Ministry of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Regulatory Directorate
Africa Stockpiles Programme Project-Ethiopia
Environmental and Social Impact
Assessment (ESIA)
For a Pesticide Store to be constructed at Addis Ababa, Kality Area
December 2010
Addis Ababa
Table of Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................. 5
A. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................... 8
PREAMBLE .............................................................................................................ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
A.1 CONTEXT AND JUSTIFICATION ...................................................................................................................... 9
A.2 OBJECTIVES / PURPOSE OF THE ESIA ......................................................................................................... 10
A.3 METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................................................................... 10
A.4 CONTENT OF THE ESIA REPORT ................................................................................................................. 16
B PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...................................................................................................................... 17
B.1 CHOICE OF THE PROJECT SITE...................................................................................................................... 17
B.2 TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION PROJECT ............................................................................................................ 17
B.2.1 General principles .............................................................................................................................. 17
B.2.2 Design of the store.............................................................................................................................. 17
B.2.3 The products to be stored and characteristics.................................................................................... 18
B.2.4 The security measures incorporated into the project ........................................................................ 21
B.2.4.1 Prevention of leakages and spills .................................................................................................................. 21
B.2.4.2 Prevention of development of toxic fumes and flammable atmospheres ................................................... 21
C. POLITICAL, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK .......................................................... 23
C.1 POLITICAL FRAMEWORK ............................................................................................................................. 23
C.2 LEGAL FRAME WORK .................................................................................................................................. 23
C.2.1 Environmental policy and laws .......................................................................................................... 23
C.2.2 National regulations, proclamation and guidelines ........................................................................... 25
C.3 OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES OF WORLD BANK ........................................................................................... 25
OP 4.01 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT ........................................................................................................ 26
C.4 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ..................................................................................................................... 27
C4.1 Pesticide management......................................................................................................................... 27
C.4.2 Environmental protection................................................................................................................... 27
D DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS OF THE STORE CONSTRUCTION SURROUNDINGS ............... 29
D.1 OVERVIEW AREA OF INFLUENCE AND OF THE SITE ...................................................................................... 29
D.2 LOCATION AT KALITY ................................................................................................................................ 30
D.3 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................................................................... 33
CLIMATE AND METEOROLOGY OF ADDIS ABABA ........................................................................................... 35
D.4 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT ....................................................................................................................... 37
D.5 HUMAN ENVIRONMENT .............................................................................................................................. 40
E ENVIRONMENTAL EVOLUTION AND EVALUATION OF ITS SENSITIVITY .............................. 41
E.1 BIOPHYSICAL CONSTRAINTS ........................................................................................................................ 41
E.2 CHANGES IN THE BIOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT WITHOUT THE PROJECT ...................................................... 41
E.3 EVOLUTION OF HUMAN ENVIRONMENT WITHOUT THE PROJECT .................................................................. 41
E.4 ECOLOGICAL INTEREST OF THE SITE ........................................................................................................... 41
E.5 SENSITIVITY OF THE SITE ............................................................................................................................ 42
F ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES ........................................................................................................... 45
G PUBLIC CONSULTATION ..................................................................................................................... 48
G.1 APPROACH .................................................................................................................................................. 48
G.2 PERCEPTIONS OF THE PROJECT BY THE PUBLIC AND APHRD STAFF ........................................................... 48
G.3 PUBLIC EXPECTATIONS ............................................................................................................................... 48
G.4 THE APPREHENSION OF THE PUBLIC ............................................................................................................ 49
H IDENTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ................................... 49
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H.1 THE POSITIVE IMPACTS ............................................................................................................................... 49
H.2 THE MAIN SOURCES OF IMPACTS ................................................................................................................. 49
H.3 IMPACTS ON BIOPHYSICAL FRAMEWORK AND THE BIOLOGICAL AND HUMAN ENVIRONMENT ..................... 52
H.3.1 Impacts resulting from pre construction and construction phases .................................................... 52
H.3.1.1 Impacts on Flora and fauna .......................................................................................................................... 52
H.3.1.2 Impacts on atmosphere and the human environment ................................................................................ 53
H.3.1.3 Changes and impacts on water resources .................................................................................................... 53
H.3.1.4 Generation of waste related to construction on site ................................................................................... 53
H.3.1.5 Involuntary resettlement ............................................................................................................................. 53
H.3.2 Impact of operational phase .............................................................................................................. 55
H.3.2.1 Environmental and health impacts of storage of pesticides (risks of fire, explosion, accidental spillage) ... 55
H. 3.2.2 Impacts of stocks management (production of obsolete pesticide) ........................................................... 55
H..3.2.3 Impacts of local transport of pesticides ...................................................................................................... 56
H..3.2.4 Impacts of accidental spills and leaks (characteristics of environmental contamination of products to be
stored) ...................................................................................................................................................................... 56
H.3.2.5 Impacts of the generation of solid waste (container and ) .......................................................................... 58
H. 3.2.6 Impacts of the generation of liquid waste ................................................................................................... 58
H.3.2.7 Health impacts associated with the storage of pesticides (acute and chronic toxicity of products) ............ 58
CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................................................... 60
I HAZARD STUDIES ................................................................................................................................... 62
I.1 REVIEW OF THE TOXICITY OF PESTICIDES STORED (TOXICOLOGY)................................................................ 62
I.2 REVIEW OF RISKS LINKED TO THE ENVIRONMENT (FLOOD, POPULATION UNREST, ACCIDENTS) .................... 63
J. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) AND ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING ... 67
J.1 MITIGATION MEASURES STORE CONSTRUCTION PHASE ................................................................................ 67
J.1.1 Fauna and flora .................................................................................................................................. 67
J.1.2 Atmosphere, human and biological media .......................................................................................... 67
J.1.3 Production of construction wastes ...................................................................................................... 67
J.1.4 Flooding .............................................................................................................................................. 68
J.2 MITIGATION MEASURES STORE OPERATIONAL PHASE .................................................................................. 68
J.2.1 Procedure for tracking stock (supply, storage, inspection) ................................................................ 68
J.2.1.1 Supply ............................................................................................................................................................ 68
J.2.1.2 Storage .......................................................................................................................................................... 68
J.2.1.3 Stocks Inspection ........................................................................................................................................... 69
J.2.2 Precautions during transport .............................................................................................................. 70
J.2.3 Safe destruction of empty containers (iron, plastic, paper or cardboard) .......................................... 70
J.2.4 Effluent management .......................................................................................................................... 72
J.2.5 Security arrangements (transport, storage, preparation) ................................................................... 73
J.2.6 Safety means ....................................................................................................................................... 74
J.2.6.1 Hygiene and health protection equipment ................................................................................................... 74
J.2.6.2 Fire Safety Equipment ................................................................................................................................... 74
J.2.7 Emergency (decontamination equipment, first aid, reaction in case of poisoning) ............................ 75
J.3 SUPERVISION PROGRAM AND ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING .................................................................... 76
J.3.1. Environmental supervision ................................................................................................................ 76
J.3.1.1 Principles of supervision ................................................................................................................................ 76
J.3.1.2 Implementation of the environmental monitoring ....................................................................................... 76
J.3.2 Environmental monitoring .................................................................................................................. 77
J.4 INSTITUTIONAL MEASURES (CAPACITY BUILDING, POPULATION INFORMATION) .......................................... 77
J.5 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EMP AND MONITORING ...................................................................................... 83
J.5.1. During the construction ..................................................................................................................... 83
J.5.2. During operation ............................................................................................................................... 83
J.6 BUDGET ....................................................................................................................................................... 83
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................. 85
ANNEX ......................................................................................................................................................... 86
ANNEX 1 PESTICIDE STORE DESIGN AND ALL DRAWINGS (SEE SEPARATE FILE) .................. 87
ANNEX 2 :FACT SHEETS ON PESTICIDES ............................................................................................ 87
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ANNEX 3 : KALITY PESTICIDE CONSTRUCTION STORE SOIL STUDY (SEE SEPARATE FILE) 93
ANNEX 4 :OVERVIEW OF THE WORLD BANK’S SAFEGUARD POLICIES ..................................... 93
Tables
TABLE 1 : IDENTIFICATION MATRIX OF IMPACTS .................................................................................................... 14
TABLEAU 2 : MATRIX FOR DETERMINING IMPACT SIGNIFICANCE........................................................................................... 15
TABLE 3 : CHARACTERISTICS OF PESTICIDES REGISTERED FOR THE CONTROL OF MIGRATORY PESTS BY MINISTRY
OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT............................................................................................. 19
TABLE 4 : DISTINGUISHING CRITERIA OF THE MAPPING UNITS ............................................................................... 33
TABLE 5 : LIST OF MAPPING UNITS OF THE STUDY AREA ........................................................................................ 33
TABLE 6 : ADDIS ABABA WEATHER AVERAGES .................................................................................................... 36
TABLE 7 : AMBIENT GROUND WATER HYDROLOGY OF KALITY AREAS................................................................... 37
TABLE 8 : LIST OF IDENTIFIED PLANT SPECIES FOUND IN THE PREMISES OF MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE PESTICIDE
STORE........................................................................................................................................................... 39
TABLE 9 : BIOPHYSICAL COMPONENT VERSUS REFERENCE STATE ......................................................................... 41
TABLE 10 : PREDICTION THE TRANSPORT OF PESTICIDES TOWARDS THE GROUNDWATER ...................................... 43
TABLE 11 : CLASSIFICATION OF DEGRADABILITY IN SOIL (BIOLOGICAL AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL
TRANSFORMATIONS) ..................................................................................................................................... 44
TABLE 12 : ALTERNATIVE SITES ............................................................................................................................ 47
TABLE 13 : SELECTION CRITERIA ........................................................................................................................... 47
TABLE 14 : EVALUATION MATRIX FOR SELECTING THE APPROPRIATE SITE FOR PESTICIDE STORE CONSTRUCTION 47
TABLE 15 : MATRIX OF IMPACTS LINKED WITH THE PROJECT ACTIVITIES .............................................................. 50
TABLE 16 : .MAJOR SOURCES OF IMPACTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PROJECT .......................................................... 51
TABLE 17 : POTENTIAL ENVIRONNEMENTAL IMPACTS IN CONSTRUCTION PHASE. .................................................. 54
TABLE 18 : CHARACTERISTICS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION OF PESTICIDES WHICH WILL BE STORED IN
CASE OF LEAKAGE OR ACCIDENTAL SPILLAGE .............................................................................................. 56
TABLE 19 : HEALTH IMPACTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE STORAGE OF PESTICIDES ..................................................... 58
TABLE 20 : POTENTIAL NEGATIVE IMPACTS ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENT ACTIVITIES ......................................... 59
TABLE 21 : TOXICITY AND HEALTH EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES TO BE STORED IN THE NEW PROPOSED STORE ............ 62
TABLE 22 : SUMMARY OF RISKS LINKED TO OPERATIONAL PHASE ......................................................................... 66
TABLE 23 : MAXIMUM STACKING OF CONTAINERS ON TOP OF EACH OTHER ........................................................... 69
TABLE 24 : MAJOR COMMITMENTS IN CONNECTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING ........................................ 77
TABLE 25 : TRAINING NEEDS AND INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTHENING ..................................................................... 80
TABLE 26 : ENVIRONNEMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ........................................................................................... 81
TABLE 27 : BUDGET ESTIMATE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PLAN WITH THE MAIN RESPONSIBLE ENTITIES ....... 84
Figures
FIGURE 1 MAP OF KALITY AREA ............................................................................................................................ 29
FIGURE 2 LOCATION OF PROPOSED PESTICIDE STORE ............................................................................................. 31
FIGURE 3 : LAND USE OF ANIMAL ¨PLANT HEALTH REGULATORY DIRECTORATE STORE SITE .............................. 32
FIGURE 4 SOIL MAP OF THE NEW STORE AREA ........................................................................................................ 34
FIGURE 5 ADDIS ABABA CLIMATE GRAPH .............................................................................................................. 36
FIGURE 6 LOCATION STORE FOR EMPTY CONTAINER MANAGEMENT ...................................................................... 71
FIGURE 7 : PESTICIDE STORE MANAGEMENT .......................................................................................................... 72
FIGURE 8 : MANAGEMENT OF EMPTY CONTAINER CRUSHING EQUIPMENT ............................................................. 72
Photos
PHOTO 1 : OPEN GRASSLAND WITH SCATTERED ACACIA TREES ............................................................................ 38
PHOTO 2 : A KNOWN MEDICINAL PLANT CALLED “ARMAGUSA” IN ETHIOPIAN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE - AJUGA
INTEGRIFOLIA ................................................................................................................................................ 38
PHOTO 3 : A LARGE AREA OF GRASSLAND WITH HYPARRHENIA HIRTA DOMINANT AND ISOLATED ACACIA TREES. .. 39
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PHOTO 4 : NATURAL VEGETATION AND PLANTED TREE OF CUPRESSUS LUSITANNICA ALONG FENCE MARGIN AND
GRASSLAND HABITAT ON ROCK SURFACE IN THE COMPOUND ....................................................................... 39
PHOTO 5 : SHREDDER FOR PLASTIC DRUMS ........................................................................................................... 72
Abbreviations
APHRD :
ASP P1 :
ESIA :
EA :
EMP :
FAO :
FIFO :
GPS :
KPSC :
MDGS :
MoA :
MoH :
OP :
PASDEP :
Pc:
PMT:
PPE :
M(S):
MSDS :
USD :
VC(S) :
WB :
Animal and Plant Health Regulatory Directorate
African Stockpile Programme Phase 1
Environmental and social Impact Assessment
Environmental Assessment
Environmental management Plan
UN Food and Agriculture Organization
First In First Out,
Global positioning system
Kaliti Pesticide Store Construction
UN Millennium Development Goals
Ministry of Agriculture
Ministry of Health
operational policy
Plan for Accelerated and Sustainable Development to end Poverty
Percentage weight of criterion.
Project Management Team
Personal Protective Equipment
Score of scenario S using weighted average
Material Safety Data Sheet
United States Dollars
Score for respective site with regard to each criterion
World Bank
4
Executive summary
All pesticide stores of the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) that have been used for the storage
of pesticides destined for the control of migratory pests and those serving as major collection
centers are old, substandard and overstocked. In order to address these unacceptable storage
conditions and as part of a national strategy for an effective management of migratory pests
and to ensure that further stocks are not accumulated, there is a need to build an improved
strategic store in Ethiopia in line with FAO specifications in a setting that does not bring a
negative impact on health of the public and environment in general. For this reason, the World
Bank allocated USD 330,000 for the construction of a pesticide store at Kality, at the outskirts
of Addis Ababa. The construction of such a facility classified as a hazardous establishment
must be preceded by development of an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA)
study as recommended by the national Environmental Impact Assessment proclamation
299/2002 and Operational procedures of the World Bank.
This ESIA was prepared in order to meet the requirement, for the construction of the
pesticide store at Kality. The main objectives of the ESIA are:
1. To identify the potential adverse environmental and social impacts of the construction
and operation of the new pesticide store at Kality.
2. To reduce negative environmental and social impacts of the construction and operation
of the new pesticide store at Kality by specifying and implementing relevant risk
mitigation measures for the adverse impacts during construction of the pesticide store
and during storage, handling and transporting of pesticides.
3. To prepare environmental management plan(EMP).
Literature, Internet searches, field visits, laboratory analysis (for soil study) and public
consultations have been used as methods to collect data on geographical location, vegetation,
soil, physical, biological and human environments, political, as well as the legal and
institutional framework relating to the construction of the pesticide store. The aim was the
identification and description of potential environmental and public health impacts,
identification of mitigation measures and development of an Environmental management plan
and budget.
The site Kality has been selected for a pesticide store based on standard multi-criterion
analysis and the ESIA identified the following main potential impacts in connection to
construction and operational phases of the project. These are: noise, air pollution, accidents,
degradation of vegetation and associated fauna, waste generation, poisoning of personnel
following accidental pesticide spills or leaks, pollution of soil following a spill or accidental
release, fire or explosion. According to the soil structure and the ground site slope, there is a
risk of flooding at the store construction site. Moreover, health impacts associated with each
pesticide (acute and chronic toxicity of products) to be stored have been elaborated in detail in
the ESIA document.
5
Hence to overcome the negative impacts associated with the construction and operational
phases of the project and in turn to protect the environment and health of the public the
following main mitigation measures are proposed.
Construction phase
 Avoid excessive clearing- it should be limited to areas specifically required for the
work and the safety zone, in order to minimize degradation vegetation and fauna;
 Integrate in the design, the construction of a drainage channel according to the
technical recommendations of the soil study;
 Adopt an appropriate method to reduce dust, such as stabilization (regular watering of
active zones);
 Taking a series of organizational and technical measures to mitigate the noise levels
during construction, including ensuring the good condition of equipment and proper
maintenance of equipment and vehicles, and ceasing work during weekends and night
time;
 Contractor shall ensure the rubble and other physical waste from the construction are
removed from the site and surroundings; and
 Implementation of the proposed hygiene and sanitation measures.
Pesticide store operation phase
 Developing a strategy for the supply of pesticides to prevent excess supply and to
prevent the accumulation of obsolete pesticide stocks;
 FAO guidelines will be followed on storage of pesticides ice, including applying the
principle of First in First Out (FIFO), use of pallets, following proper height
recommendations for stacking of containers , periodic stock inspection etc);
 Apply compatibility rule for the pesticides to be stored;
 Taking all the necessary precautions during transport;
 Safe destruction of empty containers;
 Undertake the proper effluent management;
 Read and follow label instructions and use appropriate PPE during all handling.;
 The site must be equipped with toilets, shower and sink;
 Equip the site with appropriate fire safety equipment and hazard signs; and
 Equip the site with appropriate emergency equipment (decontamination equipment,
first aid kit, sand, sawdust or dry soil, sanitary equipment and detergent, soap,
containers for storage of soiled clothes and recovered leaks and spills).
In order to properly implement the ESIA, a plan, and budget for implementation of
environmental management plan and its monitoring have been elaborated
6
Budget to implement the EMP of the ESIA is estimated at USD 8420 see the detail below
Area concerned
Project phase
Responsible
organization
MoA
MoA
MoA
Human
Construction and operation
PPE Operation
Environment
Equipments
To deal with security of operation
MoA(designer)
Construction of a Construction
drainage channel and
sump
Miscellaneous
Coverage of unspecified events including MoA
corrective measures, monitoring, inspection
and measures to deal with accidents
7
Cost
USD
2000
220
3200
TBD
3000
A. Introduction
Pesticides continue to play an increasingly important role in agriculture and public health
sectors around the globe and Ethiopia is no exception. However, pesticides contain hazardous
substances and impurities than can pose serious threats to human health and the environment
if proper pesticide management practices are not applied. Sound management of pesticides is
critical for sustainable development, particularly in agrarian country like Ethiopia where
environment and agricultural development go hand in hand. Preventing adverse impacts of
pesticides supports the UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGS) and national Plan for
Accelerated and Sustainable Development to end Poverty (PASDEP). These would in turn
help to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger (MDG1) and ensure environmental
sustainability (MDG7).
However, most African countries including Ethiopia lack adequate pesticide management
capacities and this situation has resulted in generation of large stocks of obsolete pesticides,
empty pesticide containers, contaminated equipment and other, materials, and sites with
heavily contaminated soils, posing a threat to human health and the general environment.
Over the last 10 years the issues of pest and pesticide management received much attention by
the country and in collaboration with the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United
Nations (FAO), the Ethiopian Government secured funds from international donors during
phase I (2000-2003) and Phase II (2003-2008) Prevention and Disposal of Obsolete Pesticide
stock projects. The following core pest and pesticide management activities were completed
during the two projects.
 2274 tonnes of obsolete pesticides were disposed of;
 Various training courses were conducted for government staff;
 Integrated Pest Management(IPM) Farmer Field schools relating to the cotton crop
were established as a pilot project in the southern region of the country as part of a
prevention strategy against accumulation obsolete pesticides;
 The pesticide legislation was reviewed;
 Several awareness creation sessions were conducted; and
 A design for the construction of a pesticide store was completed following FAO
standards.
