TEST DATE: __________
NAME:
Regents Biology
Homework Packet
Unit 7: Genetics

Use your Biology by Miller & Levine textbook to complete and help with the following homework
assignments.

(1) Read the assigned pages, (2) Define the vocabulary, and (3) Answer the questions.

Neatness counts. Number the definitions. Write the page and number of the questions. Do your work in
ink or even type the homework. Staple the definitions and questions to the HW packet.

The homework assignment is due the day before the test. We will use the HW packet as a test review.
The completed and corrected HW packet will be collected on the day of the test. Late homework
assignments receive no credit (0). If the assignment is not turned in by the last day of the quarter the
zero grade (0) will change to -5.
Chapter 11: Introduction to
Genetics
Read pages 306 – 335
p. 308 Vocab (9)
p. 313 Vocab (7)
p. 319 Vocab (4)
p. 312 #1b, 2a, 2b, 2c, 3
p. 318 #2a, 2b, 4
p. 321 #2a
p. 329 #4a, 4b
Regents Review:
Pgs. 332 – 335
#1 – 33
________________________
Chapter 12: DNA
Read pages 336 – 359
p. 338 Vocab (2)
p. 344 Vocab (1)
p. 350 Vocab (3)
Regents Review:
Pgs. 356 - 359
#1 – 36
________________________
Chapter 13: RNA and Protein
Synthesis
Read pages 360 – 389
p. 362 Vocab (9)
p. 366 Vocab (6)
p. 372 Vocab (5)
p. 377 Vocab (7)
p. 365 #1a
p. 371 #2b, 3b
p. 376 #1b
p. 383 #2a
Regents Review:
Pgs. 386 – 389
#1 – 34
________________________
p. 392 Vocab (6)
p. 398 Vocab (1)
p. 403 Vocab (4)
p. 397 #1b, 2a, 2b, 3a
p. 401 #2b
p. 409 #2a, 3
Regents Review:
Pgs. 412 – 415
#1 – 33
________________________
Chapter 15: Genetic
Engineering
Read pages 416 – 445
p. 418 Vocab (4)
p. 421 Vocab (6)
p. 428 Vocab (4)
p. 420 #2a
p. 427 #1a, 2a
p. 434 #2a, 3b
p. 439 #4
Chapter 14: Human Heredity
p. 343 #3a, 3b
p. 348 #1b
p. 353 #1a, 2b
Read pages 390 – 415
Regents Review:
Pgs. 442 – 445
#1 – 35
Genetics Review
MENDELIAN GENETICS:
_________________________ (1822 – 1884) – Austrian monk;




Developed some basic principles of heredity without any knowledge of genes or chromosomes.
Used a mathematical analysis of large numbers of offspring produced by crossing pea plants to develop
major concepts of genetics.
As a result of analyzing specific mathematical ratios associated with certain characteristics in the
offspring, Mendel proposed that characteristics were inherited as the result of the transmission of
hereditary factors.
Mendel observed contrasting characteristics in pea plants in his work: flower color is purple or white;
flower position is axil or terminal; stem length is long or short; seed shape is round or wrinkled; seed
color is yellow or green; pod shape is inflated or constricted; pod color is yellow or green
Major Genetic Concepts:
1. _________________________ = a pattern of heredity in which only one gene of an allelic pair is expressed.
In the heterozygous condition, one allele of a gene may express itself and mask the presence of the other allele.
ex. Toe Size T = long toes, t = short toes  Tt x Tt.
dominant trait: the trait or allele that is expressed
recessive trait: the trait or allele that is present but that is not expressed
2. ______________________________________ = When gametes are formed during
meiosis there is a random segregation of homologous chromosomes. As a result of
fertilization, alleles recombine. As a consequence, new allelic gene combinations are likely
to be produced. Segregation and recombination is illustrated by the cross between two individuals heterozygous
for a trait.
3. ___________________________ = If the genes for two different traits are located on different chromosomes
(nonhomologous chromosomes), they segregate randomly during meiosis and, therefore, may be inherited
independently of each other. The cross of two organisms heterozygous for a trait is known as a hybrid cross.
Assuming large numbers of such crosses:

the phenotypic ratio of dominant offspring to recessive offspring is 3:1

the genotypic ratio of homozygous dominant offspring to heterozygous dominant offspring to
homozygous recessive offspring is 1:2:1
Other Forms of Inheritance
1. _____________________: A case of contrasting alleles in which one allele is only partially dominant
over the other; the dominant allele is only partially expressed when the recessive allele is present.

