Wildlife Shelter and Foster Carer
Authorisation Guide
© The State of Victoria Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning 2015
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence. You are free to re-use the work under that licence, on the
condition that you credit the State of Victoria as author. The licence does not apply to any images, photographs or branding, including the Victorian
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ISBN 978-1-74146-624-9 (pdf)
Disclaimer
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Accessibility
If you would like to receive this publication in an alternative format, please
telephone DELWP Customer Service Centre 136 186, email
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Contents
Wildlife Shelter and Carer Authorisation Guide
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Purpose of the guide
2
Authorisation conditions
Species not covered by Authorisation
Direction by Authorised Officers
Assessment and quarantine of wildlife
Experience in caring for wildlife
Surgical treatment
Euthanasia (destroying) of wildlife
Threatened species
Enclosure size standards
Enclosure construction standards
Enclosure care
Food and water
Display of wildlife
Release of wildlife
Wildlife records
Other wildlife licenses
Supervising Shelters (Foster Carer Authorisation additional condition)
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Wildlife Shelter and Carer Authorisation Guide
Purpose of the guide
This guide has been prepared by the Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning (DELWP) in
consultation with the animal welfare unit within the Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport
and Resources (DEDJTR), the RSPCA, Zoos Victoria, veterinarians and representatives from the wildlife
rehabilitation community.
Under section 28A (1)(f) of the Wildlife Act 1975, sick, injured or orphaned wildlife in Victoria can be taken in
for rehabilitation by persons authorised under the Wildlife Act 1975. These Authorisations are referred to as
‘Wildlife Shelter’ or ‘Foster Carer’ Authorisations. They allow the Authorisation holder to acquire, receive,
keep, possess, display, euthanase (destroy) and dispose of sick, orphaned or injured native wildlife for the
purposes of enabling the care, treatment and rehabilitation for the purpose of release back to the wild.
Wildlife Shelter and Foster Carer Authorisations are governed by a set of conditions that enforce the
minimum standards necessary for the humane treatment and successful rehabilitation of wildlife in care.
This guide is set out according to the conditions of your Authorisation. It explains the objectives of the
conditions, and how you can comply. The advice provided in the ‘how to comply’ section is not mandatory,
but rather provides the suggested method of meeting the conditions. The Authorisation holder may choose
reasonable alternative methods provided that they meet the conditions of the Authorisation.
For further info please contact your local DELWP office or the DELWP Customer Service Centre on 136 186.
Authorisation conditions
Species not covered by Authorisation
Condition 1
The following wildlife species must not be acquired, received, kept, possessed, displayed, euthanased
(destroyed) or disposed of: whales, dolphins, seals, marine turtles, platypus and fish.
Objective
To ensure that wildlife that requires specialist care, treatment and rehabilitation, receives it.
How to comply
Holders of a Wildlife Shelter or Foster Carer Authorisation may rehabilitate most native wildlife indigenous to
Australia or its territorial waters. Whales, dolphins, seals, marine turtles, platypus and fish are not covered by
Wildlife Shelter or Foster Carer Authorisations due to the highly specialised facilities and trained personnel
required to provide the care they need.
The following actions are recommended if you encounter animals not covered by your Authorisation:
 Introduced species (e.g. rabbits, foxes, deer, hares, common Indian Mynas) - humanely euthanase.
 Cats and dogs – call your local council for assistance.
 Livestock (e.g. sheep, goats, cattle) - call your local council for assistance (or police if out of hours).
 Whales and dolphins - contact the Whale and Dolphin Emergency Hotline on 1300 137 017.
 Seals or marine turtles – contact a DELWP Wildlife Officer, the DELWP customer service centre on 136 186,
or the AGL Marine Response Unit on 0447 158 676.
 Platypus - contact Healesville Sanctuary Wildlife Hospital on (03) 5957 2829 to transfer the animal to their
care. If this is not available contact a DELWP Wildlife Officer to discuss rehabilitation and release options.
*While marine birds (e.g. petrels, penguins and pelicans) are covered by Shelter Authorisations, they are best
cared for by specialised facilities and trained personnel. Wherever possible, in the best interests of the animal,
marine birds should be provided to Phillip Island Nature Parks available on (03) 5951 2800, or the Melbourne
Zoo via the AGL Marine Response Unit available on 0447 158 676.