A drum crusher donated by FAO was also installed in February/2010 in order to strengthen
national capacities related to the management of empty pesticide containers, thus, minimizing
the impact of pest management operations on human health and the environment
As the result of the successful achievements gained under phase I and II of Prevention and
Disposal of Obsolete Pesticide Projects, Ethiopia was recognized as a priority country among
African countries in terms of readiness to address the danger of obsolete pesticides and has
been selected to benefit from the support of the African Stockpile Program Project (ASP-P1).
As the result, a four year program amounting to 2.62 million USD has been signed between
the Ethiopian government and the World Bank to implement the following project objectives
since July 2007.
1. To eliminate 250 tonnes of inventoried publicly held pesticides, large
quantities of old contaminated containers and pesticide application
equipment
2. To develop a system for sound management of pesticides
8
3. To develop a technique for decontamination of pesticide contaminated soils
including those affected by burial of old pesticides.
4. To prevent the future accumulation of new stocks by implementing different
measures including building of a pesticide store.
Disposal of obsolete pesticide stocks is not a long term solution to the obsolete pesticide
problem and the most sustainable solution to this problem depends on proper implementation
of preventive measures. As indicated under objective 4 of the Ethiopia ASP project, one of the
prevention measures targeted under the same project is to construct a pesticide store in line
with FAO procedures and Wold Bank operational policies.
A.1 Context and justification
All pesticide stores of the Ministry of Agriculture that have been used for storage of pesticides
destined for the control of migratory and other pests and those serving as Central Major
Collection Centers are old, substandard and are overstocked. Moreover the metal pesticide
stores that were constructed many years ago at some sites in the country, including Kality and
the Animal and Plant Health Regulatory Directorate (APHRD) premises are not ideal for the
storage of pesticides as the temperature inside rises several degrees higher than the outside
temperature even under normal weather conditions and thus pesticide vapors build up to high
toxic levels. Some stores also were built on low grounds and there is a risk of flooding.. Such
poor storage conditions invariably accelerate deterioration of pesticides before their normal
expiry dates. Moreover, in many cases valuable label information, such as the identity of
given stocks of pesticides, manufacturing details and other important data is lost and it is
difficult to identify the pesticides involved unless accurate analysis is undertaken; this has
been impeded by inadequate laboratory facilities and lack of qualified technical staff in
Ethiopia (FAO, 2009). Such circumstances contributed to the accumulation of large stocks of
obsolete pesticides throughout the country creating significant environmental and public
health risks. It is important that pesticides are not stored where they constitute an actual or
potential hazard, nor in conditions where they are likely to deteriorate.
In order to address the above unacceptable storage conditions and as part of a national strategy
for an effective management of migratory pests, and to ensure that further obsolete stocks are
not accumulated there is a need to build an improved strategic pesticide store at least at
Federal level in Ethiopia in line with FAO specification in an area that does not bring a
negative impact to health of the public and environment in general.
The new pesticide store would allow a needs-based distribution of pesticides from the central
depot to all regions for migratory and other pest control measures and to allow optimal and
effective management and control of armyworm, desert locust, quelea birds and other
outbreak pests. Hence, considering the gravity of the above situation the ASP project
allocated a budget amounting to USD 300,000 for pesticide construction and USD 12,000 for
a construction supervision consultant.
A pesticide store design in line with FAO specification has been completed under phase 2
projects and bidding documents for construction of the same store have been finalized under
the ASP project. However, the construction and management of the pesticide store must
comply with measures of environmental and social safeguard policies namely, OP 4.01
9
Environmental Assessment, natural Habitat OP4.04, OP 4.09 Pesticide Management and
where appropriate, OP 4.12 Involuntary resettlement and the provision of national laws on the
environment as well as FAO guidelines and standards. Such policies and procedures
encourage early identification of environment issues in the project cycle, development of
environmental impact mitigation measures. This allow better response to environmental and
health problems that could occur during the construction and pesticide storage and handling
phases. There is therefore a need to prepare an Environmental Impact and Social Assessment
(ESIA) prior to construction of the pesticide store.
A.2 Objectives / Purpose of the ESIA
1. To identify the potential adverse environmental and social impacts of the construction and
operation of the new pesticide store at Kality.
2. To reduce negative environmental and social impacts of the construction and operation of
the new pesticide store at Kality by specifying and implementing relevant risk mitigation
measures during construction of the pesticide store and during storage, handling and
transporting of pesticides.
3. To prepare environmental and social management plan (EMP)
A.3 Methodology
Data collection (document review, field visit, consultations)
Literature, internet searches and organizational & public consultations were made to collect
information on geographical location, vegetation, soil and socio economic characteristics of
Addis Ababa in general and Kality area in particular.
Public consultation was made with the authorities and inhabitants around the project to bring
about administrative transparency and accountability, as well as to involve the public and, in
particular, the communities in the planning of and decision taking on developments which
may affect them and their environment. The policy, institutional, legal and administrative
framework in relation to the pesticide store and its operation were elaborated by referring to
pesticide and environment related national laws, international conventions and through
consultation with relevant authorities.
Methodology for the selection of the pesticide store construction site and for defining
the physical, biological and human environments.
Standard multi-criteria analysis has been followed to select Kality for the store construction
site
The criteria used in the analysis are as follows:
 Distance and location to human settlement
 Level of ground water
 Location relative to flood risk
 Proximity to surface water
 Accessibility to vehicles carrying pesticide
 Social acceptability
10
Initially the site for pesticide construction was located by GPS coordinates and satellite image
from Google earth of 2007 edition followed by the description and analysis of the general
physical and biological environment and human habitation and infrastructure in reference to
the site before the construction of the store and possible changes in the biophysical
environment after the construction of the pesticide store. Information gathered from the
General Service Directorate of the MoA, maps from Google earth and photos taken by digital
cameras were used for the analysis of the above mentioned data.
Methodology for the identification and description of potential environmental and
public health impacts.
This step was based on retrospective and prospective identification of potential risks related to
store construction as well as those related to pesticides to be stored using international
scientific methods. The approaches taken for the investigations were as follows:
 The potential impact of the pesticides on soil, surface and ground water and air was
assessed based on the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) prepared for each pesticide
(migratory control pesticides) to be stored in the new pesticide store and a reference
manual of FAO, ‘Assessing Soil Contamination’.
 The suitability of distances between stores and sensitive areas (rivers, houses, roads,
markets, places of worship) were evaluated following FAO standards
The construction phase of the store will also cause disruption of the ecosystem and various
nuisances (noise, dust, and aesthetics). The risk in relation to these environmental pollutions
will be identified and risk reduction scenarios will be proposed in connection to the pesticide
store construction for workers & the surrounding people and environment.
During risk analysis the following data will be collected.
A. Location and status of the area designated for construction of the store. This will involve
description Kality district, characterization of the physical, biological and human environment
(demographic, socioeconomic activities and infrastructure)
B. Evaluation of the biophysical components relevant to the new pesticide store.
C. Possible future changes in the biophysical environment surrounding the new pesticide store
D. Potential for development of the human environment without the pesticide store.
E. Evaluation of pesticides to be stored and their potential risk to ecology, human settlements
(for example, wind dissemination of pesticides to remote human settlement sites),vegetation
and animals, ground and surface water, soils and risks of pesticides posed by possible
flooding
F. Analysis of alternatives to the construction of the pesticide store in Ethiopia:
This is the description and analysis of the current state of the pesticide store construction
environment focusing on 4 areas: Gotera, Animal and Plant Health Regulatory Directorate
(APHRD) compound, Kality, Ministry of Agriculture premises and one of the regions.
G. Identification and assessment of environmental and public health impacts in relation to
construction process and operation phase ( i.e pesticide store).
H. Pesticide hazard studies: this will involve toxicological review of the pesticides to be
stored in the new store and evaluation of the same pesticides to the environment in relation to
flood, civil unrest and accidents in connection to their transport and storage
Methodology for developing the Environmental Management Plan and implementing
environmental monitoring.
11
This methodology will consider mitigation measures to reduce impact during construction and
operation phases, emergency procedures, environmental monitoring, institutional measures,
implementation of the EMP and budget.
Data treatment and Analysis
This step is to identify and evaluate the positive and negative changes resulting from the
project on the physical environment and impacts on human and biological environments.
From the perspective of the analysis methodology, the prediction of potential and actual
impacts of the proposed construction of a store of pesticides is made using the Leopold Matrix
(Table 1) which establishes the relationship between project components and elements of the
environment. All impacts identified and described were assessed by a grid (Table 2)
evaluation of impact significance based on intensity criteria (including the value), scope and
duration.
The intensity of the impact refers to the magnitude of changes disrupting the integrity,
function and usage of each component of the environment affected by the project. Its
assessment in the context of this project reflects the ecological context or social environment
concerned and enhancement of the component. The intensity of the negative impact can be
high, medium or low. It is high when the impact destroys the component, calls into question
its integrity or results in a major change in its status. The intensity is moderate when the
impact changes the component affected, without jeopardizing its integrity or its use entails a
limited modification of its general status. Finally, the intensity is low when the component is
altered but its quality is not really affected.
The second criterion for assessing impact is the extent of area affected and the portion of the
population affected, . The impact is said to be regional if a component is affected over a large
area or affects a large portion of its population,. The impact is said to be local if a component
is affected over a limited portion of the study area or a limited proportion of the population in
the study area. The extension is timely if an impact on a component is felt in a confined or
limited space or felt by a some people: that is the limited study area.
The final criterion is the term that refers to the period during which the effects will be felt..
The duration of an impact can be long, medium, short. The time is long when the impact is
felt continuously or intermittently over a period exceeding five years, or longer than the life
cycle of a species. This is often a permanent and irreversible impact.
The duration is average / medium when the impact is felt temporarily, continuously or
intermittently, during phases of construction or operation. The duration exceeds one year but
is less than five years, or does not exceed the duration of the life cycle of a species. This type
of impact could be reversible. The duration is short when the impact is felt temporarily,
continuously or intermittently, during phases of construction or operation. The duration of
these short impacts varies from several days to several months, or for a short part of the life
cycle of a species. This type of impact could be reversible.
These criteria are grouped in a grid and serve to clarify the importance of the impact of a
project activity on a given component. For each type, the prediction and analysis of the
impacts were made on the basis of biophysical characteristics of the settlement areas on the
one hand and the nature of the activities included in the project.
For the purposes of this environmental impact study, the project activities have been divided
into two broad stages:
12
• pre - construction, construction and management;
• Operational phase.
13
Table 1 : Identification matrix of impacts
Project phase
Project Component
Preparation / Construction
Affected Environment component
Sources of impact (Planned Activities)
Activity Activity
Biophysical environment
Air (ambient noise and air
quality)
Waters
Soil
Wildlife
Flora
communities
Human
Environment
Living environment
Operation
Residents
Employees of stores
Local authority
Public Health
Security
Socio
economic Employment
environment
Socio-economic
impact
(trade and local activities)
14
Activity
Activity
Activity
Activity Activity
Activity
Activity
Tableau 2 : Matrix for determining impact significance
Intensity
HIGH
MEDIUM
LOW
EVALUATION CRITERIA
Extent
Duration
Long
Regional
Medium
Short
Long
Local
Medium
Short
Long
Isolated
Medium
Short
Long
Regional
Medium
Short
Long
Local
Medium
Short
Long
Isolated
Medium
Short
Long
Regional
Medium
Short
Long
Local
Medium
Short
Long
Isolated
Medium
Short
SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT
Major
Major
Medium
Major
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Major
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Minor to negligible
Medium
Medium
Minor to negligible
Medium
Medium
Minor to negligible
Medium
Minor to negligible
Minor to negligible
Minor to negligible
Minor to negligible
Minor to negligible
15
A.4 Content of the ESIA report
This ESIA report incorporates the following activities:
 Justification for the pesticide store project and objectives of the ESIA
 Methodologies followed in the study of ESIA
 Description of the project in terms of choice of the project site , existing engineering
design of the pesticide store with respect to overall project structure, types of
pesticides to be stored, characteristics of the pesticides and safety measures to be
taken in connection with the same pesticides and the new pesticide store .
 Assembly and review of the key relevant pesticide management and environment
policy and legislative requirements, environmental standards and guidelines( national
and international)
 Description of the bio-physical and socio-economic environments associated with the
location of the pesticide store to be constructed and its surroundings.
 Assessment of the environment, evaluation of its sensitivity and analysis of
alternatives in connection to the new pesticide store
 Identification and analysis of environmental and public health impacts.
 Environmental and social management planning and monitoring programme.
 Budget for implementation of environmental management plan and monitoring.
16
B Project description
B.1 Choice of the project site
The project plans to construct a pesticide store at Addis Ababa, Kality district at the premises
of the MoA compound where a metal store destined for pesticides (which is not suitable for
storing pesticides) and a separate store for housing the drum crusher are already existing. The
site at Kality is chosen for the construction was judged to be appropriate based on the analysis
of alternatives described under section 10 of this report.
B.2 Technical Description of Project
B.2.1 General principles
The new store will have a surface area of 648.64m2 (length 29.35 m x Width 22.10m) and the
same store will hold 134.4 tones (672 pesticide drums, 200 liter capacity) in single layering
and 268.8 tones (1344 200 liter capacity pesticide drums in double layering). The pesticide
store design work was done in line with the standard guideline of FAO adhering to the
following principles in connection to site selection and construction specifications (see annex
1).
B.2.2 Design of the store
The design engineering firm completed the design work in 2008 in consultation with PMT of
the ASP-P1 project. The designer elaborated two types of design in accordance with FAO
guidelines, appropriate for the two climatic conditions, hot climate and high land areas. As
Addis Ababa is a high land area; we chose the latter design. The construction work using the
design for highland areas is also less expensive than construction work of the store designed
for hot climates. A pesticide store construction supervision consultant will be recruited in
order to follow the construction work from beginning of store construction until completion.
The time estimated for completing the whole construction work is 10 months.
Overall structure of the store (ground, roof, ventilation, doors, structure, sealing, electrical
installations, water supply, collection system and sewage runoff, etc.)
Floor of the store: The floor will be smooth impermeable concrete to avoid absorption of
spillages and to allow easy cleaning.
Roof: The roof will be fixed with EGA 500 (metallic sheet) and the roof will be 4.25 meters
high from the floor to improve ventilation.
Ventilation: Twenty vents (luvers) will be fitted to the store ( ten on the lower level and ten on
the upper level of the store to prevent the accumulation of pesticide vapor , prevent the
development of a flammable atmosphere and to ensure the health and safety of those entering
the store.
Door and windows: Metal window and doors. One door at the front and one door at the back
to allow “First in first out” principle.
Block storage: pesticides would be stored in parallel rows and an inspection aisle of at least
0.5 meter between blocks. There will be a one meter gap to the wall and each bay will be
numbered.
17
Guard house and toilet: Separate guard house and toilet with shower
Pesticide store compound: The pesticide store compound is walled with stone to prevent free
movement of the surrounding people to the store area.
Decontamination equipment: brush, detergent, absorbent material, salvage drums will be
available to deal with leaks and spills of pesticides
Firefighting equipment: Fire extinguishers will be available to deal with fire.
Safety equipment: PPE and hazard signs will be provided
Septic tank: septic tank will be constructed to deal with effluents.
Electric and water pipe installation: these installations will be connected to the store and
guard house.
B.2.3 The products to be stored and characteristics
Currently, chemical pesticides are the major tool used against migratory pests (locusts,
armyworm and Quelea birds). Pesticides registered for these pests are indicated in the
following table and these are the pesticides to be stored in the new pesticide store. Most of
these pesticides are purchased locally from Adamitu Pesticide Processing Share Company
and some of them are imported from Israel and Germany. Pesticides stored in the new srore
would be dispatched to regions to be used for the control migratory pests
(Locusts,Armyworm and quelea birds) .During transportation of pesticides,from kality MoA
premises to regions,a packing list with relevant material safety data Sheets would be
attached to transport documents. Moreover ,in order to prevent any associated risks, personal
protective equipment, fire extinguisher, spill control kit, absorbent material, and shovel
would be carried among the pesticide consignment. Prior to travel orientation on the
necessary safety precautions to be taken (fire fighting, containing the pesticides that leak
from contaminating the general environment) would be given to drivers and the same drivers
would be told not to drive more than 45 kms/hour and .
Transportation will not be carried out during peak traffic flows. Except carbaryl (which is
rarely imported) all pesticieds are stored in stout corroision resistant drums,epoxy phenolic
la quer lined ,closed heqad ,ceertified to packaging group I,200 liter –un approved drums,
code 1A1. Although the outer package of carbaryl is cardboard, it is lined in the inner side
with
strong
plastic.
.
18
Table 3 : Characteristics of Pesticides registered for the control of migratory pests by Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
Common name
(trade name)
WHO
toxicity
class
II
Degradation
Mobility
Solubility
Volatilization/evapor
ation
Bioacumulation
Phytotoxicity
Target pests
Rapidly degrades
under both aerobic
and
anaerobic
conditions
Unlikely
to
leach to ground
water
May decompose upon
heating to produce
toxic fumes(substance
itself does not burn)
Hardly
bio
accumulates
in
different organisms
Not phytotoxic when used
according to manufacturer
and
research
recommendations
Locusts
grasshoppers
and
Container type
Metal drum
Carbosulfan
(Marshal 25 % EC)
II
Unlikely
to
leach to ground
water
May decompose upon
heating to produce
toxic
fumes
(substance itself does
not burn)
Hardly
bio
accumulates
in
different organisms
Not phytotoxic when used
according to manufacturer
and
research
recommendations
Locusts
grasshoppers
and
Metal drum
Carbaryl
(Sevin 85% WP)
II
Readly soluble
( = 40 gram/liter)
Very low
(Vapour
<5.3)
Not significant
Short residual life of less
than two weeks
Armyworm
,grasshoppers, and
Welo bush cricket
on
cereals
and
pastures
Carton
Chlorpyriphos
–ethyl
24% ULV
(Dursban
240
and
ULV,Pyrinex 24 ULV
II
Does not accumulate
in
different
compartments
and
environments
Non phytotoxic to most
plant species when used
as recommended
Armyworm
cereals
on
Metal drum
Diazinone 60% EC
(Diazinon)
II
Rapidly degrades
under both aerobic
and
anaerobic
conditions
DT50 = 2-5 days,
DT90 = .<3-38 days
Under
aerobic
conditions,
carbaryl at 1 ppm
degraded with DT
50 7-14 days in a
sandy loam and
14-28 days in a
clay loam
Will
be
decomposed
biologically
and
chemically
and
moderately persist
in
the
soil/environment
DT 50 60-120 days
Fairly degradable
(DT 50 soil= 1.2- 5
weeks)
Solubility in water
0.3ppm (25 0C).
Miscible in most
organic solvents eg
xylene,
hexane,
chloroform,
dichloromehene,
methanol, ethanol.
acetome etc
Solubility in water
0.3ppm
Does
not
bio
accumulate in aquatic
organisms.