red flowers X white flowers = pink flowers
2. _____________________: a case of contrasting alleles in which neither allele is dominant; over the other
(alleles have equal power)

cross between red cattle X white cattle = roan cattle (cattle with red and white hairs).
3. _____________________: Not every trait is controlled by just two different alleles. Some traits have
more than two different alleles, but an organism can only carry two of the alleles.

in humans there are 3 different alleles for blood groups IA, IB, i
4. _____________________: alleles that are carried on the sex chromosomes (X or Y). Generally traits
carried on the X chromosome are more likely to occur in males than females because males only have one
X chromosome so which ever allele (dominant or recessive) occurs on the X chromosome is expressed in
the phenotype.

color blindness and hemophilia
Gene Linkage: when genes for two different traits (nonallelic genes) are located on the same chromosome pair
(homologous chromosomes); Linked genes are usually inherited together.
Crossing Over: during synapsis in the first meiotic division, the
chromatids in a homologous pair of chromosomes often twist around each
other, break, exchange segments and rejoin; Crossing over results in the
rearrangement of linked genes and increases the variability of offspring.
Karyotype: an enlarged photograph of the chromosomes in an
organism; Human diploid cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes.
Autosomes = body chromosomes (22 pr. in humans) One pair of sex
chromosomes. In the male each sex chromosome is unlike and is
designated XY. In the female each sex chromosome is alike and is
designated XX. The sex of a human is genetically determined at
fertilization when a sperm cell containing either an X or a Y
chromosome unites with an egg cell containing an X chromosome
Modern Genetics:
Nucleic Acids: polymer of nucleotides;
1. _____ (ribonucleic acid) directs cellular protein synthesis; found in ribosomes & nucleoli
2. _____ (deoxyribonucleic acid) contains the genetic code of instructions that direct a cell's behavior through
the synthesis of proteins; found in the chromosomes of the nucleus (and a few other organelles);
Chromosomes found in the nucleus carry the hereditary material; DNA controls cellular activity by
influencing the production of enzymes.
Watson and Crick (early 1950's): determined the structure of the
DNA molecule; Consists of two chains of nucleotide units in a twisted
ladder-like structure = double helix;
 The sides of the ladder are made up of alternating deoxyribose
sugar and phosphate group units;
 The rungs of the ladder are made of 2 nitrogenous bases per rung
linked together by a weak hydrogen bond.
 Only 2 combinations of base pairs can form the rungs of the
DNA molecule; Adenine - Thymine (A-T); Guanine - Cytosine
(C-G)
Look up Rosalind Franklin…What did she have to do with
DNA?
Structure of DNA Molecules: DNA is a very long chain polymer
made up of thousands of repeating units called nucleotides. Nucleotide
Unit is composed of a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogenous
base.

The Nitrogenous Bases are; adenine (A) thymine (T) guanine
(G) cytosine (C)

Nucleotide = subunit of DNA

Gene = specific sequence of nucleotides that codes for a polypeptide. Genes can range from 10,000 –

100,000 base pairs

Chromosome = a collection of genes and “junk DNA” connected together. The DNA is then wrapped
around proteins to pack it into the nucleus. Chromosomes are millions of base pairs long. Every
organism has a specific chromosome number - diploid = 2n.

RNA = is also a polymer formed by a sequence of nucleotides.

The RNA molecule is a SINGLE nucleotide strand, not a double strand as in DNA.

The sugar molecule in RNA is RIBOSE - not deoxyribose as in DNA.