Wildlife Shelter and Foster Carer Authorisation Guide
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Direction by Authorised Officers
Condition 2
Any verbal or written direction relating to this Authorisation must be followed. This only applies to Authorised
Officers appointed by the Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning (DELWP) for the purposes of
the Wildlife Act 1975.
Assessment and quarantine of wildlife
Condition 3
As soon as is reasonably practicable, the health of new wildlife must be assessed by a registered veterinary
practitioner, or a person experienced in diagnosing illnesses, diseases and injuries in the species.
Objective
To ensure that any wildlife received into care is correctly assessed in order to determine the best possible
options for treatment. Inaccurate examination can result in undiagnosed or improperly treated ailments
which can have significant impacts on the wildlife’s health and welfare.
How to comply
Establish a working relationship with a local veterinarian willing to provide veterinary care for wildlife. It’s
important to follow veterinary instructions, including the provision of medication and the decision on whether
to conduct euthanasia. Try to keep records of advice to provide to DELWP Wildlife Officers on request.
Seek initial advice via telephone if you’re in a remote location and can’t immediately get the wildlife assessed.
Most wildlife taken into shelters is frightened, stressed, disorientated and may be sick, injured or in pain.
Ensure you catch and handle wildlife quickly and expertly to avoid further stress or injury.
Condition 4
Prior to a health assessment, new wildlife must be isolated and quarantined from any other wildlife.
Condition 5
Wildlife showing symptoms of disease or infection during rehabilitation must be quarantined.
Objective
To ensure that diseases and parasites are not transmitted between wildlife in care.
How to comply
Prepare separate quarantine enclosures to house individual sick wildlife. Seek advice from a veterinarian if
you are unsure of the health status of wildlife. Regularly clean enclosures and equipment with hospital grade
disinfectant. Clean quarantine areas last and don’t allow drainage into ‘clean’ areas. Use quarantine
procedures (i.e. disinfectant footbaths, separate protective clothing, equipment disinfection etc.). Separate
treatment and food preparation facilities between quarantine and ‘clean’ areas. Disinfect hands, footwear
and equipment when leaving quarantine areas.
Condition 6
Wildlife must not be released from quarantine until a registered veterinary practitioner, a person experienced
in diagnosing illnesses, diseases and injuries in the species, or a DELWP Wildlife Officer has decided that
release from quarantine is safe.
Objective
To ensure that diseases and parasites are not transmitted between wildlife in care, and to prevent diseases
and parasites from being transmitted to wildlife populations from released rehabilitated wildlife.
How to comply
Seek advice and, if possible, a direct assessment of wildlife before releasing them from quarantine.
Wildlife Shelter and Foster Carer Authorisation Guide
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Experience in caring for wildlife
Condition 7
As soon as practicable, advice on the care of new species must be obtained from a person experienced in the
care and treatment of the species, a registered veterinary practitioner, or a DELWP Wildlife Officer.
Objective
To ensure rescued wildlife are appropriately cared for and rehabilitated for eventual release into the wild.
How to comply
Network with other wildlife shelters to get advice and training in the care of species that you are unfamiliar
with and to coordinate rescues. Your local DELWP Wildlife Officer can assist you by providing information on
shelters in your local area. It is recommended that you request advice on the care of species in writing (i.e.
written or email) to ensure you have a record to provide to DELWP Wildlife Officers on request.
Surgical treatment
Condition 8
Wildlife must not be subjected to surgical treatment. This does not apply to registered veterinary practitioners.
Objective
To ensure that only qualified persons undertake surgical treatment of wildlife.
Euthanasia (destroying) of wildlife
Condition 9
The following wildlife must be promptly euthanased:
 wildlife suffering from unreasonable and/or incurable pain, distress, trauma, sickness or injury; or
 wildlife (other than species listed as threatened under the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988) that are
likely to require extensive surgery to survive; or
 wildlife (other than species listed as threatened under the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988) that are
likely to require extended periods in captivity to be rehabilitated; or
 wildlife (other than species listed as threatened under the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988) that are
unlikely to survive in the wild; or
 wildlife (other than species listed as threatened under the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988) that are
unlikely to integrate into the wild; or
 wildlife (other than species listed as threatened under the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988) that
require euthanasia under Condition 19.