Less than 10 per cent of
the radioactivity
remains in plants and
Armyworm
and
locusts on cereals
and
pasture;
Meta ldrum
Carbosulfan 20 ULV
(Marshal 20UL)
Moderately
mobile
(log Koc= 2..5)
pressure
Solubility in water
1.4 mg /l (25 0 c )
In benexene 7900,
acetone
6500,
chloroform 6300,
carbon
disulfide
5900
Moderately
mobile
(logK Koc=1..92
Readily soluble in
water
(40 mg/liter
Evaporation from soil
surface is thought to
be not important
19
Common name
(trade name)
WHO
toxicity
class
Degradation
Mobility
Solubility
Volatilization/evapor
ation
Bioacumulation
Phytotoxicity
Target pests
parent compounds
grasshopper
It is not considered
phytotoxic when used at
recommended rates
It is not considered
phytotoxic when used at
recommended rates
It is not considered
phytotoxic when used at
recommended rates
It is not considered
phytotoxic when used at
recommended rates
It is not considered
phytotoxic when used at
recommended rates
Locusts
grasshoppers
Container type
Metal drum
Fenithrothion 50% EC
(Sumithion 50%EC)
II
Fairly degradable
Medium to low
mobility in soil
Readily soluble
Fenithrothion 95% ULV
(Sumithion 95% ULV)
II
Fairly degradable
Medium to low
mobility in soil
Readily soluble
Fenithrothion 96% EC
(Sumithion 96% EC)
II
Fairly degradable
Readily soluble
Fenithrothion 50% EC
II
Fairly degradable
Readily soluble
Profenofos+
cypermethrin
(Polythrin C 220 ULV)
II
-
Profenophos
II
See
the
information below
for the profenofos
and Cypermethrin
Slightly persist in
the environment
Cyper methrin
II
Does not leach
in soil
-
-
Malathion 50 % EC
(Fayfanon 50 % EC and
Malathion 50 % EC)
III
Degrade readly in
soil water and
plants
Readly degradable
DT50 soil = 4 - 6
days
Moderately
mobile
Highly soluble
Volatilization is
little importance
Fenthion 60 % ULV
(Quleatox 60% ULV)
II
Fairly degradable
Have Very low
mobility in soil
Moderately soluble
Fenthion is thought
not to volatilize
-
Volatilization half-life
in acidic environment
is 180 days
Volatilization half-life
in acidic environment
is 180 days
Volatilization half-life
in acidic environment
is 180 days
Volatilization half-life
in acidic environment
is 180 days
-
20
of
It
accumulates
moderately in aquatic
soil
It
accumulates
moderately in aquatic
soil
It
accumulates
moderately in aquatic
soil
It
accumulates
moderately in aquatic
soil
-
May accumulate in
different
compartments
and
organisms
Little tendency for
bioaccumulation
in
organisms
In water ,malathion is
thought not to bio
acccumlate
significantly
in
aquatic organisms
Accumulates slightly
in aquatic organisms
and
Armyworm
and
locusts on cereal and
pasture
Armyworm
and
locusts on cereal and
pasture
Armyworm
and
locusts on cereal and
pasture
Armyworm
and
locusts on cereal and
pasture
Metal drum
Metal drum
Metal drum
Metal drum
Metal drum
Metal drum
It is not considered
phytotoxic when used at
recommended rates
Armyworm, locusts
and grasshoppers on
cereals
Metal drum
It is not considered
phytotoxic when used at
recommended rates.
Quelea birds
Metal drum
Based on the historical data it is estimated the total anual strategic stock with regard to
migratory pestcontrol pesticides is estimated at about 140 tones (the capacity of the store is
decided based on this estmate) and the amount in tones destined for each pesticide is as
follows . Carbosulfan (8 tone),carbaryl (3 tones), chlorpyriphos ethyl (20 tones),diazinon(6
tone),fenithrothion (55 tones),profenfos+cypermethrin (4 tones),cyperemethrin (4
tones),malathion (45 tones),Fenthion (5 tones)
B.2.4 The security measures incorporated into the project
B.2.4.1 Prevention of leakages and spills
Leakages and spills will be prevented by careful handling of pesticide containers, good
storage conditions, stock control and checks. Spilled product will not be allowed to
accumulate or spread about the store. The following materials will be available to encounter
any spills and leaks that could occur in the store.
 Sand or other absorbent material
 Broom and flat shovel
 Empty large heavy duty plastic bags
 Empty open head drums
B.2.4.2 Prevention of development of toxic fumes and flammable atmospheres
Twenty (20) large vents will be fitted in the upper and lower position of the store to prevent
formation of toxic fumes and flammable atmosphere and to prevent bird entry to the store.
Moreover a clear space would be maintained between the topmost pesticides and the
roof; also , floor spaces should be uncluttered, with marked, 1-m wide, gangways
between shelves or stacks and between the pesticides and the walls that permit easy
inspection and allow free air flow and ensure safe conditions This also enables immediate
clean-up in the event of any leakage or spills, which can be seen quickly
Establishments of hazard signs
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) of each product will be available inside the store (all
MSDSs being put in a big envelope and stuck to the wall of store) in order to give information
about the hazard of each product. Warning signs conforming to FAO standards will also be
displayed outside the store according to the nature of the pesticide.
Typical signs include:
Toxic (with skull and cross bone)
Flammable
Corrosive
Oxidizing
No unauthorized entry
Wear protective clothing
No eating and drinking
No smoking
In addition, a list of authorized personnel, as well as emergency service contact details and
wall charts and posters on safe handling of pesticides will be displayed. Firefighting
equipment will also be available near the pesticide store to deal with fire.
21
22
C. Political, legal and institutional framework
C.1 Political framework
Ethiopia has suffered huge quantities of obsolete pesticide stocks that affected a large number
of sites. Hence obsolete pesticide management is a key strategic issue for the country as a
whole. Concomitantly Ethiopia in line with the national laws and as a signatory of various
conventions related to pesticides has a legal obligation and duty of care to ensure that obsolete
pesticides are disposed of safely without a risk of harm to people, plants, animals and the
general environment
Ethiopia has addressed the issue of obsolete pesticide during phase I (2000-2003) and phase II
(2003-2008) projects by disposing of 1507 and over 700 tonnes respectively. Currently there
are about 400 tonnes of repackaged obsolete pesticides in the country awaiting finalization of
funding arrangement from Crop Life international which also generously supported the Phase
I project.
C.2 Legal frame work
C.2.1 Environmental policy and laws
Ethiopia’s Environmental Policies on hazardous materials including most pesticides are:
a. To adhere to the precautionary principle of minimizing and where possible preventing
discharges of substances, biological materials or their components from industrial
plants or any other external sources that could be harmful, and to prohibit the
discharges when they are likely to be hazardous;
b. To adopt the “polluter pays” principle while endorsing the precautionary principles
since pollution is likely to occur, and ensure that polluting enterprises and
municipalities and woreda councils provide their own appropriate pollution control
facilities;
c. To establish clear linkages between the control of pollution and other policy areas
including water resources, agriculture, human settlements, health and disaster
prevention and preparedness;
d. To provide adequate regulation of agriculture (crop and livestock) chemicals and
micro-organisms;
e. To ensure that pollution control is commensurate with the potency, longevity and
potential to accumulate or breakdown of the pollutant;
f. To formulate and implement a country-wide strategy and guidelines on the
management of wastes from the medical, agriculture and other sectors that may use
potentially hazardous biological organisms, their fragments or chemicals, and to issue
the necessary regulations to enforce them;
g. To establish a system for monitoring compliance with land, air and water pollution
control standards and regulations, the handling and storage of hazardous and
23
dangerous materials, mining operations, public and industrial hygiene, waste disposal,
and water quality;
h. To maintain an up-to-date register of toxic, hazardous and radioactive substances, and
to make the information available on request;
i. To maintain regular environmental audits to ensure the adoption of environmentally
sound practices in all public and private development activities including industrial
and mining operations;
j. To create by law an effective system of control, distribution, utilization and disposal
after use of expiry of chemicals, biological organisms or fragments of organisms that
could be hazardous but are required for use;
k. To hold as legally liable an employer who deploys employees in using or handling
hazardous materials without adequately training them on how to deal with the hazard
and without adequate equipment to protect each one of them from physical harm or
disease that is caused by working conditions whether the harm or disease starts in the
place of work or away from it;
l. To foster better understanding of the dangerous effects of chemicals and organisms
and their fragments through the provision of information in a form understandable to
users, and provide or enforce the provision of information on the appropriate methods
and technologies for the treatment and disposal of wastes.
The rationale behind the elaboration of the environmental impact assessment for this project
is also clearly stipulated in Environmental Impact assessment Proclamation No 299/2002
as follows




Environmental impact assessment is used to predict and manage the environmental
effects caused by a proposed development activity as a result of its design siting,
construction, operation, or as a result of its modification or termination, entails and
thus helps to bring about intended development;
Assessment of possible impacts on the environment prior to the approval of a public
instrument provides an effective means of harmonizing and integrating
environmental, economic, cultural and social considerations into a decision making
process in a manner that promotes sustainable development,
The implementation of the environmental rights and objectives enshrined in the
Constitution would be fostered by the prediction and management of likely adverse
environmental impacts, and the maximization of their socioeconomic benefits.
Environmental impact assessment serves to bring about administrative transparency
and accountability, as well as to involve the public and, in particular, communities in
the planning of and decision taking on developments which may affect them and
their environment
Hence without authorization from the Authority or from the relevant regional environmental
agency, no person shall commence implementation of any project that requires environmental
impact assessment as determined in a directive issued pursuant to Article 5 of this
Proclamation.
24
In addition to the core national proclamation, Environmental Impact Assessment
Proclamation 299/2002, the pesticide store construction and operation project will also be
implemented in accordance with the following national regulations and international
conventions.
C.2.2 National regulations, proclamation and guidelines
The project will also be implemented in compliance with the national regulations specifically:










Environment Policy 2 April 1997
Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation 299/2002
Environmental Pollution Control proclamation 300/2002
Public Health Proclamation 200/2000
Labour Proclamation 377/2003
Transport Proclamation 279/1956 (revisions 1182 & 36161)
Pesticide registration and Control Proclamation No 674/2010
Ambient Environment Standards for Ethiopia which specifies quality standards for
air; water; soil and ground water; and noise.
Standards For Industrial Pollution Control in Ethiopia
Guideline on hazardous waste.
The following are also some relevant codes of conduct and international conventions:
 International code of conduct on the distribution and use of pesticides
 Stockholm convention.
 Rotterdam convention
 Basel convention
 Bamako convention
C.3 Operational procedures of World Bank
The World Bank has 10 Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies to reduce or eliminate
the adverse effects of development projects, and improve decision making. These operational
policies include:










OP/BP 4.01: Environmental Assessment
OP/BP 4.04: Natural Habitats
OP 4.09 : Pest Management
OP/BP 4.12: Involuntary Resettlement
OD 4.20: Indigenous Peoples
OPN 11.03: Cultural Property
OP 4.36: Forestry
OP/BP 4.37: Safety of Dams
OP/BP 7.50: Projects on International Waters
OP/BP 7.60: Projects in Disputed Areas
Details on the Bank Environmental and Social Policies are presented in Annex 4.
25
Based on the general applicability of Safeguard Policies to Kaliti pesticides storehouse
construction (KPSC), this construction has triggered two of the World Bank’s Safeguard
Policies, namely, OP 4.01 Environmental Assessment and OP 4.09 Pest Management. The
remaining operational policies are not triggered by KPSC.
In addition, there is the Bank’s Disclosure Policy BP 17.50 which requires that all safeguard
documents are disclosed in the respective countries and at the Bank’s Infoshop prior to
appraisal.
OP 4.01 Environmental Assessment
The objective of OP 4.01 is to ensure that projects financed by the Bank are environmentally
and socially sustainable, and that the decision-making process is improved through an
appropriate analysis of the actions including their potential environmental impacts.
Environmental assessment (EA) is a process whose breadth, depth, and type of analysis
depend on the nature, scale, and potential environmental impact of the proposed project.
OP 4.01 is triggered if a project is likely to present some risks and potential adverse
environmental impacts in its area of influence. Also, in the categorization of project, all
projects dealing with pesticides are classified in category A subject to EIA. Thus, in the case
of this project, potential negative environmental and social impacts due to construction
activities are likely to include loss of vegetation, soil erosion, soil and groundwater pollution,
air pollution, public health impacts such as traffic hazards, noise, dust, and loss of access. In
the operational phase, impacts are linked to pesticide management since the KPSC is dealing
with transport, loading and unloading of pesticide, as well as storage and management of
pesticides.

Pest Management (OP 4.09). The policy supports safe, affective, and environmentally
sound pest management. It promotes the use of biological and environmentally benign
control methods. An assessment is made of the capacity of the country’s regulatory
framework and institutions to promote and support safe, effective, and environmentally
sound pest management. The KPSC is implemented to enhance pesticide storage
conditions and, as a consequence, limits potential negative impact linked to pesticide
management. It is important to note that Ethiopia has developed a proclamation on
pesticide registration and control (see national regulation).

Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12). This policy covers direct economic and social
management. impacts that both result from Bank-assisted investment projects, and are
caused by (a) the involuntary taking of land resulting in (i) relocation or loss of shelter;
(ii) loss of assets or access to assets, or (iii) loss of income sources or means of livelihood,
whether or not the affected persons must move to another location; or (b) the involuntary
restriction of access to legally designated parks and protected areas resulting in adverse
impacts on the livelihoods of the displaced persons. Since the project will not entail taking
of land for new infrastructure development, this policy will most likely not apply to Kaliti
pesticides storehouse construction
26
C.4 Institutional framework
C4.1 Pesticide management
The use of pesticides, as part of integrated pest management, has become important for the
control of crop pests and protection of public and animal health all over the world. In
Ethiopia, the use of pesticides is also growing over time and pesticides make a major
contribution to the development of crop production and protection of public health. Today a
large quantity of pesticide is imported into the country to support the expanding flower and
vegetable production sectors..
Considering the risk associated with pesticide use, Ethiopia has issued the pesticide
Registration and Control Special Decree No. 20/1990 to regulate the importation,
manufacture, sale, storage, transport, distribution and use of pesticides. Recently the same
Decree has been amended as the Pesticide Registration and Control Proclamation. The
responsibility of pesticide registration and control has been given to the Ministry of
Agriculture (MoA). According to the pesticide legislation of Ethiopia, pesticides are required
to pass through a registration scheme before they are imported into the country. Subsequently,
post registration activities follow to promote the safe and effective use of pesticides in the
country. Pesticide registration is granted on the basis of product effectiveness (at local level)
and safety to humans, non-target organisms and the environment. To date more than 200
different types of pesticides are registered for use in agriculture and for the control of
household pests.
According to the pesticide special decree and the Pesticide Registration and Control
proclamation, the MoA shall have the following duties:
1. Conduct Pesticide registration based on the rules and regulations set by the office.
2. Prepare a list of registered pesticides and make it available to users.
3. Control the importation of pesticides that do not comply with the pesticide legislation
by:
- Issuing a letter of import permit
- Issuing import certificate
4. Issuing letter of competence assurance
5. Control illegal pesticide trade in the country.
6. Prohibit the importation of highly hazardous, severely restricted or banned pesticides.
C.4.2 Environmental protection
In 1995 all issues of environment was given to the Environmental Protection Authority
(EPA) under Pro. 9/95 since repealed and replaced by Pro. 295/2002.
The Authority has under Pollution Control proclamation No 300/2002 set environmental
standards for controlling pollution from hazardous waste. All institutions that have not
27
complied with the set standards have been given 5 years from the date of the proclamation
to do so.
The Authority is the responsible institution for ensuring the implementation of international
pesticide and environmental related Conventions. Due to this fact EPA has played a
monitoring and evaluation role regarding the overseas transport of obsolete stocks
originating from Ethiopia in accordance with Basel Convention during phase I and II
obsolete pesticide projects. The role of monitoring and evaluation for the disposal activities
for obsolete pesticides to be exported under ASP-P1 will also pass to the national EPA.
28
D description and analysis of the store construction surroundings
D.1 Overview of the area of influence and of the site
Addis Ababa
Addis Ababa is the largest city in Ethiopia, situated in central Ethiopia at an elevation of
about 2440m (about 8000ft) above sea level on a plateau that is crossed by numerous streams
and surrounded by hills. It is a focus of a highway network, the site of an international airport
and the terminus of a railroad to the Gulf of Aden port of Djibouti. Addis Ababa is a
sprawling city, well wooded, especially with Eucalyptus trees, and crossed by broad avenues.
In the city there are various industries including printing, footwear, clothing, processed food,
metal, cement and plywood. Flourishing handicraft industries produce leather, metal and
textile goods which are traded along with the regional agriculture produce such as coffee,
tobacoo, and dairy items in the vast open air market known as Mercatom on the western side
of the city. The city is also the seat of Addis Ababa, university and some colleges and several
research institutes.
KPSC
site
Figure 1 Map of Kality area
Kebele 10/11 Seriti-Akaki area
Kebele 10/11 Serity ( a locality where the pesticide store is going to be constructed is one of
the 8 kebeles found under Akaki Kality subcity. It is bordered by Kebele 12/13 in the north,
29
kebele, 07/07/09 salo gora administration, in the west Nefas silk Subcity, 01/Hana lebu Ertu
and in the east Kilinto Koye Administration. As in Addis Ababa, Eucalyptus is the main tree
species in the surrounding area. Various industries are also found in the kebele.
D.2 Location at Kality
Description of the area
The area is located on the out skirts of southern Addis Ababa on way to Debre Zeit, its
elevation is 2167 meter above sea level. The size of the entire site is 132,750 m2 The
geographical coordinate is N 08⁰ 54 34. E 038⁰ 45 30.8.
Major land use units of the area are grassland with scattered trees and houses built for
different purposes. Most of the buildings are used as stores for used instruments and
equipment while a few of them are currently used as stores for chemical.
Some drainage channels were dug to modify the physiographic of the study area(area in the
compound of the proposed store). These drainage channels were dug east to west and north to
south directions. The east to west lined drainage channels are found on the north western part
of the study area and drain excess to a sewage dumping site (a site constructed by Addis
Ababa munspality for dumping sewages collected from Addis Ababa surroundings) which is
adjacent to the project area, while north to south lined drainage channels are found around the
proposed new pesticide store. It is calculated that about 87% of the area is covered under
grass cover, roads and drainage channels. The remainder (13%) is under buildings. Figure 2
and 3 show the distribution and direction of buildings and drainage channels.Tse Tse fly
Laboratory of Ministry of Science and Technology ( an institute that breeds TseTse fly and
sterilize the same using Sterile Insect Tchnique (SIT) for contolling the disease
,trypanosomiasis ) is located north of the proposed new pesticide store. The distance of each
building at the entire site and other nearest infrastructures to the proposed store location is
indicated under F (Kality ,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural development premises). The
distance of the two nearest rivers are mentioned under Table 9.
Site specification
 The site for the new pesticide store is away from human dwellings, hospitals,
schools, shops, food markets and general public stores.
 The pesticide store is far from rivers and water bodies or sources to prevent
chemical contamination of water or potential poisoning of people.
 The pesticide store is not located in an area subject to flooding including during
seasonal rains
 The pesticide store is free at all sides to allow access for the truck that transports
pesticide to the store and for firefighting equipment in case of an emergency.
 The site for the new pesticide store is public propeety,fenced and guarded
30
Layout of the new store site
GPS point : can be used to locate the site on Google Earth.
276 m
New store
271 m
Empty cont
Managt
Agro food
company
Figure 2 Location of proposed pesticide store
GPS points have been recorded on site to pinpoint the site location of the new building. A
picture from Google Earth gives an idea of the situation: populated area, road access, etc.
31
Figure 3 : Land use of Animal ¨Plant Health Regulatory Directorate store site
32
D.3 Physical Environment
Geology – Basalt
Soils: According to the field study made by the National Soil Testing Center of the Ministry
of Agriculture and Rural Development in 2010 the soil types for the project area are
summarized in table 1 and table 2 as follows ( see annex 3 for detailed report )
Table 4 : Distinguishing criteria of the mapping units
Slope %
Class
0-1
1-2
2-5
5-10
10-15
15-30
> 30
Code
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Soil depth (cm)
Cm
Code
>150
a
100-150
b
50-100
c
30-50
d
<30
e
Surface soil texture (0-30cm)
Type
Code Type
Heavy clay
1
Loam
Clay
2
Sandy Loam
Sand clay
3
Silt loam
Silty clay
4
Silt
Clay Loam
5
Loamy sand
Silty clay loam 6
Sand
Sandy
clay 7
loam
Code
8
9
10
11
12
13
Table 5 : List of mapping units of the study area
Mapping
units
3a1-VRe
3a1-VRe
Ped No
AP1
AP2
3a1-VRe
AP3
Slope
2-5
2-5
Soil
depth cm
>150
>150
Texture
0-30cm
Clay
Clay
Area
ha
3.79
3.9
%
31.09
32.00
2-5
>150
Sandy
loam
4.5
38.91
33
Soil units
FAO,2006
Eutric Vertisol
Eutric
Vertisol(buried)
Eutric Vertisol
(buried)
Figure 4 Soil map of the new store area
34
Climate and meteorology of Addis Ababa













Altitude: 2324 m or 7625 ft
The average temperature in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia is 15.9 °C (61 °F).
