College Name
‫كلية االدارة واالقتصاد‬
‫محاسبة‬
‫إسكوهي أوانيس اوهانيس بدروسيان‬
Department
Full Name as written
in Passport
e-mail
Career
Assistant Lecturer
Master
Thesis Title
Year
Abstract
Lecturer
Assistant Professor
PhD
Professor
‫مفهوم اإلنصاف في المحاسبة وأثره في عمليةاإلبالغ المالي دراسة تحليلية‬
‫وميدانية ألنموذج ومستخدمي التقارير المالية في العراق‬
2007
Accounting literature divided into two basic school the first one normative school concern with normative
concepts such as ethics & social concepts, and concentrate on value implications statements so determining objectives
became its core by determining and interpretation the needs of accounting information users. While positive school
concentrate on empirical continuity for accounting being a discipline of formal education with concentrating on
neutral presentation of accounting events and its discloser.
It become clear that those accounting information users are the essences of both schools, by fulfilling there
information needs under value standards in the first school, and by reflecting practical reality for them in neutral
way without preferring some users over the others.
Accounting is a social science because it is an art needs skills like law and medicine, as well as it is a science
verify the credibility of the objective like law and economics. Therefore accounting is a social science in being
interacting with the environment and in being part of it via inducing actual study and formulating generalizations
about observed phenomena, and relating accounting procedures used to create accounting information with social
principles to produce accounting principles such as fairness which support objectivity (principle) through being
unbiased (procedure) as well as serving most of financial reports users. This was suggested by D. R. Scott, he is one of
the first who call for fairness in 1941: “accounting rules, procedures and techniques must be fair and unbiased and
must not serve special purposes”, through this it became “value statement”.
Fairness concept started to take its place in accounting literature orderly via professionals and academics studies.
The monograph published in 1960 by Arthur Anderson & Co. about fairness mention that “fairness is basic
accounting postulate that underlay accounting principles, fairness to all society segments, management, employees,
shareholders, creditors, customers, and the public so that it is unified and measured under economic and
political environment, conceptual pattern and norms of all segments to reach the target that accounting
principles based on this postulate will produce financial accounting for economical rights and stakes legitimately
established which it is fair to all segments.” Later Patillo positioned fairness as the basic standard used to evaluate
other standards because it is the only standard that implies ethical considerations, when Patillo wanted to relate ideas
such as justice, real, and fair with the objectives of financial reporting results which concentrate on the stakes of
different parties in economy. According to Cowan that Patillo's opinion represents the American concept for fairness
and the British sees fairness as distinguished, obvious, unequivocal, representation of facts.
In return others like S. C. Yu & Harold Arnett called for impossibility of making fairness a measure or a
framework to accounting principles for different reasons such as the disagreement on a clear concept for fairness
idiom by the accountants, and the difference in the meaning of fairness concept among the reacceptances, as well as
the difficulty to measure fairness effect.
Between supporters and opponents ethical concepts including fairness still have clear effect in accounting,
that researcher can not determine their subject, methodology, postulates and experimental means without implying
value concepts.
This study based on idea aims to clarify the meaning of fairness concept to become easier to include it
within accounting standard and rules, and studying the effect of the ethical concept over some of the international
and local financial disclosure applications.
The most important theoretical conclusion is that fairness considered value concept means unbiased and
objectivity in dealing with the company stakeholders specially the externals, via fulfilling useful, reliable, relevance
accounting information. Fairness means the same as justice and different from just, because the latter means the
abstract application to laws and rules without taking into considerations the circumstances relating to the subject of
study.