Objective
To prevent significant or extended pain and suffering of wildlife and to ensure that wildlife entering
rehabilitation can be successfully released to the wild. Threatened species are a priority for rehabilitation and
so are exempt from some of the euthanasia requirements.
How to comply
Euthanase any wildlife held under your Authorisation that will continue to suffer if it remains alive. For
example, the following must be euthanased:
 wildlife that have lost essential limbs or function of limbs, including tails;
 wildlife that have permanent vital sensory loss (hearing, sight, smell, taste);
 wildlife that have an incurable (able to be treated but not cured) infectious disease;
 wildlife that have permanent damage to their nervous system;
 wildlife that are unable to adjust to temporary care;
 wildlife with chronic ill health;
 under-developed young.
Wildlife Shelter and Foster Carer Authorisation Guide
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Wildlife should be released from care as soon as possible after rehabilitation. While some injuries take time to
heal, long periods in captivity can place significant stress on wildlife and result in the loss of survival skills,
increased familiarity and dependence on humans, a loss of instinctual fear of domestic pets and the risk that
the wildlife’s space in the wild will become occupied. The sooner wildlife can be rehabilitated and released,
the greater their chance of survival.
The risks of releasing wildlife not fully rehabilitated include starvation because they don’t know how to locate
food; harassment, injuries or death from interactions with hostile resident wildlife or predators (e.g. cats) that
they don’t know to fear; or exposer to the elements due to their inability to find shelter. If wildlife is unable to
be rehabilitated the responsible decision (although difficult) is to euthanase it to save it from suffering.
Condition 10
Where it is practical to do so, wildlife to be euthanased in accordance with condition 9 must be taken to a
registered veterinary practitioner. Where it is impractical to take the wildlife to a registered veterinary
practitioner, wildlife must be euthanased promptly and in accordance with condition 11 by a person other than
a registered veterinary practitioner.
Objective
To ensure the timely euthanasia of sick, injured or orphaned wildlife.
How to comply
Overdose by a barbiturate anaesthetic is the preferred method of euthanasia and, under the requirements of
the Veterinary Practice Act 2003 and the Drugs, Poisons and Controlled Substances Regulations 2006, must
only be performed by registered veterinary practitioners.
While registered veterinary practitioners should be used wherever possible for euthanasia, you should ensure
that you are able and prepared to euthanase wildlife in accordance with condition 11 when required.
Condition 11
When undertaking euthanasia, a method appropriate for the species that results in immediate loss of
consciousness followed by death must be used.
The following euthanasia methods must not be used:
 Hypothermia (placing the animal in a freezer) - many animals are still able to feel pain when undergoing
hypothermia, but are unable to respond to this pain (i.e. by moving away). Freezing results in ice crystals in
tissues that cause extreme pain before the animal dies.
 Air embolism (injection of air into the veins) - causes unacceptable pain.
 Carbon dioxide (CO2) - causes extreme levels of fear, distress and discomfort for animals.
 Carbon monoxide (CO) (e.g. car exhaust) - causes extreme levels of fear, distress and discomfort.
 Chloroform - dangerous and toxic hepatotoxin (damages the liver). It is highly irritating to animals.
 Ether - highly irritating to mucous membranes of animals. Its administration is highly distressing.
 Chemicals (e.g. cyanide or strychnine) - extremely dangerous, slow acting, and causes violent convulsions,
pain and distress.
 Suffocation- causes extreme levels of fear, distress and discomfort for animals.
 Drowning - slow acting and causes extreme levels of fear, distress and discomfort for animals.
 Exsanguination (cutting the throat and bleeding out) - cannot be used as a sole method of euthanasia as it
causes pain and fear in animals.
Objective
To ensure that only appropriate methods of euthanasia are used to minimise pain, discomfort and distress.
How to comply
Euthanasia is vital to the role of wildlife shelters, and is an important tool in ensuring the welfare of wildlife.
Ensure that you only use humane and safe methods when you are undertaking euthanasia of wildlife.
Wildlife Shelter and Foster Carer Authorisation Guide
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Euthanasia should be carried out under relevant codes of practice (e.g. National Code of Practice for the
Humane Shooting of Kangaroos and Wallabies for Non-commercial Purposes).