The average temperature range is 3 °C.
The highest monthly average high temperature is 25 °C (77 °F) in March, May.
The lowest monthly average low temperature is 7 °C (45 °F) in January, November &
December.
Addis Ababa's climate receives an average of 1089 mm (42.9 in) of rainfall per year,
or 91 mm (3.6 in) per month.
On average there are 148 days per year with more than 0.1 mm (0.004 in) of rainfall
(precipitation) or 12 days with a quantity of rain, sleet, snow etc. per month.
The driest weather is in November when an average of 9 mm (0.4 in) of rainfall
(precipitation) occurs across 2 days.
The wettest weather is in August when an average of 269 mm (10.6 in) of rainfall
(precipitation) occurs across 28 days.
The average annual relative humidity is 60.7% and average monthly relative humidity
ranges from 49% in February to 82% in July.
Average sunlight hours in Addis Ababa range between 2.8 hours per day in July and
9.7 hours per day in December.
There is an average of 2439 hours of sunlight per year with an average of 6.7 hours of
sunlight per day.
There is an average of 1 days per year with frost in Addis Ababa and in January there
are an average of 1 days with frost.
35
Figure 5 Addis Ababa climate graph
Table 6 : Addis Ababa Weather Averages
Month
AMinT
(°C)
AMaxT
(°C)
AT Average
(°C) Rainfall
(mm)
Wet
Days
(>0.1
mm)
Average
Sunlight
Hours/
Day
Relative
Humidity
(%)
Average
Average Number
Wind Speed of Days with
(Beaufort)
Frost
January
7
23
15
20
4
8.1
50
3
1
February
8
24
16
32
5
7.2
49
3
0
March
10
25
18
80
10
7.3
54.0
3
0
April
11
24
18
96
13
6.1
59
3
0
May
11
25
18
56
9
7.6
52
3
0
June
10
23
17
112
19
5.8
64
2
0
July
10
20
15
245
28
2.8
82
2
0
36
Month
AMinT
(°C)
AMaxT
(°C)
AT Average
(°C) Rainfall
(mm)
Wet
Days
(>0.1
mm)
Average
Sunlight
Hours/
Day
Relative
Humidity
(%)
Average
Average Number
Wind Speed of Days with
(Beaufort)
Frost
August
10
20
15
269
28
3.1
80
2
0
September 10
21
16
117
23
5.4
74
2
0
October
8
22
15
40
5
8.1
57
3
0
November 7
23
15
9
2
9.0
53
3
0
December 7
23
15
13
2
9.7
54
3
0
AMinT : average minimum temperature
AmaxT: average maximum temperature
Air quality
Air quality measurements are not available. But around the site at some distance from the site
there are factories. The vehicle traffic is very significant on the main road about 300 m from
the site..
Ground water
Table 7 : Ambient ground water hydrology of Kality areas
Area name
Ground water Depth
phase 2 GIS (meter)
code
military 173
93
Kality
camp 1
Kality
Military 174
camp 2
Kality
metal 217
products factory
Ground
altitude
(masl)
2105
Depth to dynamic Current
water level (m)
discharge l/s
20.9
-
128.5
2100
51.9
3
177.8
2150
142,3
2,63
Based on the above data the ground altitude of the proposed store (2167 masl )is similar
,but a little bit higher than the three sites shown in the above table .
D.4 Biological Environment
Summary of Introduction
The preliminary biodiversity assessment was carried out on May 2010 at the premises of
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development pesticide store compound. There are several
indigenous trees, shrubs, climbers and herbaceous plants in the compound despite disturbance
by human activities. Invasive alien species are also found in the compound like Lantna
camara and Tagetes minuta which is among the top 100 worst invasive organisms.
Method
 All known species were identified on the spot and unidentified samples collected and
pressed for identification later.
37

Using the pre-arranged format the following data was collected : Sample specimens ;
Locality, Coordinates, Habitat, Abundance and Use
Finding of the survey
There is also evidence of natural vegetation consisting of wooded grassland habitats. Three
different types of Acacia trees have been collected for identification, and other dominant
woody species include Carrisa spinarum, Rosa abyssinica and Vernonia amgdalina. The
dominant grass species of the area is called Hyparrhenia hirta. An exotic tree species is also
planted along fence margins, namely Cupressus lusitannica.
The range of vascular plant species found at the pesticide store construction site were 31,
falling into 20 families.
Photo 1 : Open grassland with scattered Acacia trees
Photo 2 : A known medicinal plant Called “ARMAGUSA” in Ethiopian traditional medicine
- Ajuga integrifolia
38
Photo 3 : A large area of grassland with Hyparrhenia hirta dominant and isolated Acacia
trees.
Photo 4 : Natural vegetation and planted tree of Cupressus lusitannica along fence margin
and grassland habitat on rock surface in the compound
Table 8 : List of identified Plant species found in the premises of Ministry of Agriculture
Pesticide Store.
No
Botanical name
Family name
1
Acacia abyssinicaHochst ex Benth.
2
Acacia saligna
FABACEAE
3
Achyranthes aspera L.
AMARANTHACEAE
4
Bidens pilosa L.
ASTERACEAE
5
Carissa spinarum
APOCYNACEAE
6
Casuarina equisetifoliaL.
CASUARINACEAE
7
Clematis hirsuta Perr & Guill
RANUNCULACEAE
8
Commelina africana L.
COMMELINACEAE
9
Cupressus lusitannica
PINACEAE
10
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
POACEAE
FABACEAE
39
No
Botanical name
Family name
11
Dodonaea angustifolia L. f.
SAPINDACEAE
12
Eleusine floccifolia (Forssk.) Spreng.
POACEAE
13
Eragrostis tenuifolia (A. Rich.) Steud.
POACEAE
14
Harpachne schimperi Hochst. ex A. Rich.
POACEAE
15
Hyparrhenia hirta (L.) Stapf
POACEAE
16
Indigofera spicataForssk.
FABACEAE
17
Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don
BIGNONIACEAE
18
Laggera crispata (Vahl) Hepper & Wood
ASTERACEAE
19
Lantana camara L.
VERBENACEAE
20
Phoenix reclinata Jacq.
ARECACEAE
21
Physalis peruvianaL.
SOLANACEAE
22
Physalis peruvianaL.
SOLANACEAE
23
Ricinus communis L.
EUPHORBIACEAE
24
Rosa abyssinica Lindley
ROSACEAE
25
Rumex abyssinicus Jacq.
POLYGONACEAE
26
Schinus molle L.
ANACARDIACEAE
27
Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr.
FABACEAE
28
Sida schimperiana Hochst. ex A. Rich.
MALVACEAE
29
Tagetes minuta L.
ASTERACEAE
30
Verbascum sinaiticum Benth.
SCROPHULARIACEAE
31
Vernonia amygdalina Del.
ASTERACEAE
D.5 Human environment
The total population in Kebele 10/11 Serity is estimated at 49,945. The People earn their
living through trade, working in factories, farming activity and labour. Eighty percent of the
factories in Addis Ababa are located at Akaki Kality Subcity and most of the factories are also
found in Kebele 10/11 Seriti Administration. As a result most people in this kebele are
working in these factories on a low income. However compared to other kebeles found in
Akaki Kality subcity Kebele 10/11 comprises a larger number of people with better incomes.
Currently there are 55 schools in the kebele .The health facilities found in the Kebele are the
following.
 One government health center
 Eight private clinics
 2 private pharmacies and health centers under construction.
40
E Environmental Evolution and evaluation of its sensitivity
E.1 biophysical constraints
Table 9 : Biophysical component versus reference state
biophysical
component
Surface water
groundwater
reference state
The site and the store are far from two rivers Akaki and Bulbula (more than 1 km)
The ground water depth around Kality area is between 93 and 177.8 meters and
pesticide never reach the ground water as the ground water is greater than 5 meter
The annual rainfall is less than 2000 mm (FAO,2000)
land occupation in The site is occupied by MoA services and a laboratory is in construction
the neighborhood The surrounding is occupied by several activities (garage, ) and by a human
and on the site
settlement around 500 m
soil
31% soil units have clay content. Most project soils (69%0 are classified as
buried Eutric Vertisols. These buried Eutric Vertisols are probably dominated by
expanding clay types. Note that there is restricted drainage in Eutric Vertisols
during rainy season.
fauna and flora
The fauna is mainly comprised of some bird species
The inventory flora indicates there are several species of plants,
forest
There is no forest nearby the site
air quality
Air quality measurements are not available. Around the site but at significant
distance are some factories. The car traffic is very heavy on the main road at about
500 m.
E.2 Changes in the biophysical environment without the project
The biophysical environment is composed of some plants and some trees around the existing
store planted by the MoA services. Without the project this ecosystem is likely to remain in
its current stage.
E.3 Evolution of human environment without the project
The project has no real influence on the human environment around. Nevertheless it is
assumed that people from the human settlement nearby the site (fully fenced), will not
approach the store location since the area is already occupied by a waste water treatment
plant.
E.4 Ecological Interest of the site
The site is covered in some areas by vegetation and dead wood is sometimes collected by the
local population for firewood.. The majority of the vegetation has no major ecological
importance.
41
E.5 Sensitivity of the site
The description above of the site shows that human settlement is not far from the site but it is
assumed that people will not approach closer to the site.
The pesticides which will be stored are mainly liquid and packaged in drums. Since the
pesticides to be stored are mainly not in powder form (the only wettable powder formulation
pesticide that has been stored, Carbaryl for migratory pests control use is rarely imported),
there would be not a problem with wind dissemination.
According to the architectural scheme of the store (vs. openness), the pesticide store at Kality
will have several vents to allow ventilation so it will be a semi-open storehouse. The decision
tree for determining the probability of pesticide distribution by wind (Figure 6) allows us to
predict low-emissions of pesticides on the site.
Figure 6 Decision tree determining the likelihood of distribution by wind
Abundance of vegetation and animals
The vegetation cover of the site is low and small animals (rats; snakes and birds) are not
abundant in the area.
The behavior of soils in connection to flood risk
A field visit on site and a preliminary inspection of the soil structure in the sample holes dug
for soil sampling showed that the soil on site is clay, and loamy sand. The results of the
subsequent soil analysis are shown under table 5 and 6 above. According to the soil structure
and the ground site slope, the risk of flooding is high at the site.
42
Proximity of surface water and groundwater (distance)
The rivers are far from the pesticide construction site and the ground water depth at Kality
areas is greater or equal to 96 meters. Due to this there will be no risk of pesticides with
regard to surface water and ground water.
Identifying exposure points.
The main points of exposure are Akaki and Bulbula rivers that are quite remote from Kality
site. However we must emphasize the absence of wells, reservoirs, boreholes in the area
which might be exposed to contamination from pesticides via runoff and groundwater in the
event of spillage
Risks of water pollution spill
Located more than a kilometer from Bulbula and Akaki rivers which are the only surface
waters that are listed in the wider area of the site, the risk of groundwater pollution by
pesticides that will be stored is very minimal or zero due to the far distance of rivers and
ground water depths. Pollution risks are those most likely related to groundwater in the event
of spillage.
The table below, from Fao pesticides disposal series 8, assessing soil contamination: a
reference manual, allows the prediction of pesticide transport to groundwater.
Table 10 : Prediction the transport of pesticides towards the groundwater
Number Input data
1
Depth of groundwater
2
Value
<2 m
>2<5 m
>5 m
Amount of pesticides spilled >100 litres or 100 kg
<100 litres or 100 kg
3
Pesticides stored in a closed Yes
or half-open store? (see
Table I in Appendix 1)
No
4
Time period since start of < 1 year
spillage
> 1 year
Annual rainfall
>2000 mm
=<2000 mm
Pesticide
mobility
(see High
Appendix 3)
Low
Degradation (see Appendix High (DT50 soil < 10 days)
3)
Low (DT50 soil > 10 days)
5
6
7
Conclusion
Groundwater always reached
Proceed with 2
Proceed with 2
Proceed with 3
Groundwater never reached, unless
groundwater close to surface (<2 m)
Groundwater never reached, unless
groundwater <5 m
Proceed with 4
Groundwater never reached, unless
pesticide mobility high
Proceed with 5
Groundwater always reached
Proceed with 6
Groundwater always reached
Proceed with 7
Groundwater never reached
Groundwater always reached
Source : Fao pesticides disposal series 8, assessing soil contamination : a reference manual
43
DT50 is a time required for 50% of a substance disappears from the soil or water by
processing (biological or physico-chemical). It is also called a half-life period.
The rate of degradation is expressed in half-life or as DT50 in soil. (See Appendix 5 for a
description). In the manual explanation is done to use the table. Step 1 determines which
of the pesticides that have been spilled are relevant, i.e. may have caused contamination.
Relevant pesticides are pesticides that have been spilled in considerable quantities and that are
not readily degrading. It is stated that when the half-life of a pesticide (its DT50 value) is less
than six months, the pesticide may be considered as readily degradable and therefore not
relevant. The likelihood of the occurrence of health risks caused by leakage of such a
pesticide is negligible. Apart from the degradation rate, the amount of spilled pesticide is also
important. Spillages of less than 100 litres, or 100 kg, are considered too small to cause health
risks through contamination.
Table 11 : Classification of degradability in soil (biological and physicochemical
transformations)
DT50
<20
20–60
60–180
>180
Classification
Readily degradable
Fairly degradable
Slightly degradable
Very slightly degradable
Data on the ground water level, rainfall, will permit to assess the probability of
contamination by some product and to conclude about the sensibility of the site from the
assessment results.
44
F Analysis of alternatives
Analysis of alternatives to pesticide store construction project in Ethiopia
The description and analysis of the current state of the pesticide store construction
environment have focused on 4 areas, namely Gotera, Animal and Plant Health Regulatory
Directorate (APHRD) compound, Kality, Ministry of Agriculture premises and one of the
regions.
Gotera
Gotera storage is located in the city of Addis Ababa, Nifas Silk Lafto subcity. The site got its
name from a nearby grain silo which has not been operational for the last 25-30 years. The
site is neighbored from the south by the Ethiopian Electric and Power corporation electric
pole treatment factory, from the north by a very busy main road, from the east by a road and
the Ministry of agriculture equipment store and from the west by offices. Formerly the site
had been used for storage of pesticides, and as a garage and fuel depot for the Ministry of
Agriculture. Since 2008, the area was substantially reduced due to the construction of a new
road by a Chinese Road Construction Company. This resulted in the compound becoming in
close proximity to the very busy road (with regard to vehicles and human beings traveling
adjacent to the road) to the north. Any collision/accident arising from heavy trucks loading
fuels and other types of vehicles in this busy road could pose serious health hazards and a risk
of fire at the pesticide store locality. The compound is also very close to offices and shops and
human habitations in the west and would not satisfy the criteria in relation to human health
and environmental safety.
Besides, the area needs high investment in relation to demolition of old garage and leveling of
some areas of the land in the compound prior to construction of the store. Although
accessibility is easy to the area, this site is not appropriate for the construction of a new
pesticide store due to the reasons given above. Therefore it is justifiable to look for other
proper localities to use for pesticide store construction.
APHRD compound
APHRD is located in Addis Ababa, Bole Subcity adjacent to the Educational Material
Production Enterprise from the south, Desert Locust Control Organization from North,
Forestry Research Center from east. These areas, where many staff are working, is less than
100 meters away from the APHRD compound. Forty staff are also working in the small
premises of APHRD that comprises laboratories, offices meeting halls and 2 stores ( one
containing pesticide sprayers and other laboratory equipment, chemicals and furniture ) When
choosing a site for pesticide store construction, close proximity to office and residential areas,
schools, hospitals and shopping areas should be avoided. Preference should be given to areas
already devoted to industrial development. Even in these circumstances proximity of such
premises to food processing enterprises destined for human and animal consumption should
be avoided. Moreover APHRD does not have enough space in its compound to construct a
standard pesticide store. Therefore the APHRD compound is not ideal for pesticide store
construction due to the above mentioned factors.
Kality Ministry of Agriculture premises.
Kality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development premises is located at Addis Ababa,
about 20 kms from APHRD compound. The site to be used for store construction is more than
600 meters away from the Tsetse fly research station and human habitation in the south. The
45
same site is also adjacent to the Garage of Ethiopian Insurance Enterprise (seems not
functioning) and an open compound in the north. The gate of the compound is more than 500
meters from the store construction site (to the east). Adjacent to the gate, an organization
called PACTRA is located, which is an organization responsible for lifting of general
commodities including vehicles. A sewerage collection depot is found in the north, where it
evaporates and turns to sludge in few days. Compared to other areas of Addis Ababa, a
relatively large proportion of industrial facilities are located at Kality. Industries located some
distance away (more than 500 kms) from the store site are non-food producing ones. There
are already two metal stores and two cargo containers at Kality, located at the back of the site
destined for the new pesticide store construction. One of the metal stores contains several
types of pesticide to be distributed to regions during migratory pest outbreaks. The other
metal store contains an FAO-donated one set of drum presser and cleaner machine for the
management of empty containers. This equipment is yet to be commissioned which will
address the need to rinse equipment followed by crushing (metal items) or fragmentation /
shredding (plastic items). Although large piles of old vehicles (most of them are not
functional) and general commodity stores are situated some distance away from the proposed
store construction site, the area has been dedicated for pesticide storage since the 1980’s. The
area also may serve for management of pesticide containers associated with some of the 400
tones of left over pesticides considered under the recently developed Environmental
Management Plan (EMP) with the support World Bank Environmental Impact and Social
Assessment experts and pesticide containers that have been stockpiled in several parts of the
country. Based on the above justification The PMT believes that the Kality MoA premises are
the ideal site for construction of a new pesticide store in line with World Bank Environmental
& Safeguards and Pesticide Management operational policies and FAO guidelines on
pesticide storage and stock management.
Regions
The Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development is the organization responsible
for central purchasing and distribution of migratory control pesticides to all regions. In order
to accomplish such tasks properly the construction of a central standard pesticide depot in
Addis Ababa is essential. Therefore APHRD decided to construct the new pesticide store in
Addis Ababa to store pesticides imported or purchased from the local manufacturing plant
prior to their distribution to the regions for the control of armyworm, desert locusts, quelea
birds other outbreak pests.
Multi-criterion analysis
Multi-criterion analysis has been used to select the appropriate site for pesticide store
construction
The following formula is used to choose the appropriate site for pesticide construction.
M(S) = 1/∑ Pc *Vc (S)
Where,
1. M(S)= Score of scenario S using weighted average
2. Pc = Percentage weight of criterion.
3. VC(S) = Score for respective site with regard to each criterion
Alternative sites for the construction of new store
Alternative sites that are mentioned above are as follows.
46
Table 12 : Alternative sites
Site no
S0
S1
S2
S3
Name of sites
Referential site that meets the various criteria of FAO
Kality, MoA premises
APHRD compound
Gotera
The selection criteria are described in the following table.
Table 13 : Selection criteria
Criterion number
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
Criteria
Distance and location in relation to human settlements
Level of ground water at the site
Location relative to flood risk
Proximity to surface water (river, lakes, ponds)
Accessibility to vehicle carrying pesticide
Social acceptability
Evaluation
Each site was evaluated following the formula described above. The evaluation criterion for
each share was made on the basis of arithmetic scale. The rating scale criteria were as follows.
