Questions in the Genitourinary System
I-DEFINE
Micturition
Hypospadias
II-MENTION
Functions of the kidney
Hormones secreted by the kidneys
III-FILL
-------------------- refers to the active (requiring energy and always being mediated by a carrier) or the passive
(no energy required) movement of a substance filtered at the glomerulus back into the peritubular capillaries.
The hormone that stimulates the bone marrow to increase the production of erythrocytes (red blood cells) is
called ---------------. In response to renal ----------------..
-------------------is the process of urination
Creatinine is a product of ---------------- breakdown
Creatinine varies slightly from approximately ----- mg/100 mL of blood in a small woman to ---- mg/l00 mL
in a muscular man. Levels greater than these suggest the kidney is not clearing creatinine and indicate renal
disease.
------------------is the process in which a lighted scope (cystoscope) is inserted up the urethra into the bladder.
------------------- is a technique in which a radiologic dye is injected intravenously, and x-ray films are taken
sequentially as the dye filters through the kidney.
---------------- is a syndrome that develops in an individual who has end-stage renal disease and affect all the
organs and tissues of the body.
---------------------- is the loss of 3.5 g or more of protein in the urine per day.
------------------------is defined as a generalized edema in individuals suffering from hypoalbuminemia as a
result of nephrotic syndrome or other conditions.
Demineralization of bone occurring with renal disease is known as renal --------------------------------------------------- is a decrease in plasma pH not caused by a respiratory disorder.
The respiratory response to renal acidosis is called respiratory -----------------------------.
Uremic ---------------------refers to neurologic changes seen in severe renal disease.
The process of adjusting blood levels of water and electrolytes in a person who has poor or non-functioning
kidneys is called --------------------------------.
In ---------------------, the individual's own peritoneal membrane is used as a natural, semipermeable barrier.
----------------------- involves placement of a donor kidney into the abdominal cavity of an individual
suffering from end-stage renal disease
----------------------- is a congenital defect in males involving misplacement of the opening of the urethra
from the tip of the penis to the ventral side.
Failure of the kidneys to develop during gestation is called --------------------.
Unilateral agenesis results in hypertrophy of the remaining kidney as it adapts to compensate functionally
for the absent kidney.
---------------- is an infection of the bladder,
---------------- is an infection of the kidney
---------------------- is an acute inflammation of the glomerulus occurs as a result of deposition of antibodyantigen complexes in the glomerular capillaries. Complexes usually develop 7 to 10 days after a pharyngeal
or skin streptococcal infection (poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis).
--------------------- is the loss of function in both kidneys, renal failure is associated with multiple systemic
effects.
Causes of acute renal failure have been separated into three general categories: ---------------, ------------------,
and ------------------------.
-------------------- is a cancer of any part of the kidney that typically develops in children younger than 4
years of age.
IV-TRUE OR FALSE
The kidney helps control blood pressure and is especially susceptible to damage if blood pressure is too high
or too low.
The kidney acts in conjunction with the liver to produce an active form of vitamin D, called 1,25dihydroxyvitamin D3, from an inactive precursor consumed in the diet.
Vitamin D is essential for maintenance of plasma calcium levels required for bone formation.
The active form of vitamin D acts as a hormone by circulating in the blood and stimulating absorption of
calcium and, to a lesser extent, phosphate across the small intestine and across the kidney tubules.
Vitamin D also stimulates bone resorption (breakdown). Bone resorption releases calcium, and thus plasma
calcium is increased by this mechanism.
Individuals who have renal disease frequently demonstrate chronic and debilitating anemia.
Micturition occurs when the internal and the external urethral sphincters at the base of the bladder are
relaxed.
Measuring BUN therefore provides an indication of kidney health.
liver disease may decrease BUN, because the liver is necessary to convert ammonia to urea.
Normally BUN and creatinine co-vary, keeping this ratio at approximately 10:1.
Ratios greater than 15:1 suggest a non-renal cause of urea elevation.
Ratios less than 10:1 occur with liver disease.
Creastinine evels greater than 1.5 mg/100 mL suggest the kidney is not clearing creatinine and indicate renal
disease.