Contact an experienced shelter for assistance if a veterinarian is not available and you are unsure of your
ability to safely and humanely euthanase wildlife.
Euthanasia via firearms
Firearms are an acceptable method of euthanasia, but should only be used when safe to do so. Firearms must
only be used by holders of an appropriate firearms licence, in accordance with the Firearms Act 1996.
Depending on the location, a ‘Populous Place Permit’ from Victoria Police may be required.
Wherever possible when using firearms for euthanasia, wildlife should be euthanased by a shot to the brain.
Where a shot to the brain is impractical or unsafe, a shot to the heart/lung area is permissible.
Injured wildlife can be euthanased safely via firearm by local police.
Confirmation of euthanasia
Examine all euthanased wildlife carefully to confirm that it has died before disposing of the carcass. To check
that death has occurred, ensure you check sequentially:
 the heart has stopped beating - check for at least 20 seconds, don’t use your thumb as you may detect
your own pulse. The best place to feel varies among species, seek veterinary advice if unsure; and
 that the wildlife is not breathing - check for a minimum of 20 seconds; and
 that the gum colour is grey/white - only applies to mammals; and
 the corneal reflex –no blink in response to lightly touching the cornea (the middle of the eye); and
 the pupil size - in dead animals both pupils are very large and unresponsive to light; and
 pinch reflex - firmly pinch skin between toes or nostrils, there should be no response if animal is dead.
Employ a second euthanasia method if there is any doubt about confirmation of death.
Reptiles, turtles, and amphibians are remarkably resilient and can remain inert for hours, especially when in
distress. To ensure euthanasia, place the animal in a secure place after euthanasia and check for movement
periodically over the course of 24hrs (if necessary draw a chalk outline around the body).
Disposal of carcasses
Carcasses of wildlife euthanased by barbiturates should be disposed of via burial or incineration to prevent
secondary poisoning by scavengers (e.g. dogs, ravens, hawks).
Australian Bat Lyssavirus (ABLV) should be considered to be present in all bats. Euthanased bats (including any
secretions and excretions) should be disposed of via incineration or, if this is not possible, by burial. Handle
them with care and while wearing personal protective equipment to avoid potential ABLV exposure.
Threatened species
Condition 12
Within 48 hours of acquiring or receiving wildlife that are listed as threatened under the Flora and Fauna
Guarantee Act 1988, the local DELWP Wildlife Officer or Biodiversity Officer must be advised.
Objective
The fate of individual animals can have serious impacts on the conservation of threatened species. Any
threatened species entering rehabilitation can provide useful information to DELWP on their populations and
the threats to those populations. If the wildlife is unable to be rehabilitated, DELWP Wildlife Officers may
arrange for it to be placed into a captive-breeding program or a zoological institution.
How to comply
A list of threatened species under the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 is available on the DELWP website.
You should notify your local DELWP Wildlife Officer immediately if any threatened species enter your care.
Contact your local DELWP Wildlife Officer if you’re unsure of an animal’s conservation status.
Wildlife Shelter and Foster Carer Authorisation Guide
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Enclosure size standards
Condition 13
Wildlife must be kept in appropriately constructed enclosures that meet the following minimum enclosure
sizes:
Birds
In the design of any bird enclosure, the ratio between the lengths of the two longest straight lines which can
be described on the floor of the cage and at right angles to each other shall not exceed 4:1 unless the shorter
of those two lines is at least 900 mm long. The length of this line should be at least twice the span of the wings
of the largest bird to be kept in the cage.
Bird enclosures with floor area exceeding 20 000 cm² must be of a minimum height of at least 150 cm and
allow access for physical entry. The minimum length and width of any enclosure should be at least twice the
length of the largest bird in the cage.
Provide wooden perches of a diameter and length to allow every bird in the enclosure to perch comfortably.
Perches should not unduly impede flight or be placed above other perches or food and drink containers.