The base URACIL (U) takes the place of thymine (T)

Types of RNA: (1) mRNA (messenger RNA) made in nucleus; (2) tRNA (transfer RNA) on
the ribosomes; (3) rRNA (ribosomal RNA) in the cytoplasm
DNA Replication:
1. The double stranded DNA molecule unwinds and unzips
between the weak hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous base
pairs.
2. Free nucleotides present in the nucleus attach themselves by
forming new hydrogen bonds with the exposed bases in the
single chain. The only base which can reattach is the same type
of base that was originally joined to it.
Usefulness of the Watson-Crick Model
1. Explained how mitosis produces exact DNA copies
for each daughter cell  thus the genetic information passes on
unchanged.
2. Explained how DNA acts as a code directing the making of
enzymes and other proteins by a cell, thus directing cellular
activities.
Protein Synthesis: is a 2 step cellular process to make proteins. DNA contains the instructions for the order of
amino acids in a protein. The ribosomes in the cell put the amino acids together in the order the DNA dictates.
Analogy: DNA = Recipe; Ribosome = baker; Protein = cake
A) Transcription = transfer of the genetic message from DNA to mRNA;
1. DNA serves as a template for the synthesis of mRNA from free RNA nucleotides in the nucleus.
2. mRNA molecules carrying a specific code determined by the base sequence of the DNA template moves
from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
3. Strands of mRNA carrying codons transcribed from DNA, move to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm. (each
codon will code for a specific amino acid)
B) Translation = transfer of the genetic message into amino acid sequence
4. mRNA strands become associated with rRNA on the ribosomes.
5. Different anticodons of nitrogenous bases in tRNA molecules pick up specific amino acids in the cytoplasm
and carry them to mRNA at the ribosomes.
6. Amino acids are put into position on the ribosome with instructions from the anticodon codes of tRNA and
mRNA.
7. With the aid of enzymes and ATP (energy), the amino acids are bonded to form a polypeptide chain
(protein) on the ribosome.
8. This protein formation is what directs metabolic activity in any cell.
One gene codes for one
polypeptide chain.
Since the sequence of
nucleotides in DNA
determines the sequence
of nucleotides in
messenger RNA, DNA
ultimately determines
the sequence of amino
acids in specific
proteins. The specificity
of enzymes is dependent
on their protein makeup,
and, since the
individuality of a cell is
largely a function of the
enzymes it
possesses, it is evident
that DNA determines
the individuality and
function of an organism.
The work of a cell is
carried out by the many
different kinds of
molecules it assembles,
mostly proteins.
Proteins are long, folded
molecules made up of
up to 20 different kinds
of amino acids which
interact to produce
specific protein shapes.
The specific shape of the protein determines the specific function of that protein.
Offspring resemble their parents because they inherit similar genes that code for the production of proteins that
form similar structures and perform similar functions.
How are cell functions regulated:
1. Gene regulation allows only the selective expression of certain individual genes.
2. The regulation of certain genes controls the activity and production of certain proteins.
All this gene regulation allows cells and organisms to respond to their environment and control their growth and
division. Body cells of an individual can be very different from each other, even though they have descended
from a single cell (zygote) and have essentially the same genetic instructions. This is because different parts of
these instructions are used in different types of cells, influenced by the cells environment and developmental
history.
Genetic Research:
1. Cloning: producing a group of genetically identical offspring from the cells of an organism
This technique shows great promise in agriculture. Plants with desirable qualities can be rapidly produced from
the cells of a single plant.
2. Genetic engineering: (recombinant DNA) transfer of genetic information from one organism to another;
includes the transfer of entire genes and gene splicing; A cell can synthesize a new chemical coded for by its
new gene(s); examples include interferon, insulin, and growth hormone.
Genetic engineering can correct genetic defects & produce agriculturally more efficient plants and animals.
Gene Therapy = correcting defective/diseases genes in cells than implanting the corrected cells back into
the person; juvenile diabetes  correcting Islet of Langerhans cell; cystic fibrosis.
restriction enzymes - used to cut segments of DNA in one organism so they can be transferred into