Very good= 5; Good=4; Medium=3; Bad =2; Very poor=1
Note: the rating scale 3 is assigned to all criteria of S0, reference pesticide storage site that
meets the various criteria of FAO
The following Evaluation Matrix was used to rate the three sites and determine the
appropriate single site for construction of the pesticide store.
Table 14 : Evaluation matrix for selecting the appropriate site for pesticide store
Construction
Site
S0
S1
S2
S3
Percentage weight
CRITERIA
C1
C2
3
3
4
5
1
5
2
4
25
20
score(M(S))
C3
3
3
4
4
15
C4
3
4
4
5
5
C5
3
3
2
4
10
C6
3
3
2
2
15
1/ 2.70= 0.37
1/3.40=0.29
1/2.55=0.39
1/2.85=0.35
100
SO= Referential site that meets the various criteria of FAO
S1= Kality, MoA
premises
S2=APHRD compound
S3= Gotera
C1,C2,C3,C4,C5,C6 are criterion 1,2,3,4,5,6 respectively (see table 2)
Kality site has the least score (MS) compared to the referencial score or higher weighted
average figure; so the Kality site is the best site among the alternatives according to the
criteria of comparison.
47
G Public Consultation
As both the World Bank operational procedures and Environmental Impact Assessment
proclamation of Ethiopia requires public consultation prior to the construction of the pesticide
store, consultation has been made with the public around the pesticide construction area and
personnel of APHRD of the MoA.
G.1 Approach
A questionnaire in local language (Amharic) was prepared and distributed to the people
around the store construction area. The questionnaire has two components 1. Questions on the
general project 2. Questions on the sites. In addition to collection of public opinions through a
questionnaire meeting was held with the same people to raise their awareness on need of
standard pesticide stores (to address the pressing problem with regard to unacceptable
pesticide storage conditions in many areas of the country) and to inform the risks and
mitigation plans to be addressed. However in case of APHRD personnel, power point
presentation was used to discuss various issues in connection to construction new pesticide
store at Kaliti.
G.2 Perceptions of the project by the public and APHRD staff
By the public
Before awareness creation is conducted, most of the public thought the new pesticide
construction was destined for storage of obsolete pesticides which would bring public health
and environmental hazards. However, during the consultation process they were informed by
ASP project staff that the new store is a structure for holding non-expired pesticides before
they are dispatched to the 11 regions for the control of migratory pests. In addition the risks
and mitigation plans to be implemented have been thoroughly discussed with the public. As a
result of the consultation process the people understood the mitigation measures to be
followed to avoid negative impacts on the environment and the public and they also perceived
that the project would bring benefit to the country to address major problem pests and
improve the livelihood of farmers.
By APHRD staff
The pressing need for the construction of standard pesticide store is highly appreciated by the
APHRD staff as the pesticide stores that are constructed in Addis Ababa and different regions
are old, substandard and overstocked.
G.3 Public expectations
A pesticide store that would store pesticide without bringing hazard to the public and the
environment
48
G.4 The apprehension of the public
The respondents said that there would not be any fear from the pesticide store construction
provided all precautionary and mitigating measures would be adopted for its proper
management.
H Identification and assessment of environmental impacts
Pesticides may be responsible for diffuse and chronic and / or acute and accidental pollution,
during manufacture, transport, use, or for the disposal of end of life, damaged, unused or
banned product.
They can contaminate all the compartments of the environment: air (outdoor, indoor), water,
soil and switch from one to another.
This chapter of the ESIA assess the impacts of transport, storage and handling of new
pesticides at Kality store
H.1 The positive impacts
The major advantage of constructing this storehouse in Kality is for Ethiopia to have an
infrastructure at central level, to store all new pesticide coming from abroad, to properly
manage them and then to proceed with the distribution of these pesticides to each region of
the country. This kind of infrastructure has been lacking for several years and is thus a
priority for the Ethiopian government and MoA.
H.2 The main sources of impacts
In this process, sources of potential impacts identified are related to:
- Preparation phase (preparation of the site for construction: clearing ...);
- Construction phase of the facilities;
- Handling and storage of pesticides on the site.
- Pesticides transportation in –out of the store;
Tables 15 show the matrix of impacts linked with the project activities and table 16 the main
sources of impacts associated with the project
49
Table 15 : Matrix of impacts linked with the project activities
Project Component
Project phase
Preparation / Construction
Affected Environment component
Sources of impact (Planned Actions)
Delivery Movemen Excavation Activity
and
t
of and
installati vehicles
backfilling
on
(would
movement
equipme produce
of
nt
dust)
constructio
n
equipment
Air
(ambient
noise and air
quality)
Waters
Soil
Wildlife
Flora
Biophysical environment
communities
Residents
Human Environment
Living environment
Socio
environment
Employees
of
stores
Local authority
Public Health
Security
economic Employment
Socio-economic
impact (trade and
local activities)
50
Operation
Activity
Activity
Transport Reception Handling
ation of and
of
pesticides storage of pesticides
pesticides
Table 16 : .Major sources of impacts associated with the project
Operation Phase Type
of
impacts
potentially predictable
Project Component
Project Activities
Type of impacts potentially predictable
Release of the required Delivery
and Noise, Air pollution, Accidents
area
and
store installation
of Degradation of vegetation and associated
construction
equipment
fauna
Clearing
of Noise, Air pollution
vegetation
Loss of vegetation and wildlife habitat (birds)
Construction of the Noise, Land Degradation, Accidents
access road
Loss of vegetation and wildlife habitat
Construction
Noise, Land Degradation, Air pollution,
Accidents
Transportation
of Accidents, Air pollution, water pollution
Transportation
of
pesticides
pesticides
Pesticide Storage
Handling of Pesticides
Reception
and Accidents, Air pollution, Waste generation
storage of pesticides
Product Delivery
Accidents, Air pollution
The main dispersion modes of pesticides from a warehouse are (see figure 7):
• Infiltration (in soil or groundwater);
• Runoff to surface water;
• Dispersal by wind (wind dispersal).
Moreover, the storage of pesticides generates special waste such as packaging, absorbents and
expired products.
The impacts may also result from errors in handling or ignorance of procedures for transport
and storage
Figure 7 Impacts resulting from pre construction and construction phases / Distribution of
contaminants from a store into the environment
51
H.3 Impacts on biophysical framework and the biological and human environment
The pesticide store construction with a capacity of 134,500 liters or 134.5 m3 ( when the
drums are stored in single layering) and 269,000 liters or 269 m3(when the drums are stored in
double layering)" could lead to changes and impacts on biological and human environments.
These changes might affect:
- Soil (structure and soil quality);
- Air (the air quality and noise);
- Water (water quality);
These various changes in the physical environment may impact on the fauna and flora and the
human environment (workers, residents and users of communication channels closest).
The preparation phase construction and operation will be considered for the identification and
evaluation of project impacts.
H.3.1 Impacts resulting from pre construction and construction phases
The pre-construction and construction phases are to develop the site more properly these are:
i) Steps to prepare the site (clearing ...);
ii) Grading (excavation and filling);
iii) Infrastructure development works and other services (water, electricity);
iv) Construction of the store.
The most relevant environmental components to be analyzed in connection with the activities
planned are flora, fauna, atmosphere, water resources, soil and activities / human Settlements.
H.3.1.1 Impacts on Flora and fauna
Given that the site contains only reduced vegetation cover, composed of mainly weeds and
most of the fauna are not unique or threatened impact of land clearing that will be made will
be minor to negligible with a medium intensity, localized extent and a long duration.
The woody species like Carrisa spinarum, Rosa abyssinica, Vernonia amgdalina and grass
Hyparrhenia hirta on the area selected for construction of the store will be cleared. Exotic
tree species called Cupressus lusitannica planted along fence margins will not be cut.
Regarding the fauna, it is generally accepted that animals flee when they hear the first sounds
of chainsaws and bulldozers. But the clearing of shrubs and herbs/grass will destroy animals’
habitats: birds' nests, small reptiles burrow. These impacts are very harmful if the nests are
occupied by young animals who are deprived of their shelters and in other cases, the
discomfort is temporary in the others cases.
The destruction of wildlife habitat particularly those of the birds is an impact that can be
considered low with a low intensity, localized extent and a long duration.
52
H.3.1.2 Impacts on atmosphere and the human environment
The changes and impacts on the atmosphere will be analyzed in terms of the sound
environment (noise levels measured at different locations in the study area) and air quality.
Both types of changes can be made by construction equipment (earth moving machinery and
lifting equipment) during the installation and construction phase of site preparation. It will be
either a temporary increase (working hours) of noise on the site, a suspending solid particles
that can restrict workers breathing and ancillary (depending on wind direction) for the
inhabitants located less than1 km around the site.
However, because of the nature of the proposed construction, the structure is deemed light
(but strong), the use of heavy machinery that can generate important pollution (noise and air)
is not worrisome.
At most, the dust emissions resulting from the operations of excavation and earth moving may
be a temporary inconvenience for workers in the premises; nearby homes will have little bit
less inconveniences because of trees.
H.3.1.3 Changes and impacts on water resources
The level of groundwater is about 90 meters down, with a non-permeable soil. Pollution of
the aquifer is not a risk because sewage spill sites that might be contain through the
installation of a septic tank to collect wash water and sewage. However, drinking water
resources will not be threatened by the backup supply for the purposes of construction
H.3.1.4 Generation of waste related to construction on site
The design and construction of the store will generate waste of structural and finishing
materials. Structural Waste is composed of excavated material and construction materials.
The excavated material associated with spoilage arises from excavations, earthworks, etc.
They can be of various kinds but mainly derived from topsoil and sub-topsoil.
Construction materials are typically wood, metal or inert waste such as non-reusable
formwork, reinforcing irons or extra concrete.
Wastes of secondary / finishing works are very heterogeneous: scrap wood, metal, packaging,
etc The second work activities generate a significant portion of waste such as leftover paint,
coatings, adhesives, solvents, etc.. These products should be segregated prior to collection.
H.3.1.5 Involuntary resettlement
Population displacement will not occur in this project because the site of Kality is free of
residents.
In order to avoid any negative impacts, the Kality district authorities must strictly control an
expansion of nearby human settlements to the store construction area. This action will help to
provide a safe and prescribed distance between the store area and the residential area.
53
Table 17 : Potential environnemental impacts in construction phase.
Activity
impact description
impact
Nature
Intensity
Negative
medium
Negative
weak
Local
Long
Minor to negligible
Extend
Time/
frequency
Importance
Impacts on flore and fauna
Loss of vegetation cover mainly composed of herbs and grass
and
Destruction of wildlife habitat occupying the study area (birds, )
Clearing
Isolated
Long
Minor to negligible
Impacts on water
Involvement
of
construction
equipment and discharge of waste
water
Impacts on air
Groundwater pollution by hydrocarbons (fuel, oil)
Negative
weak
Local
short
Minor to negligible
Excavation
Movement
equipment
Release of dust
Noise
Atmospheric emissions containing NOx, SO2, CO, particulates
Disruption of the sound environment and punctual constraint for
surrounding settlements
Negative
Negative
Negative
medium
medium
medium
Local
Local
Local
short
short
short
Minor to negligible
Minor to negligible
Minor to negligible
Negative
medium
Local
short
Minor to negligible
Negative
medium
Isolated
short
Minor to negligible
Negative
medium
Isolated
short
Minor to negligible
Negative
medium
Isolated
short
Minor to negligible
Negative
medium
Isolated
short
Minor to negligible
Negative
medium
Isolated
short
Minor to negligible
Negative
medium
Isolated
short
Minor to negligible
and
of
backfilling
construction
wastes
Structural works (clearing, grading,
filling, construction, etc..)
Generation of excavated material (cuttings from the excavation,
earthmoving ...) including the topsoil and sub-topsoil
Generation of construction waste (fall of wood, metal or inert
waste such as non-reusable formwork, reinforcing irons or extra
concrete, various packaging, tec.) which impact on the landscape
Generation of special waste such as leftover paint, coatings,
adhesives, solvents etc.
Socio economic Impacts
Operation and movement
construction equipment
of
Discomfort of movement of people (near the railway)
Disruption of the sound environment and constraint point for
nearby
Release of dust: punctual inconvenience for surrounding
settlements and nearby workers
54
H.3.2 Impact of the operational phase
The operation of the pesticide store does not significantly affect the physical components of
the environment during normal operation.
But in abnormal operating conditions, environmental components such as atmosphere (air
quality), soil, groundwater and surface (water quality), fauna and flora could be affected.
Furthermore, operation of the store if repackaging is done into smaller container will produce
special waste (packaging, and contaminated absorbent). The residence time provided in the
projections suggests that it is unlikely to have obsolete pesticides in Kality store. The Kality
store will not be used to receive obsolete pesticides from any sources for storage.
H.3.2.1 Environmental and health impacts of storage of pesticides (risks of fire, explosion,
accidental spillage)
According to MoA / ASP PMT, pesticides to be stored in the store are : carbosulfan, carbaryl,
chlorpyriphos-ethyl, diazinone, fenithrothion, profenofos+ cypermethrin, malathion, fenthion.
They are stable under normal conditions of storage (store well ventilated, cool, dry),
compared to their reactivity.
If the store will host other pesticides than the above described, there is a risk related to
pesticides that are reactive substances (substances or mixtures of liquids or solids thermally
unstable) liable to undergo a strongly exothermic decomposition even in the absence of
oxygen (air).
Liquid formulations based on organic solvents may be flammable. They could catch fire in
the presence of heat. The risk of fire and explosion are increased if formulations contain
flammable / explosive solvents. The gases and vapors produced in case of fire are toxic and
irritating and may cause irritation and poisoning among populations living in the vicinity of
the store.
Poor Storage method of products can lead to these risks:
Under normal conditions of storage (impermeability of the store floor and the immediate
vicinity of the store, no leaks or spills), soil and groundwater will not be affected by the stored
products.
But in case of malfunction (spillage during supplying the store) and lack of consideration of
security measures (lack of sealing of the store floor), the soil may be polluted and products
leach into groundwater. (See the impacts of accidental spills and leaks)
H. 3.2.2 Impacts of stocks management (production of obsolete pesticide)
Poor management and inadequate provision of stocks of pesticides can cause serious
problems. The failure to implement the FIFO principle (First In First Out) may lead to the
accumulation of obsolete pesticide stocks. Indeed, pesticides have a limited shelf life and
when the oldest are not used, they may become obsolete.
55
Although pesticides have a long lifetime, long storage can cause deterioration of containers
and encourage leaks into the environment. This poses a risk to staff working in the
warehouse, environmental pollution and economic costs to the state (loss of product and
disposal costs).
H..3.2.3 Impacts of local transport of pesticides Kality pesticide store to regions
- accidental spills or leaks of products can cause poisoning of personnel, contamination of
vehicles and localized soil pollution in the site of unloading drums of pesticides, soil and
water pollution in the transport route
- Fire or explosion because of accidental contact of leaking oil products with a heat source
(cigarette flame or spark lit by persons on board the vehicle),
- Deterioration of packaging of powder products can cause wind dispersal of pesticides
- Deterioration of labels of pesticides container that may make them difficult to identify in
the future with all the problems of monitoring that may arise.
H..3.2.4 Impacts of accidental spills and leaks (characteristics of environmental contamination
of products to be stored)
Impacts of accidental spills and leaks of pesticides
Pesticides are biologically active substances and potentially dangerous to health and the
environment. When transporting and unloading / loading pesticides containers, spills and
accidental leaks inside the store are the largest sources of pollution for the different
environmental compartments (including the store floor if it is not waterproof) and handlers
and management personal. Also this can occur outside the site in the course of pesticides
transportation
The impacts of spills and leaks of pesticides on the environment depend strongly on the
characteristics of pesticides such as water solubility, adsorption coefficient, particulate
hydrolysis rate, duration of half-life in soil, vapor pressure, soil type, depth of water and
amount of spillage.
Table 18 : Characteristics of environmental contamination of pesticides which will be stored
in case of leakage or accidental spillage
Pesticides
Characteristics
contamination
of
environmental Comments
Vapour pressure at 20°C : Vp=1,43 10-3Pa
Chlorpyriphos- Solubility in water: 1,39 mg/l
ethyl
Partition coefficient (Koc): 125,2 (Log :
2,096)
56
Can easily volatilize and
disperse in the atmosphere
because Vp > 1,3.10-3Pa
Moderately mobile 2 < Koc<3
Environmental
contamination risk in
case of leakage or
accidental spillage
Risks of air pollution
based on the quantities
discharged
Likelihood
of
Characteristics
contamination
Pesticides
of
environmental Comments
Environmental
contamination risk in
case of leakage or
accidental spillage
Hydrolysis speed: 58.1 days
Moderately soluble 1<S<10
half-life in soil (aerobic conditions) : 113,3 Slightly degradable car 60<DT
days half-life in soil (anaerobic conditions) : 50<180
135,5 days
Fenitrhothion
Malathion
Vapour pressure at 20°C : 18 10-3Pa
Solubility in water at 30°C : 14 mg/l
Partition coefficient (Koc): 251,18-1548,81
(Log: 2,4 – 3,19)
Hydrolysis speed: 200 - 630 days au pH de
5 à 9 half-life in soil (aerobic conditions) :
12-28 days half-life in soil (anaerobic
conditions) : 4-54 days
Vapour pressure at 30°C : 0.0053 Pa
Solubility in water : 125 mg/l
Partition coefficient (Koc): 1000 (Log : 3)
Hydrolysis speed: 6 days
half-life in soil (aerobic conditions) : 2 days
half-life in soil (anaerobic conditions) : 30
days
Can easily volatilize and
disperse in the atmosphere
because Vp > 1,3.10-3Pa
Slightly Mobile 3 < Koc<4
Readily soluble 10<S<100
Fairly degradable 20<DT < 60
Can easily volatilize and
disperse in the atmosphere
because Vp > 1,3.10-3Pa
Slightly Mobility 3 < Koc<4
Readily soluble 10<S<100
Fairly degradable 20<DT < 60
groundwater pollution
because mobility and
solubility medium and
produces
slightly
degradable
High risk of
air
pollution because high
Vp.
Low
risk
of
groundwater pollution
as low mobility and low
solubility
and
degradability.
Recognized risks of air
pollution
because
significant Vp
Low
risk
of
groundwater pollution
as low mobility and
solubility
and
degradability medium
Classification of mobility
Classification of solubility in Classification of degradability in soil
water
(biological
and
physicochemical
transformations)
Mobility
Classification
Log Koc
<1
Highly mobile
1–2
Mobile
2–3
Moderately mobile
3–4
Slightly mobile
4–5
Hardly mobile
>5
Immobile
Solubility Classification
<0.10
Not soluble
0.1–1
Slightly soluble
1–10
Moderately soluble
10–100 Readily soluble
>100
Highly soluble
Halflife
50 in soil
Classification
in days
DT50
<20
Readily degradable
20–60
Fairly degradable
60–180 Slightly degradable
>180
Very slightly degradable
Mitigation of repeated pollution is heavily dependent on technical capabilities (training of
warehouse staff) and the availability of firefighting equipment.
Indeed, undetected or untreated spill and leaks can cause deterioration of containers by
corrosion effect of metal drums or dirt of bags. It may cause contamination of warehouse staff
and emission of toxic fumes or flammable vapors.
Similarly, the deterioration of packaging of powder pesticide formulations can lead to their
dissemination by the wind or the aeration system/ventilation and cause powdery deposits
around the storage site if they are not stabilized first.
57
H.3.2.5 Impacts of the generation of solid waste
The operations of the store of pesticides can produce special waste: packaging contaminated
by traces of pesticide, expired pesticides and absorbent materials contaminated with pesticide.
If the segregation and disposal of these key wastes is not managed properly, they can harm
the environment and security, the health of workers and local populations.