Table 1: Birds – Indoor aviaries/cages
Size of bird
(approximate length)
Minimum floor
area per bird
Minimum height
100mm (10cm)
Zebra Finches
200mm (20cm)
Neophema, Budgerigars, Lorikeets (except
Rainbow and Red Collared)
300mm (30cm)
Rosellas, Cockatiels, Rainbow Lorikeets and
Bronzewing Pigeons
1000 cm2
34 cm
Increased floor
area per
additional bird
500 cm2
1,600 cm2
34 cm
800 cm2
5,000 cm2
90 cm
2,500 cm2
Size of bird
(approximate length)
Minimum floor
area per bird
Minimum height
Increased floor
area per
additional bird
100mm (10cm)
Zebra Finches
200mm (20cm)
Neophemas, Budgerigars, Lorikeets (except
Rainbow and Red Collared)
300mm (30cm)
Rosellas, Cockatiels, Rainbow Lorikeets and
Bronzewing Pigeons
400mm (40cm)
King Parrots, Princess Parrots, Indian Ringneck and
Superb Parrots, Galahs and Long billed Corellas
500mm (50cm)
Sulphur Crested Cockatoos
3,700 cm2
60 cm
1,800 cm2
7,200 cm2
60 cm
3,600 cm2
10,000 cm2
90 cm
5,000 cm2
15,000 cm2
90 cm
7,500 cm2
25,000 cm2
150 cm
12,500 cm2
Table 2: Birds – Outdoor enclosures
Outdoor enclosures should be constructed in a way that every bird is able at all times to perch or roost in a place that
is sheltered from the wind, rain and sun; whether by solid construction or cladding on the roof and walls, or by roosts
covered by dense vegetation within the enclosure. If by solid construction or cladding of roof and walls, at least onethird of the total area should be covered; including a continuous area of three walls to form a shelter against winds. At
least three-quarters of the area of one wall should be open weave mesh. The minimum height to the top of the
enclosure should not be <1.5m above ground level to allow birds to escape harassment by predators.
Wildlife Shelter and Foster Carer Authorisation Guide
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Table 3: Wading Birds
Size of bird
Minimum
floor area
Minimum
height
Minimum
surface area
of water
50,000 cm2
Increased
floor area for
each
additional
bird
25,000 cm2
Large Birds
Swans, Pelicans, Brolgas, Albatross
Small Birds
Wild Ducks, Cormorants, Water Hens and
Herons
150 cm
2,000 cm2
25,000 cm2
12,500 cm2
150 cm
1,000 cm2
Wading Birds require shallow areas providing soft substrate and natural feeding opportunities. Failure to provide
these conditions may lead to chronic foot problems.
Table 4: Reptiles
Type of wildlife
Tortoises
<10cm length
>10 cm length
Snakes
Small terrestrial of <60 cm in length
e.g. adult Little Whip or juvenile
Pythons
Less than 1.2 metres in length e.g.
Children’s Python, Tiger Snake and
Copperhead
Less than 2.5 metres in length e.g.
Eastern Brown, and Taipan King
Brown
Tree snakes up to 1.2 metres in length
Large Pythons up to 2.5 metres in
length e.g. Diamond Python, Carpet
Python, Water Python and
Amenthystines
Lizards
Skinks, Dragons and Water Dragons
Goannas
Minimum
floor area
Maximum
number of
animals
Minimum height
Increased floor area for
each additional animal
1,600 cm2
20,000 cm2
1
1
20 cm
20 cm
400 cm2
10,000 cm2
1,800 cm2
2
30 cm
900 cm2
4,000 cm2
2
50 cm
2,000 cm2
15,000 cm2
1
120 cm
7,500 cm2
4,800 cm2
20,000 cm2
2
1
80 cm
150 cm
2,400 cm2
10,000 cm2
10,000 cm2
45,000 cm2
1
1
100 cm
200 cm
5,000 cm2
20,000 cm2
Heating in reptile enclosures is essential – the temperatures needed will depend on the species of reptile and its
natural environment. Snakes longer than 2.5 metres require a minimum area of half their length squared.
