Biology Final Exam Study Guide – Second Semester 2012
Genetics and DNA
1. Principles that Mendel came up with
2. Dominant and recessive
A. Definitions
dominant:
recessive:
phenotype:
genotype:
Figure out genotypes: Homozygous and Heterozygous of eye color (B)
homozygous:
heterozygous:
B. Two trait genotypes and FOIL for possible gametes from parents
3. Sex-linked disorders
a. Interpret punnett square
b. Figure out phenotypes
4. Pedigrees
a. Know symbols – what do they mean
b. Interpret pedigree
c. Genotypes, Chance of passing on trait, parents who don’t have trait
5. Nondisjunction –
6. DNA
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Structures that make it up
Difference between RNA and DNA
DNA replication problem
ReplicationTranscription problemCause of mutations-
Evolution
1. What is the difference between artificial and natural selection?
2. Darwin’s theory of natural selection- who survives?
3. Define:
phenotypegenotypegene poolbiological fitness-
gene flow genetic drift –
geographic isolationreproductive isolation –
half-life convergent evolution
adaptive radiationpunctuated equilibriumBacteria & Viruses
1. What are the parts of bacteria: cell wall, ribosome, flagella, endospore, gram stain
positive or negative
2. Parts of virus: capsule, protein coat, tail, reproductive cycles
3.How are bacterial diseases treated?
4. What causes food poisoning?
5.Define and give an example of bioremediation
6. What is the germ theory? What does it explain?
7. How are diseases transmitted?
8. What is the inflammatory response? What are the steps in it?
9. Vocabulary: antigen, antibody, vaccine
10. Autoimmune disorder cause what?
11. HIV: attacks what cells? How does it spread?
12. What is a vaccine? How does it work?
Essays:
1. Be able to create and interpret a family pedigree with a dominant disorder. Explain the
genetic inheritance pattern in a given scenario.
2. Be able to explain adaptive radiation and natural selection based on a map and
population information.
Biology Final Exam Study Guide – Second Semester 2012
Genetics and DNA
1. Principles that Mendel came up with
-Dominance: one trait is expressed over another when present ( Brown or blue)
-Segregation: 50% of receiving either trait or factor ( B or b)
-Probability: Chance that a given trait will be seen
2. Dominant and recessive
A. Definitions
dominant: descriptive of an allele in a heterozygous individual that appears to
be the only one affecting a trait (B)
recessive: descriptive of an allele in a heterozygous individual that does not
appear to affect a trait (b)
phenotype: observable traits of an organism (blue eyes)
genotype: genetic makeup of an organism; an organism's combination of
alleles
(BB or Bb or bb)
B. Figure out genotypes: Homozygous and Heterozygous
homozygous: having identical alleles for a gene (BB or bb)
heterozygous: having different alleles for a gene (Bb)
C. Two trait genotypes and FOIL for possible gametes from parents
First – Outside – Inside – Last BbPp = BP, Bp, bP, bp
3. Sex-linked disorders
a. Interpret punnett square
b. Figure out phenotypes
H-normal h-hemophilia: 25% male normal, 25% male with disease
25% female normal, 25% carrier
XH
Y
H
X XH X H
XH Y
Xh XH X h
Xh Y
4. Pedigrees
a. Know symbols – what do they mean
Square-male, circle-female, horizontal line marriage, vertical line offspring
b. Interpret pedigree
c. Genotypes, Chance of passing on trait, parents who don’t have trait
5. Nondisjunction – event during meiosis in which homologous chromosomes or
sister chromatids fail to separate (may cause Down syndrome – trisomy 21
(3 #21 chromsomes)
6. DNA
a. Structures that make it up
Phosphate and deoxyribose sugar backbone, steps of ladder made of
Adenine-Thymine, Cytosine-guanine
b. Difference between RNA and DNA
DNA- dexyribose, ATCG, double strand; RNA- ribose, AUCG, single strand
c. DNA replication problem
ATCGGGCTA one side of DNA
TAGCCCGAT opposite side of DNA
d. Replication- one original and one complementary strand go into each new
copy
e. Transcription problem- DNA  mRNA (replaces A-U)  amino acid look up
in codon (3 letter mRNA code) chart
f. Cause of mutations- mutagens are both physical (uv radiation) and chemical
Evolution
1. What is the difference between artificial and natural selection?
Artificial Selection- selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to produce
offspring with desired genetic traits
Natural Selection- process by which individuals with inherited characteristics well-suited to
the environment leave more offspring than do other individuals
2. Darwin’s theory of natural selection- who survives?
Fittest organism which have the least amount of competition.
3. Define:
phenotype- physical appearance of an organism (Brown eyes)
genotype- the genetic alleles of an organism (Bb)
gene pool- all of the alleles in all the individuals that make up a population
biological fitness- contribution that an individual makes to the gene pool of the next
generation compared to the contributions of other individuals
gene flow - exchange of genes between populations
genetic drift - change in the gene pool of a population due to chance
geographic isolation- separation of populations as a result of geographic change or
migration to geographically isolated places
reproductive isolation - condition in which a reproductive barrier keeps two
species from interbreeding
half-life - time it takes for 50 percent of a radioactive isotope sample to decay
convergent evolution - process in which unrelated species from similar
environments have adaptations that seem very similar
adaptive radiation- evolution from a common ancestor of many species adapted
to diverse environments
punctuated equilibrium- species often diverge in spurts of relatively rapid change, followed
by long periods of little change
-Parts of bacteria:
cell wall- Outer layers of bacteria
ribosome- location where proteins are made
flagella – whiplike structure responsible for movement
endospore- protective case around bacteria during harsh conditions
gram stain positive or negative- purple or pink color to identify cell wall type
-Parts of virus:
capsule- protective covering
protein coat- material acquired from host organism when break open cell
reproductive cycles- lytic to break open vs. lysogenic to incorporate DNA
-Treatment of bacterial disease
Antibiotics- medicine, Antibodies- substance made by body to fight pathogens
-Cause of food poisoning
Both the organism itself and poisons it produces
-Define and give an example of bioremediation
When bacteria help to recycle materials. Break down oil spills.
-What is the germ theory? What does it explain?
Diseases are caused by pathogens. How diseases are spread.
-How are diseases transmitted?
Pathogens: physical, sex, food, airborne
-What is the inflammatory response? What are the steps in it?
Nonspecific response resulting in dilation, swelling, redness and pain.
-Vocabulary:
antigen - foreign molecule that provokes an immune response
antibody- protein in blood plasma that attaches to a particular antigen
vaccine- dose of a disabled or destroyed pathogen used to stimulate a long-term immune
defense
Autoimmune disorder cause what?
Multiple sclerosis, Lupus both attack the body cells
-HIV: attacks what cells? Spread?
Attacks Helper T cells. Blood and sexual contact.
Essays:
1. Be able to create and interpret a family pedigree with a dominant disorder. Explain the
genetic inheritance pattern in a given scenario.
2. Be able to explain adaptive radiation and natural selection based on a map and
population information.