Recovery of empty containers by local populations may be the cause of many accidents due to
reutilization for storing water or holding food and due to the local population being
uninformed about the risks associated. An empty pesticide container can never be perfectly
cleaned and should be disposed of so that it cannot be used for other purposes.
In abnormal situations (eg leakage), cleaning of spills may generate dust, sand or dry earth
containing the chemical absorbed. Whenever leaks or spills are encountered ,the floor will be
decontaminated with absorbent material (sand or sawdust)and safeguarded/transferd to
salvage drum. Water and detergent (surfactant) wil be used to further clean the contaminated
spots with vacuum cleaner and directed to salvage drum . All collected contaminates will
remain in the salvage drum until it gets disposed propery.
H. 3.2.6 Impacts of the generation of liquid waste
The storage of pesticides will not create more wastewater discharges under normal conditions,
except the effluent from operations personnel and storekeeper water needs (bathing, other).
Thus, the only water that will be produced is toilet wastewater.
However, in cases of abnormal functioning (spill or leak of oily formulations), water could be
used both for rinsing the floor as a means of decontamination. In addition to the rinse water
there is a possibility that the rain water could be also polluted and consequently lead to
additional pollution of the parking areas and vehicles moving or parking there.
H.3.2.7 Health impacts associated with the storage of pesticides (acute and chronic toxicity of
products)
Table 19 : Health impacts associated with the storage of pesticides
Pesticides
Clorpyriphos
ethyle (1)
Fenitrothion(1)
Result of accidental exposure
WHO Class (3)
Effects of acute intoxication
II
(Moderatly Nausea. Dizziness. Vomiting.
dangerous)
Cough. Loss of consciousness.
Convulsions. Constriction of the
pupil. Muscle cramps. Salivation.
A severe exposure may cause
inhibition
of
cholinesterase
Exposure above the OEL may
result in death
II
(Moderatly Cramps. Diarrhea. Dizziness.
dangerous)
Headache. Nausea. Loss of
58
Effets of chronic intoxication
The substance may have effects
on
the
nervous
system,
cholinesterase inhibitor
The substance may have effects
on
the
nervous
system,
Pesticides
Malathion (1)
Dizinon
Cypermethrin
Result of accidental exposure
WHO Class (3)
Effects of acute intoxication
consciousness.
A severe exposure may cause
inhibition
of
cholinesterase
Exposure above the OEL may
result in death
III
(Slightly The substance may have effects on
hazardous)
the nervous system, causing
convulsions,
muscle
cramps,
vomiting, diarrhea, excessive
salivation, sweating, difficulty
breathing, loss of consciousness. A
severe exposure may cause
inhibition
of
cholinesterase
Exposure above the OEL may
result in death.
II
(moderatly The main symptom of soft acute
hazardous)
diazinon poisoning are headache,
nausea, dizziness, pinpoint pupils,
blurred vision, tightness in the
chest, difficulty in breathing,
muscle weakness or twitching,
difficulty in walking, vomiting
abdominal cramps and diarrhea
Effects on the central nervous
system may include confusion,
anxiety, drowseness, depression,
difficulty in concentrating, slurred
speech, poor recall, insomnia,
nightmares and a form of toxic
psychosis resulting in bizarre
behavior.
II(moderatly
Symptoms of acute poisoning
hazardious)
include abnormal facial sensations,
dizziness,
headache,
nausea,
anorexia and fatigue, vomiting and
increased stomach secretion
Carbosulfan
II
(Modrately
hazardous
Carbaryl
II
(Modrately
hazardous
II
(Modrately
hazardious
Profenofos
The
acute
symptoms
of
carbosulfan in humans are
characterstics
of
other
organoposphate and carbamate
insecticides.
Signs
include
dizziness,
salivation,
excess
salivation, nausea, abdominal
cramps,
vomiting,
diarrhea,
blurred vision, pi-point pupils,
difficulty breathing and muscle
twitching
>> >> >>
Muscarinic, nicotinic and central
nervous system manifestations
Effets of chronic intoxication
cholinesterase inhibitor
A prolonged or repeated contact
may cause skin sensitization.
Cholinesterase
inhibitor;
possibility of cumulative effects
Cholinstrase
inhibitor.Accumulation
of
acetylcholine
at
junctions
between nerves and glands
results in gland secretion;and
accumulation between nerves in
the brain causes sensory and
behavioral disturbances.
Chronic symptoms include brain
and
locomotry
disorders,
polyneurophasy and immunosuppression and resembles the
multiple chemical sensitivity
syndrome
-
There is no available data
concerning chronic toxicity of
profenofos
Table 20 : Potential negative impacts associated with different activities
59
Activities
Pesticides
transportation
Pesticides
Storage
Spills,
leaks
and containers
and chemicals
disposal
Store Location
Potential negative impacts
Poisoning and exposure of personal following accidental spills or leaks;
Pollution of soil following a spill or accidental release;
Fires or explosions because accidental contact of leaking oil products with a heat
source;
Wind dispersal of pesticides following a deterioration of packaging products in
powder or granules;
Confusion about the nature of the pesticide following a deterioration of package labels
Accumulation of stocks of obsolete pesticides;
Explosion and fire of products stored or fire by spontaneous combustion;
Contamination of water by the water used to extinguish a fire;
Poisoning and exposure of the store staff handling due to accidental spills or leaks;
Air pollution in light of spillage quantity and exposure of local residents;
Groundwater pollution;
Soil pollution;
Air pollution based on the quantities discharged and Exhibition of warehouse
personnel;
Generation of hazardous special waste (iron drums, plastic and cardboard packaging or
paper);
Generation of hazardous special waste (sawdust, sand or dry soil containing the
chemical absorbed) as a result of leakage of product;
Deterioration of the residential / living condition of surrounding population due to the
release
of
odors
from
the
store;
Limiting the possibilities of settlement extension
Conclusion
The importance of potential environmental and health impacts of the Kality pesticide storage
facility remains heavily dependent on the human factor, especially as it rests with the staff on
site to ensure the integrity of facilities, packaging and the validity of stored products.
This means that under normal storage and operating, the potential environmental impacts are
kept to a minimum.
Indeed, in designing the storehouse, the Project Management Team( PMT )has insisted that
the standards set in this field by FAO are taken into account in order to minimize significant
environmental risks (see design of the store).
To this end, the concept of the store has taken into account:
 compliance with safety distances from human settlements, not to involve displacement
and sanitary nuisances,
 the architectural drawing of the store that can guarantee a ventilation system, lighting
and security at places of proper storage,
 storage requirements up to dealing with locust, armyworm and quelea birds
 a roof in galvanized iron sheet(Egametal sheet) provides a barrier in case of fire.
The main environmental risks mainly come from:
 Methods of storage and segregation of products,
 The convenience of handling and manipulation of products within the store,
 The registration system and monitoring the quality and integrity of obsolete pesticide
stocks,
60

The level of awareness of hazards by personnel assigned to the operation and
management of pesticide products.
All these factors are dependent on human skills. If they are well understood by the technical
staff, this could help to better control or inhibit the inherent risks (fire, explosion) and deal
with emergency situations (floods, lightning strikes and population protests).
61
I Hazard studies
The description of site environment and main activities and installations are described in
chapter B and chapter H
I.1 Review of the toxicity of pesticides stored (toxicology)
Table 21 : Toxicity and health effects of pesticides to be stored in the new proposed store
Pesticides
WHO Class
Potential Heath effect
Clorpyriphos
ethyle (1)
II (Moderately Effects of acute and chronic intoxication
dangerous)
Nausea. Dizziness. Vomiting. Cough. Loss of consciousness.
Convulsions. Constriction of the pupil. Muscle cramps. Salivation.
A severe exposure may cause inhibition of cholinesterase
Exposure above the OEL may result in death
The substance may have effects on the nervous system,
cholinesterase inhibitor
Thermal decomposition products: carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide
and nitrogen oxide on combustion
Acceptable daily intake ADI: 0.001 mg / kg / day
Fenitrothion(1) II (Moderately Effects of acute and chronic intoxication
dangerous)
Cramps. Diarrhea. Dizziness. Headache. Nausea. Loss of
consciousness.
A severe exposure may cause inhibition of cholinesterase
Exposure above the OEL may result in death
The substance may have effects on the nervous system,
cholinesterase inhibitor
Decomposition Products: desmethyl fenitrothion, Dimethyl
phosphate, phosphate Dimethylthio
Acceptable daily intake (ADI): 0.05 mg / kg / day
Malathion (1)
III
(less Effects of acute and chronic intoxication
dangerous)
The substance may have effects on the nervous system, causing
convulsions, muscle cramps, vomiting, diarrhea, excessive
salivation, sweating, difficulty breathing, loss of consciousness. A
severe exposure may cause inhibition of cholinesterase
Exposure above the OEL may result in death.
A prolonged or repeated contact may cause skin sensitization.
Cholinesterase inhibitor; possibility of cumulative effects
The thermal decomposition products, in fire, may contain dimethyl
sulfide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide,
phosphorus pentoxide and nitrogen oxides
Acceptable daily intake ADI: 0.03 mg / kg / day
Diazinon
II modarately The main symptom of acute diazinon poisoning are headache,
hazardous
nausea, dizziness, pinpoint pupils, blurred vision, tightness in the
chest, difficulty in breathing, muscle weakness or twitching,
difficulty in walking, vomiting abdominal cramps, and diarrhea
62
Pesticides
Cypermethrin
Carbosulfan
Carbaryl
Profenfos
Fenthion
WHO Class
Potential Heath effect
Effects on the central nervous system may include confusion,
anxiety, drowsiness, depression, difficulty in concentrating, slurred
speech, poor recall, insomnia, nightmares and a form of toxic
psychosis resulting in bizarre behavior.
Chronic symptoms
Cholinesterase inhibitor. Accumulation of acetylcholine at
junctions between nerves and glands results in gland secretion; and
accumulation between nerves in the brain causes sensory and
behavioral disturbances
ADI:0.002 mg/kg/day
II modarately Symptoms of acute poisoning include abnormal facial sensations,
hazardous
dizziness, headache, nausea, anorexia and fatigue, vomiting and
increased stomach secretion. Chronic symptoms include brain and
locomotry disorders, polyneurophasy and immuno-suppression and
resembles the multiple chemical sensitivity syndrome
II modarately The acute symptoms of carbosulfan in humans are characteristics of
hazardous
other organophosphate and carbamate insecticides. Signs include
dizziness, salivation, excessive salivation, nausea, abdominal
cramps, vomiting, diarrhea, blurred vision, pi-point pupils,
difficulty breathing and muscle twitching
II modarately The same above
hazardous
II modarately The same above
hazardous
II modarately The same above
hazardous
I.2 Review of risks linked to the environment (flood, population unrest, accidents)
The risk of flooding
The topography and soils of the Kality site present some risk of flooding to the storehouse and
its surroundings as indicated by the conclusion of soil study. In the case of water intrusion in
the store, the potential damage to the product could be considerable, even though the products
are stored in several layers (2)
Another risk might come from water leakage resulting from defective sealing of the structure
(roof or ventilation systems) that would damage the integrity and sealing of containers of
liquids or powders that then would become less resistant and may leak or open up when they
are wet. In these cases, the immediate environment of the site may be contaminated on a small
area without causing severe environmental pollution due to biodegradation and sunlight
(photo-degradation).
Population protest
The risks of negative reaction following the construction and operation of the store are not
great because (i) the site is fenced, (ii) is guarded and (iii) belongs to government/public
property. Moreover, public support received during the public consultations in the course of
this EISA appears to reject this risk.
63
Analysis of risk of accidents
Identification and characterization of potential hazards
Potential sources of risk are multiple and relate mainly to the intrinsic nature of products
handled, on the one hand, and operation phases of the project, on the other.
Indeed, pesticides handled within the framework of this project are mostly in the form of
liquid and present greater risks. These risks are present in virtually all phases of the project:
a) Phase 1Transportation of products to/from Kality site
Transportation is a step whose importance is often minimized during the various phases of
pesticide handling. The risks and dangers are often overlooked despite the fact that they are
real at this level. The products are in concentrated form, any road accident, for example, could
lead to risks of fire / explosion and even the risk of inhaling toxic fumes.
These risks may jeopardize however, first the health of those directly involved in the
operation, second the integrity of the natural ecosystem by environmental pollution (spillage
of product on the road or in water for example).
Occupational accidents and fires / explosions may occur as:
- Slips, trips and falls to floor; clashes against objects (especially when wearing protective
masks limiting the field of vision);
- Heavy falling objects, containers especially on the feet;
- Cuts and other injuries caused by sharp-edged objects such as metal plugs containers;
- Burst pressure vessels, with projections of pesticides, because of poor conditioning and /
or under certain conditions of transport;
- Skin burns caused by exposure to pesticides without protective equipment;
- Electrical hazards in the event of failure of the truck loaded with pesticides;
- Increased risk of road accidents in driving conditions often encountered (long distances,
heavily loaded vehicles, bad roads as is the case between the main road and the gate of the
Kality site, weather conditions);
b) Phase 2: Storage
Ninety percent of the pesticides to be stored are expected to be in liquid form and would
present greater risk of ignition due to the presence of solvents in their formulations, but also
can release toxic vapors specially in summer where maximum temperature reaches 25c0. As a
mitigation measure to control the high temperature and to prevent toxic fumes and flammable
atmosphere ,twenty (20) large vents will be fitted (as it is already me3ntioned under B2.4.2 in
the upper and lowewr position of the store.
Several situations may increase such risks, including:
- Non-compliance of storage conditions that implies such risk situations (inadequate
ventilation, inadequate conditions of the stock by the lack of shelving and pallet, no
consideration of chemical reactivity of products in stacking containers...);
- Lack of fire safety devices in the store;
- Inadequate and unsafe storage system within the store;
- The existence of untreated leaks or spills, that an instant fire favored by the presence of an
electric spark, flame or even the rays of the sun.
64
These cases could ultimately lead to accidents such as fire and / or explosion under the
influence of heat, whose impact can be catastrophic (risk of poisoning by product contact or
inhalation during diffusion of toxic fumes, air and water pollution, human poisoning and
damage to plants and animals).
c) Phase 3: Pesticide manipulation in the store (handling, repackaging)
The handling of pesticides in the store could also lead to accidents (e.g. inhalation) because of
any lack of care and attention given to this operation.
The risks of product release, which can cause poisoning of personnel working in the store.
Inadequate training and personnel information on the actual risks and precautions could be an
origin of this situation.
d) Phase 4: Storage of unused and obsolete equipment
The withdrawal of use of certain products because of their toxicity (on recommendations of
the manufacturer or banned by national or international regulation) may cause the presence of
unused stocks that may deteriorate as when they are stored. The presence of these stocks
could be a source of hazards including:
- contamination as a result of accidental leaks caused by corrosion of the packaging,
- poisoning of staff working in the storehouse (by contact or inhalation of toxic fumes)
- the risk of induced contamination with a possible misuse of products and / or disposal by
methods not recommended and not complying with safety guidelines of environmental
protection.
65
Table 22 : Summary of risks linked to operational phase
Activity
Delivery
pesticides
Kality store
of
to/out
Source of danger
Main identified riks
- Transport
-Loading
- Unloading
- Slips, trips and falls to floor; clashes
against objects;
- Heavy falling objects, containers
especially on the feet;
- Cuts and other injuries;
- Burst pressure vessels;
- Skin burns;
- Electrical hazards;
- Increased risk of accident.
- Fire and / or explosion;
- Inhalation of toxic fumes especially for
products with high vapor pressure
(malathion, fenitrothion, chlorpyrifos
and chlorpyrifos ethyl);
- Injuries
Storage
- Inadequate ventilation
- Inadequate store management conditions of
the stock by the lack of shelving and pallet,
bad stacking without consideration of
products chemical reactivity
- Presence of electrical spark, open flame or
even sunlight concentrated by a glass
container;
- Lack of fire safety devices
- lack of fire safety devices
- Falls of drums filled with pesticides.
Management inside
the store
- Human error
- Lack of PPE
- Inadequate staff training and information.
- Presence of obsolete stocks
storage of unused
and
obsolete
equipment
66
- inhalation of toxic fume ;
- Risks of poisoning
- Inhalation of toxic fumes especially
from products with high vapor pressure
(malathion, fenitrothion, chlorpyrifos
and chlorpyrifos ethyl);
- Poisoning of personnel.
J. Environmental Management Plan (EMP)
This environmental management plan is divided into three parts:
 measures to mitigate impacts caused by the project during construction and operation
phases;
 the monitoring plan (implementation of mitigation measures);
 institutional and capacity building for environmental management
J.1 Mitigation measures - store construction phase
J.1.1 Fauna and flora
During the preparation phase, the contractor should avoid excessive clearing and should be
limited to areas directly affected by the work and the safety zone.
Alongside these initiatives, nuisance to wildlife and its habitat potentially induced by the
activities of the preparation can be reduced by adopting an appropriate method with low
emission, combining stabilization (regular watering of active zones) and reflecting sources of
noise.
J.1.2 Atmosphere, human and biological media
Nuisances (release of dust, if in dry season, and noise, mostly) believed at this stage that this
will be mitigated through a series of organizational and technical measures.
Organizational measures to implement include:
- The prior informing of the neighborhood on the nature and duration of the construction and
the means implemented to address various nuisances;
- Work organization: coordination and planning phases to maintain a minimum level of noise
and emissions.
- Carrying out the work outside sensitive times (nights, weekends).
Regarding the material
- Check the good condition of equipment and its operation. Proper maintenance and careful
use of equipment are important points;
- Stabilizing sources of dust emissions if any on all routes by watering as needed to limit the
production of dust.
The project should arrange for the fueling and maintenance of its vehicles off-site. This will
reduce the risks of contamination even if these risks are potentially low.
J.1.3 Production of construction wastes
The ideal measure in a construction site is to obtain a balance between cuts and fills.
Whenever possible, the Contractor shall ensure the reuse of rubble.
In addition, the ASP may include in the specifications of the contractor the terms of hygiene
and sanitation, and its strict compliance will be verified through site inspections
67
J.1.4 Flooding
Source : Soil analysis study by MoA
J.2 Mitigation measures for store operational phase
J.2.1 Procedure for tracking stock (supply, storage, inspection)
J.2.1.1 Supply
It is essential to develop a good strategy for the supply of pesticides. Such a strategy will be
based on sound forecasting of pesticide demand and a good estimation of strategic stock to
prevent the accumulation of obsolete pesticide stocks in a way which is economical in terms
of cost and would avoid any possible health hazards and environmental degradation.
J.2.1.2 Storage
Container arrangement and height of cells
The storage of pesticides should allow easy access to all stored products and the priority use
of oldest stocks (applying the principle "first in, first out or FIFO).
In addition, containers should be placed properly so as to avoid their mishandling and the
deterioration of packaging that may cause leakage of toxic substances into the environment.
The storekeeper will use pallets so that containers are not directly put on the ground.
The shelves of storage do not have to exceed a height of 2 m to avoid the use of ladders.
The space on the ground must not be blocked and it is necessary to fit out paths of 1 m of
wide between shelves with marking on the ground which facilitate the inspection and the free
circulation of the air.
Containers should not exceed a height of 107 cm on each pallet. Containers and cartons must
be stacked to heights ensuring their stability. This height will depend on the type of containers
material
68
Table 23 : Maximum stacking of containers on top of each other
Package type Package type
Number of layers on Palletized: number of
basal pallet
packages on each
pallet
Steel drums (200 l)
1
3-4
Steel drums (less than 200 l)
2
3-4
Fiber drums (200 l)
1
3
Fiber drums (less than 200 l)
2
3
Plastic drums (200 l)
1
2
Plastic barrels (less than 200 l)
2
2
Paper bags
4-5
3
Plastic Bags
4-5
3
Boxes containing fiber cans
4-6
3-4
Boxes containing fiber flexible packaging 4-6
2
(plastic bottles, bags)
Wooden boxes
2-4
3-4
Sources: Pesticide Disposal Series N ° 3 "Pesticide storage and stock control," FAO
Compatibility for storage of pesticides
A maximum chemical reactivity of products will be the first parameter to consider when
arranging stocks in the store
Summary of Hazard Predictions (if all substances mixed)
Reaction proceeds with explosive violence and/or forms explosive products.