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Table 5: Mammals
Type of wildlife
Minimum
floor area
Minimum
height
Increased floor area for
each additional animal
1,400 cm2
2,000 cm2
3,000 cm2
Maximum
number of
animals
1
1
1
Hopping Mice
Dunnarts
Kowaris, Antechinuses, Mountain
Pygmy Possums
Small Quolls
Feathertail Gliders
Tuans, Leadbeater Possums, Sugar
and Squirrel Gliders and Ringtail
Possums
Brushtail Possums
Potoroos and Bettongs
Tiger Quolls, Yellow Bellied and
Greater Gliders, juvenile Kangaroos
and Wallabies less than 5 kg, Echidnas
and Koalas
Wallabies greater than 5kg, Kangaroos
less than 20kg and Wombats
Kangaroos greater than 20kg
25 cm
25 cm
30 cm
700 cm2
1,000 cm2
1,500 cm2
10,000 cm2
2,500 cm2
2,500 cm2
1
6
2
50 cm
100 cm
100 cm
5,000 cm2
1,000 cm2
1,000 cm2
10,000 cm2
20,000 cm2
20,000 cm2
1
2
1
200 cm
200 cm
200 cm
5,000 cm2
10,000 cm2
10,000 cm2
50 m2
1
200 cm
25 m2
100 m2
1
200 cm
50 m2
Table 6: Nest boxes
Type of wildlife
Dunnart, Pygmy Possum,
Feathertail Glider and
Antechinuses
Kowari
Hopping Mice
Mountain Pygmy Possum
Tuan, Sugar Glider, Squirrel
Glider and Leadbeater Possum
Ringtail Possum and Yellow
Bellied Glider
Brushtail Possum, Great Glider
and Quolls
Wombat
Maximum
number of
animals
6
Minimum
length
Minimum
width
Minimum
height
Opening
diameter
14 cm
12 cm
10 cm
32 mm
1
6
2 adults or
mother and
young
1 adult or
breeding pair
or family group
1
25 cm
25 cm
25 cm
17 cm
17 cm
17 cm
11 cm
11 cm
11 cm
50 mm
50 mm
50 mm
25 cm
17 cm
11 cm
50 mm
20 cm
25 cm
43 cm
65 mm
1
25 cm
30 cm
55 cm
85 mm
1
55 cm
120 cm
50 cm
-
Leadbeater’s Possums, Sugar Gliders and Squirrel Gliders prefer nesting in family groups. A choice of two boxes is
recommended to accommodate individuals ejected after social disputes.
Objective
To ensure that wildlife undergoing rehabilitation are contained in appropriately sized enclosures that
minimise stress and allow free movement and natural behaviours.
How to comply
The specifications give the minimum enclosure sizes for wildlife held under the Authorisation. Enclosures
must meet or exceed the specifications.
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Enclosure construction standards
Condition 14
Wildlife must be kept in appropriately constructed enclosures that:
 prevent escape, and
 minimise disturbance, and
 allow for its movement, and
 allow for its physical characteristics and natural behaviours, and
 provide sufficient space for each individual animal, and
 provide security and comfort, and
 provide protection from the weather with shelter, and
 protect it from harm, and
 minimise unnatural sights and sounds, and
 provide it with either natural daylight or full spectrum light that mimics natural light/dark cycles, and
 prevent it from seeing, hearing or smelling domestic animals, and
 separates it from wildlife that may be incompatible.
Objective
Enclosures that protect wildlife from disturbance and allow natural behaviours during rehabilitation are
essential for them to learn/relearn the behaviours necessary for them to survive in the wild post-release.
Security and comfort decreases stress and hastens recovery. Protection from harmful external factors is
essential to maintain welfare and to prevent a health decline. Separation from domestic animals prevents
transmission of disease and infections, prevents stress, and ensures that the wildlife’s natural instinct to
recognise and avoid predators (e.g. dogs and cats) is maintained.
How to comply
Enclosures should provide opportunities for complete recovery from injuries and for learning and practicing
behaviours such as foraging, hunting, climbing or flying.
Wildlife should only be handled when necessary to avoid trauma, stress, or the wildlife becoming humanised.
Taming reduces the survival chances of rehabilitated wildlife on release. Wildlife is often not suitable for
release if it doesn’t display instinctual fear and avoidance towards humans and domestic pets.
Wildlife that form social groups in the wild should be housed with wildlife of an appropriate age and gender of
the same species. Wildlife should be individually identifiable when housed together.
Avoid mixed-species housing whenever possible and, when mixed-species housing is necessary (such as in
pre-release bird aviaries), ensure only compatible species are housed together. New additions to a wildlife
group should be monitored closely for the first few days to ensure the safety of them and other individuals.
