Anatomy and Physiology Test review:
1. Body Cavities
 Cavities are large space containing organs.
 The main cavities are called the dorsal (back) and Ventral (front)
cavities.
A. Dorsal Cavity
o Dorsal cavity contains the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity
(Canal)
B. Ventral Cavity
o Ventral cavity has two main subdivisions separated by a
diaphragm.
o Diaphragm is a muscle used to aid in breathing.
o Thoracic cavity is superior (above) to diaphragm including the
heart, lungs, and large vessels about the heart.
o Subdivisions for thoracic cavity are pericardial and pleural,
covered with pericardial sac and pleurae respectively.
o Mediastinum is the area between lungs with organs and
vessels in it.
o Abdominopelvic cavity is inferior (below) diaphragm.
o Abdominal cavity, the superior portion, contains stomach,
most of the intestine, liver, gallbladder, the pancreas, and
spleen
o Pelvic cavity, the inferior portion, contains the urinary
bladder, the rectum, and reproductive organs.
2. The three central regions, the regions on right and left, and quadrants
 Epigastric region is located just inferior to breastbone.
 Umbilical region is located around navel or umbilicus.
 Hypogastric region is located under umbilicus, inferior to all.
 Hypochondriac region is inferior to the ribs
 Lumbar region is level with lumbar regions of spine, and aside to
umbilicus.
 Iliac or inguinal region is upper part of hipbone and groin region.
 Right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant,
and left lower quadrants are another way to show where an organ is
located.
Region
Organs
Right Hypochondriac
Epigastric
Liver
, Gall Bladder
, Small
Intestine
, Ascending Colon
,
Transverse Colon, and Right
Kidney
Esophagus, Stomach, Liver,
Pancreas, Small Intestine,
Transverse Colon, right and left
kidneys, right and left adrenal
glands, pancreas, ureters, and
spleen.
Left Hypochondriac
Right Lumbar
Umbilical
Left Lumbar
Right iliac/inguinal
Hypogastric
Left iliac/inguinal
Quadrants
RUQ
LUQ
RLQ
LLQ
Stomach, tip of liver, pancreas
tail, small intestines, transverse
colon, descending colon, left
kidney, and spleen.
Tip of liver, gall bladder, small
intestine, ascending colon, and
right kidney.
Stomach, pancreas, small
intestine, transverse colon,
pancreas both kidneys and
ureters.
Small intestine, descending
colon, tip of left kidney.
Small intestine, appendix,
cecum, ascending colon, right
ovary (female) and right
fallopian tube
Small intestine, sigmoid colon,
rectum, right and left ovaries,
urinary bladder, ureters,
urethra, both fallopian tubes,
vas deferens, seminal vesicle,
and prostate.
Small intestine, descending
colon, sigmoid colon, left ovary
and fallopian tube.
Organs
Largely liver, gallbladder, tail of
the pancreas, right kidney with
adrenal gland
Stomach, spleen, head of the
pancreas, left kidney with
adrenal gland
Large/small intestines, right
ovary (if female)
Large/small intestines, left
ovary (if female)

3. Levels of Organization
 Chemicals form cells, which form tissue, which form organs, which
form organ systems, which form an organism.
4. Metric System:
A. Units of Length
o Meter is the basic unit of length.
o 1 kilometer is 1000 meter, 1 meter is 100 centimeters, 1 meter
is 1000 millimeters, and 1 meter is 1000000 micrometers.
o 1 inch is 2.5 cm=25 mm.
B. Units of Weight
o Same prefixes are used, but the root is gram for weight.
o 30 g = 1 ounce, 1 kg = 2.2 pounds.
C. Units of Volume
o Same prefixes, but the root is liter for volume
o 1 L = 1.06 Quarts, 1 fl oz = 30 mL
D. Temperature
o The measure of temperature in metric system is Celsius.
5. Body Systems

A. Tissue sections
o Cross-section is the same as transverse section, used to
slice though the middle making up and down areas.
o Longitudinal section is the same as sagittal or frontal,
dividing it into two sides or front and back.
o Oblique section is cut in an angle to create a different
shape.
o These are used in techniques like CT (Computed
Tomography) and MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging).
6. Homeostasis, fluid, and feedback
A. Homeostasis
o Homeostasis is when the body is internally balanced in
temperature, composition, fluids, heart rate, respiration
rate, and BP.
B. Fluid Balance
o Fluid that bathes cells, and fluid that goes into and out of
cells to provide nutrition is called extracellular fluid. (EX:
Blood, lymph, etc.)
o Intercellular fluid is inside cells.
C. Feedback
o Feedback is the main method of maintaining homeostasis.
o Negative Feedback is a method where something
reverses.
o Positive feedback is a method where something continues.
Stuff other than listed by the teacher:
 Metabolism: Life sustaining reactions that occur within the body systems
together
 Catabolism: when molecules or compounds are broken down
 Anabolism: when simple compounds are joined in together to form a big
compound
 Anatomy: the study of the body structure.
 Physiology: study of the body’s functions.
 Pathology: the study of disease
 The anatomic position: subject is standing upright with face front arms on
the sides with palms forward and feet parallel.
 Superior is a term meaning above.
 Inferior is a term meaning below.
 Ventral and anterior: located toward the belly surface or front of the body.
 Cranial means nearer to the head
 Caudal means near to the sacral region of the spinal column.
 Medial means near to the mid-sagittal plane
 Lateral is towards the side
 Proximal means near to the origin of the structure.
 Distal means further from the origin of the structure
 Frontal plane cuts the body into the anterior and posterior.
 Sagittal plane cuts the body into the left and right sides. Mid-sagittal is the
exact middle.
 Transverse plane cuts the body horizontally making the inferior and
superior sites.