals of internet protocols
Candidates should demonstrate a proper understanding of TCP/IP network
fundamentals.
o Setting a default route.
109.2 Basic network configuration
Candidates should be able to view, change and verify configuration settings on
client hosts.
o Manually and automatically configure network interfaces
o Basic TCP/IP host configuration.
Lecture Focus Questions:




What is the role of a router?
What file contains the complete routing table on the system?
How would you make the default gateway persistent?
Which command sets the default route on the system?
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
107
Video/Demo
Time
11.3.1 Routing Configuration
6:02
11.3.2 Configuring the Default Route
7:06
Total
13:08
Number of Exam Questions
7 questions
Time
About 20 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
108
Section 11.4: Hostname and DNS Configuration
Summary
This section discusses the files that administrators use to configure DNS settings on
Linux:







/etc/hosts
/etc/resolv.conf
/etc/nsswitch.conf
/etc/HOSTNAME
/etc/sysconfig/network
host
hostname
Students will learn how to:



Configure the settings in the hosts file to resolve name resolution on a system.
Configure name resolution using the settings in the /etc/resolv.conf file to access
a DNS server.
Configure the /etc/nsswitch.conf file to define the order in which the name
resolution should be completed.
Linux+ Objectives:

109.4 Configure client side DNS
Candidates should be able to configure DNS on a client host.
o Demonstrate the use of DNS on the local system.
o Modify the order in which name resolution is done.
Lecture Focus Questions:




When configuring the DNS, what is the purpose for having multiple nameservers?
Which file provides the system with domain names mapped to IP addresses?
What function does the /etc/nsswitch.conf file provide?
What are the advantages of using a DNS server for name resolution?
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
109
Video/Demo
Time
11.4.1 Hostname and DNS Configuration
7:24
11.4.2 Configuring DNS Settings
9:14
Total
16:38
Number of Exam Questions
12 questions
Time
About 25 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
110
Section 11.5: Network Troubleshooting
Summary
This section provides the guidelines for troubleshooting network communication
problems. Details include:



Troubleshooting methodology
1. Identify the symptoms and potential causes.
2. Establish what has changed.
3. Create a hypothesis.
4. Create an action plan and account for side effects of the proposed plan.
5. Implement the fix to the problem, verifying the solution has fixed the
problem and not caused any other problems.
6. Ensure user satisfaction.
7. Document the solution and process.
Considerations when troubleshooting communications:
o Physical issues
o Interference
o Network issues
Tools for troubleshooting network communication problems:
o ping
o netstat
o traceroute
o tracepath
o nslookup
o dig
Students will learn how to:



Troubleshoot the network by verifying connectivity between hosts within the
network.
Test the connectivity and show the path between the two devices.
Test for name resolution and obtain in-depth information about a domain name.
Linux+ Objectives:

109.3 Basic network troubleshooting
Candidates should be able to troubleshoot networking issues on client hosts.
o Manually and automatically configure network interfaces and routing
tables to include adding, starting, stopping, restarting, deleting or
reconfiguring network interfaces.
o Change, view, or configure the routing table and correct an improperly set
default route manually.
o Debug problems associated with the network configuration.
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
111
Lecture Focus Questions:






Why is it important to completely identify the source of a problem before starting
to fix it?
What are good sources to research when creating a hypothesis and determining a
resolution?
After you fix the problem what actions should you still complete?
How can you verify the connectivity of hosts within a network?
Which utility can display the round trip time of an ICMP echo request?
Which utilities send name resolution requests? Which utility will provide the most
information about the hostname or IP address?
Video/Demo
Time
11.5.1 Troubleshooting Methodology
11:11
11.5.3 Network Troubleshooting Tools
13:16
11.5.4 Using Network Troubleshooting Tools
7:36
Total
32:03
Number of Exam Questions
16 questions
Time
About 45 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
112
Section 12.1: Root Usage
Summary
This section discusses using the root user account to perform tasks. Details include:





The role of the root user account
Guidelines to protect the root user account
The sudo command and /etc/sudoers file
Sections used to configure the /etc/sudoers file:
o User_Alias
o Cmnd_Alias
o Host_Alias
o Runas_Alias
Commands for using the superuser account and switching user:
o su
o exit
o gnomesu
o logout
o sudo
o visudo
Students will learn how to:



Use su to switch to another user.
Start a graphical application from the desktop as a standard user, but gain
privileged access.
Configure sudo to allow a specific user to complete specific commands with
privileged access.
Linux+ Objectives:

110.1 Perform security administration tasks
Candidates should know how to review system configuration to ensure host
security in accordance with local security policies.
o Basic sudo configuration and usage.
Lecture Focus Questions:




Why should you protect the root user password?
What utility should you use to the launch the /etc/sudoers file?
What is the syntax for the /etc/sudoers file?
How can you use su to execute a command without switching into another login
console?
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
113


What su option will switch to another user and include the user's environment
variables?
How does the command prompt appear for a standard user account versus the root
user account?
Video/Demo
Time
12.1.1 Appropriate Root Usage
14:11
12.1.2 Using su
4:09
12.1.3 Configuring sudo
10:00
Total
28:20
Lab/Activity


Switch Users for a Command
Log Out of the System
Number of Exam Questions
7 questions
Time
About 40 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
114
Section 12.2: User Security and Restriction
Summary
This section discusses commands used to promote user security and restrictions:


chage
ulimit
Students will learn how to:



Configure user password aging limits.
Configure the user login restrictions in the /etc/security/limits.conf file.
Set limits for programs launched from the shell prompt.
Linux+ Objectives:

110.1 Perform security administration tasks
Candidates should know how to review system configuration to ensure host
security in accordance with local security policies.
o Set or change user passwords and password aging information.
o Set up limits on user logins, processes and memory usage.
Lecture Focus Questions:





What are the characteristics of a secure or strong password?
Which chage option sets the minimum number of days a user must keep a
password?
What types of resources are affected by the ulimit utility?
When would you need to configure the /etc/security/limits.conf file?
What is the syntax of the /etc/security/limits.conf file?
Video/Demo
Time
12.2.1 User Security and Restriction
9:54
12.2.2 Configuring User Security and Restrictions
6:40
Total
16:34
Number of Exam Questions
8 questions
Time
About 30 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
115
Section 12.3: Network Security
Summary
This section explores general procedures for increasing network security on a Linux
system:




Remove unneeded software
Check for unneeded network services
Locate open ports
Check network connections
Students will learn how to:


Scan for open ports on Linux.
Identify open network connections on Linux.
Linux+ Objectives:

110.1 Perform security administration tasks
Candidates should know how to review system configuration to ensure host
security in accordance with local security policies.
o Being able to use nmap and netstat to discover open ports on a system.
Lecture Focus Questions:




What is a socket?
Which utility will scan for all listening and non-listening sockets?
Which utility will identify open ports on the Linux system?
Which commands should you use to disable unneeded daemons?
Video/Demo
Time
12.3.1 Network Security
7:10
12.3.2 Removing Unneeded Services and Scanning Ports
6:30
Total
13:40
Number of Exam Questions
4 questions
Time
About 20 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
116
Section 12.4: File Auditing
Summary
This section examines using file auditing to secure the computer by looking for files that
pose a security risk. Details include:


Types of files that file auditing identifies:
o Files that have the SUID (Set User ID) permission.
o Files that have the write and execute permissions for others.
File auditing commands:
o find / type f –perm
o crontab
Students will learn how to:

Audit a system to identify files that are owned by root and have the SUID
permission set.
Linux+ Objectives:

110.1 Perform security administration tasks
Candidates should know how to review system configuration to ensure host
security in accordance with local security policies.
o Audit a system to find files with the suid/sgid bit set.
Lecture Focus Questions:



How do files with the SUID bit pose a security risk?
Which command should you use to audit for files with the SUID bit set?
How can you schedule file auditing?
Video/Demo
Time
12.4.1 File Auditing
5:00
12.4.2 Auditing Files
3:07
Total
8:07
Number of Exam Questions
2 questions
Time
About 10 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
117
Section 12.5: Login Blocking
Summary
This section provides information about blocking users from logging in while resolving
serious issues. Concepts covered include:


Login blocking is enabled using the Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)
Steps to configure login blocking:
o Force all user to log out of the system
o Disable the ability to login to the system
o Configure the PAM module to verify whether the file /etc/nologin exists
Students will learn how to:

Disable logins and optionally display a message if a user tries to login.
Linux+ Objectives:

110.2 Setup host security
Candidates should know how to set up a basic level of host security.
o Awareness of shadow passwords and how they work.
o Turn off network services not in use.
o Understand the role of TCP wrappers.
Lecture Focus Questions:





What command displays all active users on the Linux system/?
What utility should you use to remove active users?
Which file configures login blocking?
How can you display a message to users when logins are blocked?
Which PAM module file configures login blocking?
Video/Demo
Time
12.5.1 Login Blocking
5:11
12.5.2 Disabling Login
3:08
Total
8:19
Number of Exam Questions
3 questions
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
118
Time
About 15 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
119
Section 12.6: Xinetd and Inetd Super Daemons
Summary
This section provides an overview of the Xinetd and Inetd super daemons. Concepts
covered include:






The role of Xinetd
Files to configure the xinetd super daemon:
o /etc/xinetd.conf
o /etc/xinetd.d
The role of TCP wrappers
To use TCP wrapper with xinetd:
o Install/Verify the TCP wrappers package is installed
o Edit the daemon files in /etc/xinet.d
o Restart xinetd
o Modify tcpd control files
o Confirm TCP wrapper configuration
The role of inetd
Configuration parameters in the /etc/inetd.conf configuration file:
o Daemon
o Socket
o Protocol
o Flag
o User
o Executable
o Arguments
Students will learn how to:


Configure the superdaemon, xinetd, to manage network and Internet services.
Configure access control to daemons using TCP wrappers.
Linux+ Objectives:

110.2 Setup host security
Candidates should know how to set up a basic level of host security.
o Awareness of shadow passwords and how they work.
o Turn off network services not in use.
o Understand the role of TCP wrappers.
Lecture Focus Questions:


Why is xinetd called a super daemon?
When should you use TCP wrappers?
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
120







Which types of files are stored in the /etc/xinetd.d directory?
Which file configures the xinetd daemon?
When should you use the /etc/host.allow or /etc/host.deny files?
Which utility confirms the TCP wrapper configuration?
Why is inetd no longer a commonly-used super daemon?
How do you configure the inetd daemon?
What is the syntax of the /etc/inetd.conf configuration file?
Video/Demo
Time
12.6.1 Xinetd and Inetd Super Daemons
12:38
12.6.2 Configuring xinetd and TCP Wrappers
8:04
12.6.4 Inetd
6:57
Total
27:39
Number of Exam Questions
14 questions
Time
About 45 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
121
Section 12.7: OpenSSH
Summary
This section discusses configuring OpenSSH to encrypt network traffic over a subnet or
Internet. Details include:









Encryption types:
o Symmetric
o Asymmetric
Standards for symmetric encryption:
o Data Encryption Standard (DES)
o Triple DES (3DES)
o Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)
o Blowfish
Standards for asymmetric encryption:
o Rivest, Shamir Adleman (RSA)
o Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA)
o Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange
The role of OpenSSH
Types of SSH
o SSH1 is an older, less secure version of SSH.
o SSH2 is the current standard SSH implementation.
Steps to establish a session using SSH
Using OpenSSH configuration files to configure
o SSH server
o SSH clients
o Firewall
Configuration files that OpenSSH uses:
o /etc/ssh/sshd_config
o /etc/ssh/ssh_config
o ~/.ssh/config
Commands used in conjunction with SSH:
o which
o service sshd
o ssh
o scp
o sftp
o slogin
Students will learn how to:

Create an encrypted connection between two Linux systems.
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
122
Linux+ Objectives:

110.3 Securing data with encryption
The candidate should be able to use public key techniques to secure data and
communication.
o Perform basic OpenSSH 2 client configuration and usage.
o Understand the role of OpenSSH 2 server host keys
o Perform basic GnuPG configuration and usage.
o Understand SSH port tunnels (including X11 tunnels).
Lecture Focus Questions:









What are the differences between symmetric and asymmetric encryption?
When would you use the Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange encryption standard?
Which encryption standards are supported by SSH1 versus SSH2?
Where does a client store public keys it has received from SSH servers?
Which keys are sent to the client when establishing an SSH session?
Which file should you edit to configure the SSH daemon on the server?
Which file overrides the client's SSH configuration on a per-user basis?
What ssh command would you use to log in to a server, execute a command, and
return to the local system's shell prompt?
Which utility secure copies files and encryption keys?
Video/Demo
Time
12.7.1 OpenSSH
12:08
12.7.2 OpenSSH Configuration
15:22
12.7.5 Configuring OpenSSH
9:38
Total
37:08
Number of Exam Questions
10 questions
Time
About 55 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
123
Section 12.8: SSH Port Tunneling
Summary
This section provides an overview of using SSH port tunneling to encrypt data from nonsecure protocols before sending the data over a network. Details include:




The role of Secure Shell (SSH) port tunneling
Commonly-needed options in the /etc/ssh/sshd_config file used for configuring an
SSH server:
o AllowTcpForwarding
o ForwardX11
o ForwardX11Trusted
o X11Forwarding
Commands to create an SSH port tunnel:
o ssh
o ss –X
Commands to send unencrypted X server traffic between a client and server:
o xhost +servername
o DISPLAY=hotst_name:0.0
o Export DISPLAY
Students will learn how to:

Configure SSH port tunneling to send unencrypted network traffic through an
encrypted SSH connection.
Linux+ Objectives:

110.3 Securing data with encryption
The candidate should be able to use public key techniques to secure data and
communication.
o Understand SSH port tunnels (including X11 tunnels).
Lecture Focus Questions:




What is the benefit to tunneling traffic through an SSH connection?
Which file on the server configures SSH port tunneling?
Which ssh command should you use to tunnel X server traffic?
How can you send unencrypted X server traffic between a client and server?
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
124
Video/Demo
Time
12.8.1 SSH Port Tunneling
11:46
12.8.2 Configuring SSH Port Tunneling
2:30
Total
14:16
Number of Exam Questions
2 questions
Time
About 20 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
125
Section 12.9: Public Key Authentication
Summary
In this section students will learn about using a public key to authenticate to a computer.
Concepts covered include:


The public key authentication process
Commands and files for public key management:
o /etc/ssh/sshd_config
o ssh-keygen
o scp
o ssh
o cat
o ssh-agent bash
o ssh-add
Students will learn how to:

Configure public key authentication between two systems.
Linux+ Objectives:

110.3 Securing data with encryption
The candidate should be able to use public key techniques to secure data and
communication.
o Perform basic OpenSSH 2 client configuration and usage.
o Understand the role of OpenSSH 2 server host keys
o Understand SSH port tunnels (including X11 tunnels).
Lecture Focus Questions:






What is an MD5 checksum, and how is it used in public key authentication?
Which file configures the server to accept public key authentication?
Which keys are generated by the ssh-keygen command when no options are
specified?
Which utility should you use to copy encryption keys between Linux systems?
When is the ~/authorized_keys file used?
How can you configure a client to automatically provide the private key
passphrase when establishing an SSH session?
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
126
Video/Demo
Time
12.9.1 Public Key Authentication
11:47
12.9.2 Configuring Public Key Authentication
5:49
Total
17:36
Number of Exam Questions
3 questions
Time
About 25 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
127
Section 12.10: Gnu Privacy Guard (GnuPG)
Summary
This section examines information about using the Gnu Privacy Guard (GPG) encryption
tool. Details include:

Commands and files to be aware of when using GPG:
o which gpg
o gpg
Students will learn how to:

Use gpg to create a key pair and use the public key to encrypt and decrypt a file.
Linux+ Objectives:

110.3 Securing data with encryption
The candidate should be able to use public key techniques to secure data and
communication.
o Perform basic GnuPG configuration and usage.
Lecture Focus Questions:




What is the benefit of using Gnu Privacy Guard (GPG)?
What command should you use to determine if GPG is installed on the Linux
system?
What gpg option will digitally sign a file?
How can you display all the GPG keys on the key ring?
Video/Demo
Time
12.10.1 GnuPG
7:22
12.10.2 Configuring GnuPG
4:48
Total
12:10
Number of Exam Questions
15 questions
Time
About 25 minutes
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
128
Practice Exams
Summary
This section provides information to help prepare students to take the following exams
and to register for the exams.


LX0-101
LX0-102
Students will also have the opportunity of testing their mastery of the concepts presented
in this course to reaffirm that they are ready for the certification exams. For example, all
questions that apply to Objective 101: System Architecture are grouped together and
presented in practice exam Domain 1: System Architecture, All Questions. Students will
typically take about 60-90 minutes to complete each of the following practice exams.
The domains included in the LX0-101exam are:
Domain 1: System Architecture, All Questions (52 questions)
Domain 2: Linux Installation and Package Management, All Questions (75 questions)
Domain 3: GNU and Unix Commands, All Questions (129 questions)
Domain 4: Devices, Linux Filesystems, Filesystem Hierarchy Standard, All Questions
(89 questions)
The domains included in the LX0-102 exam are:
Domain 5: Shells, Scripting and Data Management, All Questions (36 questions)
Domain 6: User Interfaces and Desktops, All Questions (28 questions)
Domain 7: Administrative Tasks, All Questions (52 questions)
Domain 8: Essential System Services, All Questions (62 questions)
Domain 9: Networking Fundamentals, All Questions (83 questions)
Domain 10: Security, All Questions (60 questions)
The LX0-101 Certification Practice Exam and LX0-102 Certification Practice Exam each
consist of 60 questions that are randomly selected from the above practice exams. Each
time a Certification Practice Exam is accessed different questions may be presented.
Each Certification Practice Exam has a time limit of 90 minutes -- just like the real
certification exam. A passing score of 95% should verify that the student has mastered
the concepts and is ready to take the real certification exams.
©2010 TestOut Corporation (Rev 1/11)
LabSim for CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI
129