Enclosure design and furnishings should encourage the wildlife species’ natural pattern of foraging, play, rest
or sleep, hiding, and social responses of others of their species.
Enclosures should:
 be free from dangerous obstructions such as sharp points or edges,
 provide fresh air in a manner that avoids drafts, odours and water condensation,
 not be stacked in such a way that good ventilation is impaired, and
 be well drained.
Indoor enclosures should be in rooms that are able to provide both heating and cooling; they should be kept
well separate from normal household activity so as to ensure wildlife in care are not disturbed.
Outdoor enclosures need to provide for acclimatisation to weather, but also provide shelter from sun, wind
and rain and protection from predators.
Solid physical barriers are the best way to keep animals (i.e. domestic and incompatible wildlife) separate.
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Enclosure care
Condition 15
Care facilities, enclosures and equipment must be maintained in a safe, clean and sanitary condition.
Objective
Wildlife entering rehabilitation are often stressed, injured or sick, and are therefore more susceptible to
further pathogens. Care facilities, enclosure and equipment must be kept in a sanitary condition to attempt to
eliminate the chance of transmission of disease and parasites between wildlife.
How to comply
Ensure that all aspects of enclosures and housing, including nest boxes, bedding, substrate, perching, food
and water bowls, are kept in a clean and hygienic condition.
Enclosures should be constructed to allow for easy cleaning and minimal handling of the wildlife. Ensure that
the enclosures are structurally sound and constructed of materials that will not injure or be detrimental to the
wildlife and are nonporous and waterproof to facilitate cleaning and disinfection. Disinfection can only be
ensured when organic material has been cleaned off equipment and surfaces first.
Excreta, uneaten food and soiled materials should be removed at least daily. They should be disposed of in
accordance with local laws and in a way that limits any access by other animals, in order to minimise pest
infestation, odours and disease hazards.
Food and water
Condition 16
Wildlife must be provided with food and water:
 that meets the animal’s dietary and nutritional requirements;
 in a manner suitable for the rehabilitation of the species; and
 that is fresh and clean and stored in a manner that prevents spoilage or contamination.
Objective
To ensure that wildlife in care obtain a diet of sufficient nutrition that allows them to recover and aids their
rehabilitation and eventual release back to the wild.
How to comply
Ensure that you know the dietary and nutritional requirements of the species that come into your care. Diet
refers to the type and amount of food the wildlife generally eat; nutrition refers to the nutrients and other
substances required by the wildlife. These may alter depending on the age of the wildlife, its injuries and its
treatment. If you are unsure of the requirements of wildlife that comes into your care, seek advice from a
registered veterinary practitioner or a Wildlife Shelter Authorisation holder experienced in the species (e.g.
Healesville Sanctuary Wildlife Hospital), or contact your local DELWP Wildlife Officer.
Provide food and water at a frequency, quality and level appropriate to the species. To prevent transmission
of disease, food and water should not be accessible to other wild or domestic animals.
Display of wildlife
Condition 17
Except with the prior written (email, letter or text message) approval from a DELWP Wildlife Officer, wildlife
must not be displayed (including displayed for photography) to the general public or the media.
Objective
The primary goal of rehabilitation is to restore sick, injured or orphaned wildlife to full health and return them
as quickly as possible to the wild for a successful release and life following rehabilitation.
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This condition is in place to prevent wildlife from becoming too familiar with humans. Several studies have
shown that human familiarity and habituation can impact wildlife’s ability to survive in the wild post release.
Stress caused by prolonged exposure to humans can also significantly impact on wildlife’s health and ability to
recover during rehabilitation.
How to comply
Ensure that only those directly involved in caring for wildlife held under the Authorisation are allowed access
to the areas in which the wildlife are held. If you wish to display your wildlife (e.g. for photography or for
education on handling or care techniques) contact a DELWP Wildlife Officer to discuss your proposal.
Release of wildlife
Condition 18
Rehabilitated wildlife must not be released:
 outside of the home range of the location where it was found; or
 in an area or in conditions in which it is unlikely to survive; or
 in an area or in conditions which it is likely to be injured.
Condition 19
Rehabilitated wildlife that cannot be released due to condition 18 must be euthanased in accordance with
conditions 10 and 11.