Heat generated from chemical reaction may initiate explosion.
May become highly flammable or may initiate a fire, especially if other
combustible materials are present.
Combination liberates gaseous products, at least one of which is flammable.
May cause pressurisation.
Combination liberates gaseous products, including both flammable and toxic
gases. May cause pressurisation.
Exothermic reaction. May generate heat and/or cause pressurization.
Combination liberates gaseous products, at least one of which is toxic. May
cause pressurisation.
Combination liberates nonflammable, nontoxic gas. May cause pressurization.
Exothermic, generation of toxic and corrosive fumes.
Generates water soluble toxic products.
Reaction may be intense or violent
J.2.1.3 Stocks Inspection
In order to comply with the rules and procedures of FAO, handlers and managers will be
trained on:
- Daily Inspection of drums and containers to ensure there were no leaks or spills during the
night.
69
- The systematic and immediate cleanup of pesticides that are spilled or are leaking,
- The monthly inspection of drums and containers to detect leaking closures, split seams and
corrosion.
- The systematic removal of old or leaking drums and decanting their contents into empty
sealed and labeled containers.
- The recording of any transfer of chemicals into new containers in the inventory records.
- The monthly monitoring of dates on the labels of containers in the storehouse and the
segregation of stockpiles before disposal.
- Replacement of bad labels to ensure proper monitoring of stored products.
J.2.2 Precautions during transport
Pesticides will be transported to the proposed store and from the proposed store to the
regions by trucks.
For the benefit of handlers and transporters of pesticides to supply the Kality store and the
region, precautions will be recalled, including:
- Checking the status of the transport vehicle prior to loading containers of pesticides.
- Prohibition of simultaneous transportation of food in the same vehicle.
- The loading of pesticides with care on the transport vehicle and giving the driver a delivery
sheet/packing list with relevant Material safety Data Sheet. As indicated under B2.3, inorder
to prevent associated risks,Personal Protective Equipment,fire extigusher,spill control
kit,pesticide absorbent material (eg sand), shovel along the pesticide consignment.Based on
the nature of the pesticide consignment hazard signs will be placed on the truck loading the
pesticide. The hazard signs include;Toxic,Flammable,Explosive,oxidizing,corrosive,toxic to
aquatic life and water reative, Prior to travel orientation on the necessary safety precautions to
be taken (fire fighting,containing the pesticides that leak from contaminating the general
environment).
- Meticulous unloading of pesticide containers;
- The systematic control of spills and integrity of packaging to the rear of the transport
vehicle.
J.2.3 Safe destruction of empty containers (metal, plastic, paper or cardboard)
The empty pesticide containers will be collected and sent to the store nearby on the same site
where an effective management of empty pesticide containers (metal and plastic) is set up.
The process is as follows: the packaging, once collected should be initially decontaminated:
decontamination is meant to wash and rinse with solvent SOLVESO so that this material can
recover and absorb most of the pesticide residues.
The decontaminated metal packaging will be compacted in a press. This process will involve
making a hole in the container and reducing the packaging to less than one tenth of its original
volume.
The line of drums treatment is already installed but not in use.
The line of small containers includes successively:
 A crushing line which can be used also for drums eventually
 A washing line including the treatment of washing effluent
70
There are 2 ways of monetization of cleaned plastic wastes:
 Incineration in a cement kiln as co-fuel
 Recycling as a raw material
The disposal of paper or cardboard packaging can be done either:
• by burning while taking care that the smoke that emerges should not be inhaled by any
human or any animal, and is directed away from buildings, roads and open spaces frequented
by the public or;
• taking it to a landfill waste.
New Store
Emty container Managt
Figure 6 Location store for empty container management
Store management
management of input and output
Empty container management
Input of new pesticides
Repacking for distribution
Contaminated empty container
Repacking Obsolete pesticides
Drums
Disposal of Obsolete pesticides
Small plastic
drums
Recycling of material
Treament of used washing effluent
71
Figure 7 : Pesticide store management
Empty container management
Metal and plastic drums
small plastic containers (1 )
Washing
Press
Treatment of
used solvent
Shredding
Washing (1)
Cement kiln
Washing effluent
treatment
Incineration
abroad
Shredded material
Used activated carbon
Incineration
abroad
Plastic Recycling facility
Figure 8 : Management of empty container Crushing equipment
Type of Shredder for plastic drums.
Shape of shredded plastic components
Photo 5 : Shredder for plastic drums
J.2.4 Effluent management
Under normal operation, the store does not generate waste, but any sewage from toilets must
be handled by septic tanks.
72
In abnormal operation (in case of fire, for example), provisions have been incorporated into
the design of the store to hold the water used to extinguish the fire.
If the water used to extinguish the fire is contaminated, when the degree of contamination is
established, if possible it should be decontaminated, if it should be considered an outdated /
obsolete pesticide and treated accordingly.
J.2.5 Security arrangements (transport, storage, preparation)
This section describes the security measures aimed at preventing suspected risks across the
various hazards discussed (fires, explosions and release toxic substances). Indeed, the security
arrangements are the most important aspect and should comply with FAO pesticide storage
and stock control guideline. In addition, it is important to consider all other necessary safety
measures to minimize the potential risks during the transport of products by road
Some security arrangements are useful for the following phases:
During transport: The following measures will be used for pesticide transportation by trucks:
- Conveyors and handlers will be protected;
- Vvehicles will fulfill with the Basic requirements in this type of work (including the
prohibition of simultaneous transport of other goods, items for human consumption, for
example);
- The driver will be aware regarding specific information about the real nature of loading
and written instructions on the nature of the pesticides transported;
- Information on the nature of hazards and risks that may result in case of accident will be
provided to drivers;
- Drivers will be Trainedon precautions and actions to be taken in case of emergency.
During storage, All pesticides to be stored in the new store ( see table 3) are insecticides
categorized as Flammable liquid (except carbaryl which is Toxic Substance Non combustable
in group. Carbaryl will be stored separetly in different part in the same store with out getting
joined to the other pesticides
in addition to securing the disposal site and the separation and grouping of products by
category, the following will apply:
- Provide direct access to the outside without passing through another building;
- Illuminate and ventilate the work area to deliver and repackage pesticides at some distance
from the entrance to the store. From this perspective, exhaust fans must be installed in the
store, preferably on timer. Ventilation at roof level and soil (screened against birds and rats) is
also recommended to remove fumes and light, warm air and heavy vapors. This will limit the
store vulnerability to this risk. Ceiling vents will not be fitted to the store as wall vents are
enough to properly remove fumes in a highland locality ( Addis Ababa).
- Install a bulkhead separating the different types of pesticides and acting as a firewall
- Provide a space to store empty containers and obsolete inventory pending removal for
disposal.
The storekeeper's office must be separated from the storage area. It is a place to wash if there
is no running water. Protective clothing should not be stored with pesticides. Sparks can cause
fires; electrical installations must be properly insulated (mineral insulated or armored cable).
During the preparation for use:
- Read and follow label instructions;
- Use protective clothing;
73
- Use the proper equipment;
- Equipment for personnel protection.
Specifically when handling products on the store, it is recommended to make available to
each member of staff, always:
- Work clothing, rubber boots and gloves of impervious PVC gloves for handling everyday
packaging;
- PVC apron, nitrile rubber or neoprene or polyethylene those who throw themselves after
use;
- Goggles or a visor safety dust masks disposable breathing mask with his game cartridge dust
and anti-vapor.
This equipment must be maintained and cleaned after use (washing with hot soapy water then
rinse with clear water).Good stock management avoids direct contact of personnel with the
products.
J.2.6 Safety means
J.2.6.1 Hygiene and health protection equipment
The site must be equipped with toilets, a shower and a sink, which can be used for daily
hygiene (washing hands and face before meals, for example) and in case of incident.
In addition, personal protective equipment will be available to handlers and storekeepers.
They will be equipped:
- Hard Hat or canvas;
- Goggles or face shield (attached to the helmet);
- Masks cons powder products and smoke and light;
- Face masks to protect against airborne particulates/droplets or gas masks with protective
cartridge against organic vapors;
- Gloves / gauntlets nitrile rubber or neoprene;
- Coveralls;
- Aprons nitrile rubber or neoprene;
- Boots resistant rubber or neoprene.
J.2.6.2 Fire Safety Equipment
Fire safety equipment will be placed prominently outside the pesticide store, signs marked
"Danger: Pesticides entry restricted to authorized persons.
In addition, basic rules to avoid fire are the absolute prohibition of smoking and the use of an
open flame in an around the store.. This prohibition should be widely displayed both inside
and outside the store, close to the access and in particular to the entrance, a signal understood
by all. Such signs must be permanent and regularly maintained.
The store will be provided with means of fire control (mobile or portable fire extinguishers,
fixed) adapted to its size and product stored:
- Inert powder, liquid or solid;
- Water spray with additive on packaging materials and solid products;
74
- Carbon Dioxide on electrical installations.
- Insulation Blanket
- Empty pesticide containers (preferably salvage drums that can hold 200 liters of product)
- Empty Bags for reconditioning damaged or very leaky packaging material
- Stickers with hazard symbols to mark the drums.
These extinguishing materials must be visible, accessible and regularly maintained. It is
recommended to place them near the entry/exit points.
The store must also have at least one periodically maintained Fire Network Armored (FNA).
The network that is effectively connected with the great powers of officers of the security is
generally reserved for use by firefighters. Therefore firefighters in the area must be informed
of the existence of the store and the corresponding risks.
It is very useful to place a sign outside the store indicating the names and addresses of
officials (including those with keys) to notify in case of emergency.
Protective clothing and equipment used by firefighters must be thoroughly decontaminated
after use.
Moreover,training will be provided to the personnel working in the store on the following
areas.
(i)standard operating procedures-site security,inspection,record keeping,empty
container management,including waste management
(ii) health and safety measures(no smoking ,first aid in case of poisoning etc)
(iii) use of personal protection equipment
( iv)spill prevention,control,and countermeasures
(v) emergency planning and response
J.2.7 Emergency (decontamination equipment, first aid, reaction in case of poisoning)
To deal with emergencies and incidents of explosion, the storage warehouse will be equipped
with:
- Material for handling accidental spills and leaks;
- Fire-fighting equipment, and;
- Facilities for first aid
Decontamination Equipment
With regard to material for handling accidental spills and leaks, the store should have:
- Container absorbent material (sand, sawdust or dry soil)
- Shovel
- Broom-brush
- Short-handled brush and shovel
- Water (current or in tanks) and soap
- Detergent Solution
- Tube Clamps
- Funnel Metal
- Equipment fire:
- Extinguisher powder
- Insulation Blanket
- Empty pesticide containers (preferably salvage drums can hold 200 liters of product)
- Empty Bags for reconditioning damaged packaging or very leaky
- Stickers with hazard symbols to mark the drums
75
First Aid Equipment
- Aid kit
- Stretcher and blanket
- Kit for eye rinse.
Reaction in case of poisoning
The spreading of accidental fires and lack of hygiene in the storage facility can be sources of
poisoning.
It is also advisable to make available at least the following equipment to intervene in cases of
poisoning:
- Sanitary equipment (sink, shower, tap);
- Soap
- Dry and clean rags
- Containers for storage of soiled clothes.
The staff must be trained to react quickly in case of poisoning and provide first aid. Training
must be provided by health services.
.
J.3 Supervision Program and Environmental Monitoring
J.3.1. Environmental supervision
J.3.1.1 Supervision
Environmental supervision means all inspections, monitoring and intervention to ensure that:
• All requirements and conditions for environmental protection are actually observed before,
during and after construction;
• Measures of environmental protection prescribed or planned are in place and achieve the
objectives;
• The risks and uncertainties can be managed and corrected in a timely manner.
Environmental monitoring is primarily responsible for complying with environmental
protection measures that have been recommended in the context of this ESIA. Monitoring
allow us to control their effectiveness and efficiency.
The publication of a monitoring report is an integral part of environmental monitoring
activities. Information on pesticide inventory records will be updated by Ministry of
Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Regulatory Directorate (APHRD) annually as inventory
changes and the same information would be provided to Deputy Head of APHRD
electronically and in hardy copy.
J.3.1.2 Implementation of the environmental monitoring
76
The ASP should commit to a comprehensive program of environmental monitoring. Next the
different steps of the construction project, major commitments should include:
Table 24 : Major commitments in connection to environmental monitoring
Step
Design phase
Pre construction phase
Construction phase
End of construction
Commitment
Incorporation of standards and recommendations of FAO for pesticides
store construction into design plans and specifications
Registration in contract actions, requirements, standards and other
environmental requirements
Honoring commitments that ASP Ethiopia will take to protect the
environment
execution of places rehabilitation activities
During the construction phase, the consulting engineer responsible for overseeing work on
site will be in touch with an environmental specialist that has as main tasks:
 Enforce all current mitigation measures for this specific project;
 Remind the contractor of their environmental obligations and ensure that these are
respected during the construction period;
 Ensure commitment of sub-contractors regarding compliance with the measures of
environmental protection;
 Check plans and specifications to ensure their environmental compliance
 Prepare reports of environmental monitoring throughout the construction work;
 Inspect construction and apply the appropriate patches as appropriate;
 Writing the final report of environmental monitoring program during
Moreover, he/she can act as an interface between local residents and contractor in case of
complaints.
J.3.2 Environmental monitoring
For environmental monitoring, it means observing activities and measures to determine the
real impacts of a facility compared to the prediction of impacts performed during the EIA.
Monitoring is the continuation of the EIA elaboration.
In this study, most of the projected impacts do not justify the development of a detailed
monitoring program
J.4 Institutional measures (capacity building, population information)
In light of the dangers associated with the nature of pesticides to humans and the
environment, it is for the MoA to provide its employees with sufficient technical and
management capacities to minimize their exposure on the pesticide storage site. To this end,
training in respect of basic rules of protection, security and management will cover the
operation of the store without major incidents. From this perspective, all staff working in the
store must periodically receive minimal training on reaction in case of fire. Some staff may be
qualified fire safety. It is recommended to organize training with the assistance of firefighters.
77
Arrangements by the staff and the public (others workers in Kality site) in case of fire should
be widely disseminated within the Kality site. These instructions will be clearly identified
with the symbols or figures:
- Unauthorized entry,
- Stray animal prohibited
- Explosion hazard - flammable liquid - prohibition of smoking
- Ports of protective equipment required.
In addition, the store keeper will receive adequate training in the areas of First Aid, the use of
fire prevention/control measures, but primarily on standards for storage and inventory control.
Role of agencies involved to the pesticide project
No
Agency name
Responsibility
1
ASP/Ministry
of Assist in/ liaise (facilitate)
Agriculture
 Emergency reports to concerned authorities (Fire
brigade, police, Hospital)
 Coordination measures in case of emergency.
 with the provision of PPEs, safety equipment
develop work plan and budget estimation
 follwo up the implementation of work plan,
working procedures (SOPs), etc of the operation.
 Compile progress reports and submit to WB,

Provide emergency reports to concerned
authorities (Fire brigade, police, Hospital)

Coordinate / facilitate measures in case of
emergency.
 Conduct weekly inspection of pesticide stocks
in the store
2
3
4
5
6
7
Environmental
Agency
Protection Audits operational activities including storage and
transportation of pesticides are in compliance with
Ethiopian and international regulations
Ministry of Health/Health Deals with occupational health/Emergency treatment of
Stations
the poisoned person
Fire Brgede
Fire fighting measure
Police station
Collaborate with ASP/MoA in emergency reporting in
case of emergencies
Pesticide Store contractor
Conduct construction as per the bidding document
Pesticide store construction Supervision of design amendement (incase if there is
78
supervision consultant
aneed for design amendment)
79
Table 25 : Training needs and institutional strengthening
Project Phase
Construction
Operation
Construction
Measure targeted
Environmental
supervision
monitoring Plan
and
Application of good
practices
during
construction (waste
management, limiting
noise, etc..)
/parties to Reinforcement needs identified
be trained
Identify a person or a consultant
responsible for the environment in order
to
monitor
the
environmental
MoA
recommendations into implementation
ASP
phase of the work and to ensure
appropriate
monitoring
of
the
environment during operation
Provide training for surveillance and
monitoring environment in general, in
terms of quality management and on
particular issues such as nuisance odors
associated with inventory management or
monitoring of work.
Contractor Appointment of a person on the site
responsible for the implementation of
recommendations of environmental good
practices.
Storage and
operation
Training of security
measures
MoA
Pesticide
handling, MoA
Store
management
and pesticide stocks
management
Cost
Store
Operating
Budget
Include
in
construction
contract
Prepare posters and pictograms on the MoA
hazards and best practices related to
pesticides
Organize information sessions focused on
the hazards of pesticides
Organize
training
session
for MoA
storekeepers, handling personal, drivers
80
Table 26 : Environmental management plan
Phase
Construction
Impact
Mitigation measures
Loss of vegetation cover
mainly
Water pollution by oil spills
of gears on site
Deposit of waste which
impacts on the landscape
waste
deposit that can pollute the
soil
risk leakeage from the store
Integrate in the design facilities to ensure soil Designer
ASP
sealing and the collection of leaks by external (technical study, Supervision
sump
design,
consultant
determination of
Integrate in the design, the construction of a cost)
drainage channel according to the technical
recommendations of the soil study
Risk of flooding
Control
Responsible
Re-vegetate the site with native species adapted
Implementation
Responsible
contractor
oil changes, repair, etc of vehicles made outside
of the site
Waste collection and storage in approved landfill
contractor
ASP
Supervision
consultant
Collection, storage and disposal of oils and
lubricants to potential buyers
Embarrassment for workers Minimization of dust: watering
and
Wildlife Noise abatement: use of equipment in good
condition, arrange work schedules between 8H
and 17H, equip workers acoustic protection in
case of need
Some percussion instruments can also be fitted
with noise
81
contractor
contractor
Cost
Inside
contract
budget
the
Phase
Impact
Mitigation measures
Implementation
Responsible
Control
Responsible
MoA
EPA / MoA
Cost
The internal combustion engine machines
(scorers, graders, excavators, etc..) Must be
equipped with silencers
Repair as soon as possible the construction
equipment and vehicles that produce excessive
emissions of exhaust
Fire Security Equipment
PPE
Store
operation
Explosion and fire
Toxic Exposure and staff
Risk
of
pollution
of
groundwater due to spills, decontamination material
leaks
Risk of soil contamination
resulting from spills, leaks
special
hazardous waste generation
(dust, sand or dry soil Salvage drum
containing the chemical
absorbed) after a pesticide
leak
Special hazardous waste
generation
(drums
iron, Empty Container management in the Kality site
plastic
and
cardboard
packaging or paper)
Good management of pesticides stocks
Odor nuisance from the store
to nearby residents
Training
Proper store maintenance
Record
keeping,spill MoA
prevention,control,countermeasure,emergency
response,maintaining properly trained on-site
staff
82
Store
operational
Manuel
J.5 Implementation of the EMP
Mitigation measures identified for the project activities must be properly applied.
J.5.1. During the construction
All mitigation measures contained in the ESIA should be stipulated in the tender documents
in standard environmental clauses and delivered to the contractor responsible for building the
store and thus become part of the contracts.
The specifications and price schedule for the contractor, will state that they will support the
measures required to prevent pollution (sewage, solid waste, noise and vibration, storage of
materials, rehabilitation of degraded sites etc.).
During the construction phase, the Pesticide store supervision
consulting engineer
responsible for overseeing work on site will have the responsibility to ensure that all
environmental clauses are followed by the contractor.
J.5.2. During operation
MoA is required to provide all means of fire risk reduction – alarm and extinguishing in
accordance with the standards requirements.