another organism; Characteristics produced by the segments of DNA may be expressed when these segments
are inserted into new organisms such as bacteria. Inserting, deleting, or altering DNA segments can alter
genes. An altered gene may be passed on to every cell that develops from it.
Substances from genetically engineered organisms may reduce the cost and side effects of replacing body
chemicals. Human insulin produced in bacteria is already an example of this.
3. Human Genome Project: has allowed humans to know the basic framework of their genetic code;
Knowledge of genetics is making possible new fields of health care. Genetic mapping is making it possible to
detect and possibly correct, defective genes that may lead to poor health. A down side to this is that health
insurance agencies and other organizations may use this genetic information against individuals.
Mutations:
changes in genetic material. While an altered gene (mutation) may be passed on to every cell that develops
from the mutated cell, only mutations in sex cells may be passed on to the offspring. A mutation occurring
only in body cells may be perpetuated in the individual but will not be passed on to the offspring by sexual
reproduction.
Chromosomal Mutations - the effects of chromosomal alterations are usually quite visible in the phenotype
of the organism because many genes are usually involved.
1. Nondisjunction: homologous chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis, producing offspring with one
chromosome more or less than is normal; disjunction - the separation of homologous chromosomes
during meiosis; if disjunction fails to occur (nondisjunction), gametes with an addition or a missing
chromosome will be produced.
2. Polyploidy: The presence of one or more entire additional sets of chromosomes in an organism (3n, 4n
number, etc.) Polyploidy is also caused by nondisjunction (But of an ENTIRE set of chromosomes.)
3. Translocation: transfer of one section of a chromosome to a nonhomologous chromosome; “jumping
genes”
4. Addition: a portion of one chromosome is attached to
another chromosome
5. Deletion: a portion of a chromosome is taken away from a
chromosome
6. Inversion: a portion of a chromosome breaks off and then
becomes reattached to the same chromosome in an inverted
(upside down) fashion
Gene Mutations - While the effects of some gene mutations, such as albinism, are obvious, the effects of other
gene mutations may not be as readily noticed.
1. Insertion: An insertion changes the number of DNA bases in a gene by adding a piece of DNA. As a
result, the protein made by the gene may not function properly.
2. Deletion: A deletion changes the number of DNA bases by removing a piece of DNA. Small deletions
may remove one or a few base pairs within a gene, while larger deletions can remove an entire gene or
several neighboring genes. The deleted DNA may alter the function of the resulting protein(s).
3. Frameshift mutation: This type of mutation occurs when the addition or loss of DNA bases changes a
gene's reading frame. A reading frame consists of groups of 3 bases that each code for one amino acid. A
frameshift mutation shifts the grouping of these bases and changes the code for amino acids. The resulting
protein is usually nonfunctional. Insertions, deletions, and duplications can all be frameshift mutations.
Mutagenic Agents - increase the random incidence of mutations; 1. Radiation - X-rays, ultraviolet, radioactive
substances, and cosmic rays; 2. Chemicals - formaldehyde, benzene, asbestos fibers, THC, nicotine
The adaptive value of a gene mutation is dependent upon the nature of the mutation and the type of environment
with which the organism interacts.
Nature vs. Nurture
The environment interacts with genes in the development and expression of inherited traits.
1. Many green plants contain chlorophyll for food making but if these leaves are screened from the light they
stop making chlorophyll.
2. Identical twins raised in different environments may be vastly different in intelligence.
3. If some white fur is shaved from a Himalayan rabbit and the area is kept cold with an ice pack, black fur
will grow back in its place. (The gene for black fur is active only at very low temperatures.)
Understanding the Concepts:
1. Why was the garden pea plant a good choice for Mendel's studies of genetics?
2. Explain the principle of dominance.
3. How is incomplete dominance different from complete dominance?
4. Explain independent assortment.
5. How can one determine whether the genotype of an individual exhibiting a dominant trait is homozygous
dominant or heterozygous?
6. What is the difference between a homozygous and a heterozygous trait?
7. Where are genes found in a cell, and what are they composed of?
8. Describe the appearance and composition of a DNA molecule.
9. Explain the process of transcription.