Objective
To ensure animal welfare, to ensure that released wildlife are given the best possible chance for survival, and
to limit possible detrimental effects from the released wildlife on the ecology of the release site.
How to comply
The further away from the point of capture that rehabilitated wildlife is released, the less likely it is that it will
survive. This can be due to a range of factors including lack of appropriate habitat, increased numbers of
predators, differing social structures (e.g. ‘dominant’ wildlife already present in the release area harassing the
released wildlife) or lack of an existing population (e.g. for social species).
The release of wildlife outside their known individual range is not allowed due to animal welfare concerns and
the significant risks such releases pose to resident populations through genetic contamination, disease and
parasite spread, and negative impacts on their social structure.
To prevent disease transmission and to ensure animal welfare, wildlife must be released within the individual
animal’s home range of the original capture site. If the site is unknown/unsuitable then they must be
euthanased.
The home range (also known as the ‘territory’) of an animal refers to the area in which an animal lives and
travels. It is commonly listed in reference books or available through internet sources (e.g. Wikipedia).
Wildlife is ready for release when it:
 has no permanent physical impairment that may affect its survival; and
 has regained fitness and condition; and
 is able to tolerate outside conditions and its natural food sources; and
 displays normal behaviour i.e. shows instinctual fear towards humans and predators (e.g. dogs and cats), is
able to identify and seek food, interact with other wildlife of its species, find/construct shelter, and move
through its habitat with confidence; and
 has been checked by a veterinarian/Authorised Shelter or Foster Carer with experience in the species for
any diseases that may be transmitted to native populations and been cleared.
Ensure the release site has suitable habitat, water and food, and is free from any dangers (e.g. busy roads). Do
not release wildlife during extremes of weather or at the wrong time (e.g. nocturnal wildlife during the day).
Some animals are best released into an existing social structure (e.g. flocking birds such as corellas). Wildlife
that require hollows should be released with a temporary nest box to reduce the chance of predation.
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Wildlife records
Condition 20
Accurate and up-to-date information must be recorded in relation to any wildlife received, acquired, kept,
possessed, euthanased (destroyed) and disposed of. These records must:
 be recorded on DELWP Wildlife Record Sheets or in a manner approved in writing by DELWP; and
 record the species, when it was found, where it was found, a summary of its injuries/condition, the cause of
its injury/condition (if known), its fate (if known) and the location and date of release (if applicable); and
 be kept for a three year period; and
 be available for inspection by a DELWP Wildlife Officer without delay.
Objective
To ensure that adequate records are kept documenting the wildlife entered into care, their original rescue
location, the reason for their admission (e.g. veterinary examination records), and the fate of the wildlife. This
information is vital to keep accurate case histories, track emerging trends or threats to wildlife populations
and provides useful data for rehabilitators, DELWP, veterinarians and research organisations.
How to comply
Keep up-to-date records of the wildlife held under your Authorisation and maintain them in a form that can
easily be examined and understood. The best way to do this is to record the details of the wildlife the same
day it is admitted into the shelter. If the wildlife is brought to your shelter by another Authorisation Holder or
member of the public, ask them for all the relevant details. Copies should be made in case the original records
are lost. Additional information that’s useful to keep includes treatment details (e.g. medication
requirements), their feeding and toileting details, and any other relevant information.
Other wildlife licenses
Condition 21
Wildlife received, acquired, kept or possessed under this Authorisation must be physically separated from any
wildlife held under a wildlife licence.
Objective
This condition is in place to help prevent disturbance to wildlife from captive wildlife, to prevent disease
transmission from wildlife to captive wildlife and vice-versa, and to prevent wildlife undergoing rehabilitation
from learning imprinted behaviours from captive wildlife.
How to comply
If you hold a separate wildlife licence, ensure that all wildlife kept under that license is kept completely
separate, preferably in a different building. See condition 17 for restrictions on the display of wildlife.
Supervising Shelters (Foster Carer Authorisation additional condition)
Condition 22
After receiving or acquiring wildlife, the supervising Shelter Authorisation holder must be notified of the receipt
or acquisition.
Objective
It is important for Shelters to keep track of the wildlife held by their Foster Carers in order to provide guidance
and support, and to keep accurate records.
How to comply
Notify your supervising shelter of any wildlife that is brought into care and the details of the care required.
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www.delwp.vic.gov.au