The list of equipment to be acquired should be validated by the Ministry of Agriculture
J.6 Budget
Cost of management plan and environmental and social monitoring
The management plan and environmental monitoring plan comprise three categories of
measures:
• Measures for inclusion in the tender document and tender and contractual measures which
will not be evaluated financially;
• Preventive measures, actions in case of emergency by the acquisition of suitable equipment
which must be performed in the operating budget of the store;
• Environmental measures (capacity building, awareness ...) which is estimated as follows.
Thus, the cost of EMP will focus on environmental measures).
83
Table 27 : Budget estimate for environmental action plan with the main responsible entities
Area concerned
Project phase
Humans
Construction and Training
and
operation
campaign
Operation
50 coverall
Environment
Activities
Responsible
organization
awareness MoA
MoA
Operation
Operation
Operation
Operation
25 Goggle
10 boots
6 hard hat
100 Nitrile glove
MoA
MoA
Operation
Operation
Operation
6 Hard hat
2 sets of first aid kit
2 Spilled control kit
MoA
MoA
MoA
6 fire extinguisher
25 packs of vermiculate
absorbent
300 wooden pallet
50 liter detergent
6 shovel
MoA
MoA
10 broom
Decontamination of the store
in the event of leaks or spills
25 salvage drums
technical
study,
design,
determination of cost
MoA
MoA
Operation
Operation
Operation
Operation
Operation
Operation
Construction
Construction
of a drainage
channel
and
sump
Miscellaneous
Operation
MoA
MoA
MoA
MoA
MoA
MoA
(designer)
Coverage of unforeseen and MoA
unspecified events including
corrective
measures,
monitoring, Inspection and
measures to deal with
accidents
84
Cost USD
USD2000
Existing
resources
(resourses
already
available
MoA)
>> >>
>> >>
USD 60
Existing
resources
USD 60
USD 100
Existing
resources
USD 300
USD 300
USD 1800
USD 150
Existing
resources
USD 50
USD 200
USD 500
TBD
USD 3000
at
References
FAO 1996. Pesticide Storage and Stock Control Manual. Rome
FAO 2000. FAO Pesticide Disposal Series. Assessing Soil Contamination, A reference
manual
FAO 2007. Environmental Tool Kit for Obsolete Pesticides (EMTK) Volume 1
FAO 2007 Environmental Tool Kit for Obsolete Pesticides (EMTK) volume 2
JICA 2004 Integration of Ground water Related Information in Addis Ababa and Akaki areas
Appendix III, Borehole Inventory, Water Quality & List of GIS Data Base.
85
ANNEX
86
ANNEX 1 Pesticide Store Design and All drawings (see separate file)
ANNEX 2 :Fact sheets on pesticides
Carbaryl
Common formulation : C12H11NO2
CAS registry number : 63–25–2
Use : As an insecticide to control insects on citrus fruits, fruit, cotton, forests, lawns, shade trees and
other crops.
CARBARYL IN THE ENVIRONMENT
• Mobility
Based on its moderate soil sorption coefficient, carbaryl exhibits moderate mobility.
• Degradation
Carbaryl has low persistence in soil. Its degradation is mostly due to sunlight and bacterial action. The
rate of photolysis at the soil surface depends on the soil water content. Carbaryl has a half-life of 7–14
days in sandy loam soil, and 14–28 days in clay loam soil. It hydrolyses relatively rapidly in moist
alkaline soil, but only slowly in acidic soil.
Release to soil results in rapid hydrolysis at pH values of seven and above (half-life 10.5 days, 1.8
days and 2.5 hours at a pH of seven, eight and nine, respectively). In surface water, carbaryl may
degrade due to bacteria and through hydrolysis. The half-life varies greatly depending on water
acidity. Hydrolysis in acidic water is slow (half-life 1 500 days at pH 5).
• Degradation products
The major degradation products are 3-hydroxycarbofuran. 3-ketocarbofuran and carbofuran phenol.
• Volatilization/evaporation
Evaporation of the compound is very slow.
• Bioaccumulation
Bioaccumulation is thought to be not significant.
• Phytotoxicity
Degradation of carbaryl in crops occurs by hydrolysis inside the plants. It has a short residual life of
less than two weeks.
PROPERTIES
87
Carbaryl forms colorless to light tan crystals. It is stable in the presence of heat, light and acids. It is
subject to hydrolysis.
Parameters
Property
Melting point
Vapour pressure
Density
Parameter
Unit
°C
mPa
g/cm3
Degradation
DT50soil
Days
Solubility
Mobility
ADI
Permissible
Concentrations
Sw
Log KOC
mg/1
mg/kg/day
Value
142
<5.3
1.232
17–
28
40
2.5
0.01
Conclusion
Readily/ fairly
degradable
Readily soluble
Moderately mobile
Human:
Direct contact
Consumption of vegetables
Consumption of drinkingwater
mg/kg dm
soil
mg/kg dm
soil
μg/l
5 000
5
200
Fenitrothion
Common formulation
C9H12NO5PS
CAS registry number
122-14-5
Use
As a contact insecticide; it is effective against a wide range of pests, e.g. penetrating, chewing and
sucking insects.
FENITROTHION IN THE ENVIRONMENT
• Mobility
Fenitrothion shows medium to low mobility in soil.
• Degradation
88
Fenitrothion is biodegraded in soil by co-metabolism. Biodegradation occurs more rapidly under
anaerobic conditions than under aerobic conditions. The biodegradation half-life of fenitrothion ranges
from 4.4 to 53.7 days in non-flooded soils, and from 3.9 to 10.9 days in flooded soils.
At neutral pH values, the abiotic hydrolysis of fenitrothion in soil is not important. It increases,
however, in alkaline environments. A half-life of 4.4 years was estimated for soil samples at pH 7.2.
On the soil surface, fenitrothion is subject to photolysis, a process that may occur very rapidly.
Photolysis half-life has been estimated at one day. For comparison, the volatilization half-life was
found to be more than 12 days.
• Degradation products
The products of degradation are aminonitrophenol and demethyl aminofenitrothion.
• Volatilization/evaporation
According to estimates, the maximum volatilization half-life in an acid environment is 180 days. The
volatilization half-life of fenitrothion in lake and brook water was estimated at 21 and 5 days,
respectively.
• Bioaccumulation
Expectations are that in water, fenitrothion adsorbs moderately to strongly to suspended particles and
sediments, and that it accumulates moderately in aquatic organisms.
• Phytotoxicity
Not applicable.
PROPERTIES
Fenitrothion is a yellow liquid. It is not stable in an alkaline environment.
TABLE Q
Parameters
Property
Melting point
Vapour pressure
Density
Parameter
Unit
°C
mPa
g/cm3
Value
n.a.
0.15
1.32
Degradation
DT50soil
Days
4–54
Solubility
Sw
mg/l
Mobility
Log Koc
21
2.4–
3.19
0.005
ADI
Permissible
Concentrations
mg/kg/day
Human:
mg/kg dm
soil
Consumption of vegetables mg/kg dm
Direct contact
89
2 500
3
Conclusion
Readily/fairly
degradable
Readily soluble
Moderately/ slightly
mobile
soil
Consumption of drinkingwater
μg/l
100
Malathion
Common formulation
C10H19O6PS2
CAS registry number
121-75-5
Use
As an insecticide against many insects, including aphids, spider mites and scale insects, as well as
large number of other insects which attack fruits, vegetables and stored products.
MALATHION IN THE ENVIRONMENT
• Mobility
Malathion moderately sorbs to the soil and is moderately mobile.
• Degradation
If malathion is released into soil, it is subject to significant biodegradation and hydrolysis.
Biodegradation may be an important fate process, especially in soils at pH 7 where the rate of
hydrolysis may be slow. Reported biodegradation half-lives in soils range from four to six days.
Malathion in water is subject to hydrolysis with a half-life range of 0.2 weeks at pH 8 to 21 weeks at
pH 6.
• Degradation products
The major degradation products are malathion, malathionbetamonoacid, diethyl malathion and
malaoxon.
• Volatilization/evaporation
Expectations are that volatilization is of little importance.
• Bioaccumulation
In water, malathion is thought not to bioaccumulate significantly in aquatic organisms.
• Phytotoxicity
Not applicable.
90
PROPERTIES
Malathion is a clear amber liquid. It hydrolyses above pH 7 and below pH 5. It is stable in solution
buffered to pH 5.26.
Parameters
Property
Melting point
Vapour pressure
Density
Degradation
Solubility
Mobility
ADI
Permissible Concentrations
Parameter
Unit
°C
mPa
g/cm3
Days
mg/1
DT50soil
Sw
Log Koc
mg/kg/day
Value
2.9
5.3
1.23
4–6
145
3
0.02
Conclusion
Readily degradable
Highly soluble
Moderately mobile
Human:
Direct contact
mg/kg dm soil 10 000
Consumption of vegetables
mg/kg dm soil 100
Consumption of drinking-water μg/l
400
Diazinon
Common formulation
C12H21N2O3PS
CAS registry number
333-41-5
Use
As an insecticide, mainly applied to fruit trees, horticultural crops, rice, sugar cane, etc.
DIAZINON IN THE ENVIRONMENT
• Mobility
Diazinon does not bind strongly to soil. It shows moderate mobility.
• Degradation
The values of DT50 in Table K are average values from several DT50 values reported in the field.
Diazinon does not persist in soil. Most of the diazinon applied is lost from soil through chemical and
biological degradation within about two months of application. Hydrolysis has been reported to be
slow at pH greater than 6, but may be significant in some soils.
91
Biodegradation is thought to be a major fate process in soils with reported half-lives of more than 1.2
to 5 weeks in non-sterile soils, as compared with half-lives of 6.5 to 12.5 weeks in sterile soils.
The rate of chemical degradation of diazinon strongly depends on environmental acidity. Diazinon is
more stable in alkaline environments than at a neutral or an acidic pH value. Hydrolysis half-lives are
of 32 days (pH 5), 185 days (pH 7.4) and 136 days (pH 9) at 20°C.
• Degradation products
No data available.
• Volatilization/evaporation
Evaporation from the surface of soil is thought not to be an important transport process. Evaporation
from a river may be significant, with a half-life of 46 days.
• Bioaccumulation
Diazinon is thought to sorb moderately to sediments but does not bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms.
• Phytotoxicity
About 50 percent of the diazinon was lost from treated rice plants within nine days through
volatilization from the paddy water and transpiration from the leaves. Less than 10 percent of the
radioactivity remains in plants and parent compounds.
PROPERTIES
Diazinon is a colourless liquid. It is more stable in alkaline environments than at a neutral or an acid
pH. It has a shelf-life of at least three to five years when stored in a dry place and at minimum storage
temperature.
Parameters
Property
Melting point
Vapour pressure
Density
Degradation
Solubility
Mobility
ADI
Permissible Concentrations
Parameter
Unit
°C
mPa
g/cm
Weeks
mg/l
DT50 soil
Solubility (water)
Log Koc
mg/kg/day
Value
0.097
1.11
1.2–5
40
1.92
0.002
Human:
Direct contact
mg/kg dm soil 1 000
Consumption of vegetables
mg/kg dm soil 0.3
Consumption of drinking-water μg/l
40
92
Conclusion
Fairly degradable
Readily soluble
Moderately mobile
ANNEX 3 : Kality Pesticide Construction Store Soil Study (see separate file)
ANNEX 4 :OVERVIEW OF THE WORLD BANK’S SAFEGUARD POLICIES
The World Bank’s ten safeguard policies are designed to help ensure that projects proposed
for Bank financing are environmentally and socially sustainable, and thus improve decision
making. These operational policies include:
 OP 4.01 Environmental Assessment;
 OP 4.04 Natural Habitats ;
 OP 4.09 Pest Management ;
 OP 4.11 Cultural Heritage;
 OP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement;
 OP 4.10 Indigenous People;
 OP 4.36 Forests;
 OP 4.37 Safety of Dams;
 OP 7.50 Projects on International Waterways ;
 OP 7.60 Projects in Disputed Areas.
In addition, there is the Bank’s Disclosure Policy BP 17.50 which requires that all safeguard
documents are disclosed in the respective countries and at the Bank’s Infoshop prior to
appraisal. Of these operational policies, OP 4.01 is the “umbrella” policy as the environmental
screening results will determine which of the afore-mentioned safeguard policies are likely to
be triggered, in addition to OP 4.01.
Based on the general applicability of Safeguard Policies to Kaliti pesticides storehouse
construction, the KPSC has triggered two of the World Bank’s Safeguard Policies, namely,
OP 4.01 Environmental Assessment and OP 4.09 Pest Management. The remaining
operational policies are not triggered by KPSC.
OP 4.01 Environmental Assessment: The objective of OP 4.01 is to ensure that projects
financed by the Bank are environmentally and socially sustainable, and that the decision
making process is improved through an appropriate analysis of the actions including their
potential environmental impacts. Environmental assessment (EA) is a process whose breadth,
depth, and type of analysis depend on the nature, scale, and potential environmental impact of
the proposed project. EA takes into account the natural environment (air, water, and land);
human health and safety; social aspects (involuntary resettlement, indigenous peoples, and
cultural property); and transboundary and global environmental aspects. EA considers natural
and social aspects in an integrated way. OP 4.01 is triggered if a project is likely to present
some risks and potential adverse environmental impacts in its area of influence. Thus, in the
case of KPSC, potential negative environmental and social impacts due to construction
activities are likely to include soil erosion, soil and groundwater pollution, air pollution, loss
of vegetation, public health impacts such as traffic hazards, noise, dust, and loss of
livelihoods. Also in operation the KPSC is dealing with transport, loading and unloading
pesticide, storage management of pesticide.
OP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement: The objective of this operational policy is to (i) avoid or
minimize involuntary resettlement, where feasible and explore all viable alternative project
designs; (ii) assist displaced persons in improving their former living standards, income
93
earning capacity, and production levels, or at least in restoring them; (iii) encourage
community participation in planning and implementing resettlement, and (iv) provide
assistance to affected people regardless of the legality of land tenure. The policy does not only
cover physical relocation, but any loss of land or other assets resulting in: (i) relocation or loss
of shelter; (ii) loss of assets or access to assets; and (iii) loss of income sources or means of
livelihood, whether or not the affected people must move to another location. This policy also
applies to the involuntary restriction of access to legally designated parks and protected areas
resulting in adverse impacts on the livelihoods of the displaced persons. Though, the project
will not entail taking of land for new infrastructure development. This policy will most likely
not apply to Kaliti pesticides storehouse construction
OP 4.09 Pest Management: The objective of this policy is to promote the use of biological
or environmental control methods and reduce reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides. In
Bank-financed agricultural operations, pest populations are normally controlled through
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approaches. In Bank-financed public health projects, the
Bank supports controlling pests primarily through environmental methods. The policy further
ensures that health and environmental hazards associated with pesticides are minimized. The
procurement of pesticides in a Bank-financed project is contingent on an assessment of the
nature and degree of associated risk, taking into account the proposed use and the intended
user. The policy is triggered if procurement of pesticides is envisaged (either directly through
the project or indirectly through on-lending); if the project may affect pest management in a
way that harm could be done, even though the project is not envisaged to procure pesticides.
This includes projects that may lead to substantially increased pesticide use and subsequent
increase in health and environmental risks; and projects that may maintain or expand present
pest management practices that are unsustainable.
Summary of the World Bank protection policies
OP 4.01
Environmental
assessment
The objective of the policy is to ensure the
projects financed by the Bank are sound and
sustainable, and decision making be improved
through an appropriate analysis of actions and of
their potential environmental impacts. This
policy is triggered if a project is likely to have
environmental risks and impacts (adverse) on its
area of influence. OP 4.01 covers the
environmental impacts (nature air, water and
land); human health and security; physical
cultural resources; as well as transboundary and
global environmental problems.
OP 4.04 Natural This policy recognizes that the conservation of
natural habitats is essential for long-term
Habitats
sustainable development. The Bank, therefore,
supports the protection, maintenance, and
rehabilitation of natural habitats in its project
financing, as well as policy dialogue and
analytical work. The Bank supports, and expects
the Borrowers to apply, a precautionary approach
94
Depending on the project, and nature of impacts
a range of instruments can be used: EIA,
environmental audit, hazard or risk assessment
and
environmental
management
plan
(EMP).When a project is likely to have sectoral
or regional impacts, sectoral or regional EA is
required. The EIA is the responsibility of the
borrower.
Since KPSC is dealing with pesticide handling
and
construction
of
an
infrastructure
environmental and social impact assessment is
required
.
This policy is triggered by any type of project
(including any sub project under sectoral
investment regime or intermediary funding) that
have the potential to cause some important
conversion (loss) or degradation of natural
habitats, whether directly (by the construction) or
indirectly (by human activities triggered by the
les project).
to natural resource management to ensure
opportunities for environmentally sustainable
development.
The objective of this policy is to help borrowers
OP 4.36 Forests
exploit the potential of forests in order to curb
poverty in a sustainable manner, efficiently
integrate forests in sustainable economic
development and protect vital local and global
environmental services and forests values. Where
forest restoration and plantation are needed in
order to achieve these objectives, the Bank helps
borrowers in forest restoration activities in order
to maintain or develop biodiversity and the
operation of ecosystems. The Bank help
borrowers in the creation of forest plantations
appropriate from the environmental viewpoint
and socially beneficial and economically sound
in order to help meet the growing forests’ needs
and services
OP 4.09 Pest The objective of this policy is to promote the use
of biological or environmental control methods
Management
and reduce reliance on synthetic chemical
pesticides. In Bank-financed agricultural
operations, pest populations are normally
controlled through Integrated Pest Management
(IPM) approaches. In Bank-financed public
health projects, the Bank supports controlling
pests primarily through environmental methods.
The policy further ensures that health and
environmental hazards associated with pesticides
are minimized. The procurement of pesticides in
a Bank-financed project is contingent on an
assessment of the nature and degree of associated
risk, taking into account the proposed use and the
intended user.
OP 4.11 Cultural The objective of this policy is the help countries
avoid or reduce the adverse impacts of
property
development projects on physical cultural
resources. In order to implement such policy, the
word “physical cultural resources” means
movable and unmovable objects, sites, structures,
natural’s aspects of landscapes that have an
importance
form
the
archeological,
paleontological, historic, architectural, religious,
aesthetic or other. Physical cultural resources
could be found in urban or rural areas, as well as
both in the open air, under the ground and in the
sea also.
OP
4.12 The objective of this policy is to avoid or
minimize involuntary resettlement where
Involuntary
feasible, exploring all viable alternative project
Resettlement
designs. Furthermore, it intends to assist
displaced persons in improving their former
living standards; it encourages community
participation in planning and implementing
95
With the KPSC, adverse impacts on natural
habitat will not happened
This policy is triggered each time an investment
project financed by the Bank: (i) has the potential
to cause health impacts and the quality of forests
or the rights and the well being of the people and
their dependency level with the interaction with
forests; or (ii) aims at bringing some change in
the uses of natural forests or plantations.
Under KPSC, forest are not likely to be
impacted since the project is in urban area
and far from any forest
The policy is triggered if procurement of
pesticides is envisaged (either directly through
the project or indirectly through on-lending); if
the project may affect pest management in a way
that harm could be done, even though the project
is not envisaged to procure pesticides. This
includes projects that may lead to substantially
increased pesticide use and subsequent increase
in health and environmental risks; and projects
that may maintain or expand present pest
management practices that are unsustainable.
In the framework of the KPSC, good
management of pesticide is the main propose.
This policy applies to all projects included in
category A or B of the Environmental
assessment scheduled in OP4.01.
With the KPSC, adverse impacts on cultural
property will not happen.
This policy is triggered not only if physical
relocation occurs, but also by any loss of land
resulting in: relocation or loss of shelter; loss of
assets or access to assets; loss of income sources
or means of livelihood, whether or not the
affected people must move to another location.
resettlement; and to provide assistance to Under KPSC, land acquisition is not required.
affected people, regardless of the legality of title
of land.
96