Dehydration causes increased urine osmolality as more water is reabsorbed back into the peritubular
capillaries.
Overhydration results in decreased urine osmolality.
Renal ultrasound does not offer sufficient detail to evaluate vesicoureteral reflux, renal scarring, or
inflammation.
Under normal circumstances, virtually no protein is lost in the urine.
Diabetic nephropathy is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome.
Hemodialysis contributes to problems of anemia because some red blood cells are destroyed in the process.
Infection is also a risk.
Individuals receiving kidney donation must remain on a variety of immunosuppressant medications for life
to prevent organ rejection
Circumcision should be avoided in the newborn with hypospadius
Bilateral renal agenesis is incompatible with life.
Unilateral agenesis results in hypertrophy of the remaining kidney as it adapts to compensate functionally
for the absent kidney.
Most urinary tract infections are bacterial in origin, but fungi and viruses also may be implicated.
The most common bacterial infection is by Escherichia coli,
Urinary tract infections are especially common in girls and women. One cause is the shorter urethra in the
female, which allows the contaminating bacteria to gain access more easily to the bladder.
Cystitis is an infection of the bladder, the most common site for an infection.
Pyelonephritis is an infection of the kidney
Symptoms of infection in infants or young children may be non-specific and include irritability, fever, lack
of appetite, vomiting, and very strong-smelling diapers
The usual cause of postrenal failure is obstruction.
Wilms' tumor is a solid tumor that can grow to a large size.
It may be encapsulated (contained within the capsule of the kidney).
Encapsulation is associated with a favorable prognosis,
V-MCQ
A normal urine sample must not contain
a- red blood cells b-protein c- glucose
d- leukocytes e- all
Common symptoms of Uremia include
a-fatigue, b-anorexia, c-nausea, vomiting, and lethargy.
d-Intractable itching (pruritus) . e- all
Clinical manifestations of nephritic syndromemay include
a-increased susceptibility to infections (caused by hypoimmunoglobulins)
anasarca.
c- hypertention
d- all e- a+b
b- generalized edema, called
In hemodialysis,
is performed outside the body.
b-Two chambers separated by a semipermeable membrane are inside the machine. Blood is delivered to one
chamber, dialyzing fluid is placed in the other, and diffusion is allowed to occur.
Blood passes through arterial catheter and is returned to the body via a venous shunt.
takes about 3 to 5 hours and is required approximately three times per week.
all
Clinical Manifestations of renal calculi include
a-Pain is often colicky (rhythmic), especially if the stone is in the ureter or below. The pain may be intense.
The location of pain depends on the site of the stone.
b-A stone in the kidney itself may be asymptomatic unless it causes obstruction or an infection develops.
c-Hematuria, caused by irritation and injury of the renal structures, is common with calculi.
d-Decreased urine output results if obstruction to flow occurs.
e-all
*Complications of calculi may include
a- hydroureter that can lead to hydronephritis
b- decrease in GFR. Renal failure may develop if both kidneys are involved.
c- bacterial infection increases.
d-Renal cancer
all
*RISK FACTORS FOR URINARY TRACT INFECTION
a- pregnancy
b-diabetes
c- spinal cord injury d- all
Clinical Manifestations of cystitis include
a- dysuria (pain on urination),
b-increased frequency of urination, c-a sense of urgency to urinate.
d-Lower back or suprapubic pain may occur e-Fever f- all
Acute pyelonephritis typically presents with
a-Fever. b-Chills.
c-Flank pain. d-Dysuria. e- all
*All types of glomerulonephritis are associated with
a-Decreased urine volume.
b-Blood in the urine (brownish-colored urine.
c-Fluid retention.
d- all
*Prerenal failure occurs as a result of
a- myocardial infarct,
b- severe blood loss or volume depletion,
c- a burn,
d- sepsis
*Clinical Manifestations of adult kidney cancer
a-Hematuria is the most common manifestation. It may be frankly visible or may be microscopic and
sporadic.
b-A flank mass may be palpable. Flank pain may be present as well.
c-Polycythemia may be present, reflecting alteration in the renal control of hematopoiesis.
d-Fever may accompany the cancer.
E all