10. Explain the correlation between DNA and protein.
11. Explain the relationship between the environment and heredity
12. How is recombinant DNA made?
Match the following words with their definitions:
a. polyploidy
b. Huntington's disease
c. inversion
d. point mutation
e. Tay-Sachs disease
f. hemophilia
g. translocation
h. phenylketonuria
i. cystic fibrosis
j. nondisjunction
k. Muscular Dystrophy
l. Down's Syndrome
m. messenger RNA
n. purines
o. structural gene
p. ribosome
q. nucleotide
r. regulator gene
s. transfer RNA
t. pyrimidines
u. operator Sene
v. helix
w. repressor protein
x. gene mutation
___ 1. building block of nucleic acid
___ 8. sex-linked disorder that affects blood clotting
___ 2. adenine and guanine
___ 9. affects breathing by clogging lungs
___ 3. thymine and cytosine
___ 10. affects oxygen-carrying capacity in red
blood cells
___ 4. carries the DNA code to a ribosome
___ 11. causes muscle tissue to break down
___ 5. copies messenger RNA
___ 12. affects Jewish ancestry, infant death
___ 6. protein plus two ribosomal RNA molecules
___ 13. addition or loss of a chromosome
___ 7. DNA segment that codes for a particular
polypeptide
___ 14. extra twenty-first chromosome
MONOHYBRID CROSS:
Dihybrid Cross:
P. 367 Quick Lab: How Does a Cell Interpret Codons?
(1) Base Sequence
GACAAGTCCACAATC
(2) From left to right, write the sequence of the mRNA molecule transcribed from this gene.
_____________________________________________________________
(3) Using figure 13-6, read the mRNA codons from left to right. Then write the amino acid sequence of the
polypeptide.
______________________________________________________________
(4) Repeat step 2 and step 3, reading the sequence from right to left write the new mRNA sequence and then the
new amino acid sequence (Use the orginal sequence not what it says in the book).
mRNA
____________________________________________________________
Amino Acid
____________________________________________________________
Analyze and Conclude:
1. Why did step 4 produce a different polypeptide then step 3?
2. Do cells usually decode nucleotides in one direction only or in either direction?
Mass Amounts of Genetics Questions
Part I: Basic Genetics (Mendelian and Classical Genetics)
___ 1. Which concept is not associated with the work of
Gregor Mendel?
(1.) dominance
(2.) independent assortment
(3.) use and disuse
(4.) segregation
___ 2. Which statement describes the work of Gregor
Mendel?
(1.) He developed some basic principles of heredity
without having knowledge of chromosomes.
(2.) He developed the microscope for the study of genes
in pea plants.
(3.) He explained the principle of dominance on the basis
of the gene-chromosome theory.
(4.) He used his knowledge of gene mutations to help
explain the appearance of new traits in organisms.
___ 3. Mendel developed his basic principles of heredity
by
(1.) microscopic study of chromosomes and genes
(2.) mathematical analysis of the offspring of pea plants
(3.) breeding experiments with drosophila
(4.) ultracentrifugation studies of cell organelles
___ 8. All of the offspring produced in a cross involving a
brown mink and a silver-blue mink are brown. When these
brown mink offspring were crossed with each other, the
ratio of brown to silver blue was 3:1. The results of these
crosses are best explained by
(1.) independent assortment and crossing-over
(2.) codominance, segregation, and recombination
(3.) dominance, segregation, and recombination
(4.) recombination and intermediate inheritance
___ 9. Pea plants heterozygous for both height and color
of seed coat (TtYy) were crossed with pea plants that
were homozygous recessive for both traits (ttyy). The
offspring from this cross included tall plants with green
seeds, tall plants with yellow seeds, short plants
with green seeds, and short plants with yellow seeds
This cross best illustrates
(1.) gene mutation
(2.) independent assortment of chromosomes
(3.) environmental influence on heredity
(4.) intermediate inheritance
___ 4. Mendel developed the basic principles of heredity
by
(1.) examining chromosomes with microscopes
(2.) analyzing large numbers of offspring
(3.) using x rays to induce mutations
(4.) observing crossing-over during meiosis
___ 10. In raccoons, a dark face mask is dominant over a
bleached face mask. Several crosses were made between
raccoons that were heterozygous for dark face mask and
raccoons that were homozygous for bleached face mask.
What percentage of the offspring would be expected to
have a dark face mask?
(1.) 0%
(2.) 50%
(3.) 75%
(4.) 100%
___ 5. Using the results of his experiments with pea plant
crosses, Gregor Mendel discovered
(1.) the principles of dominance, segregation, and
independent assortment
(2.) intermediate inheritance and gene linkage
(3.) that pea plants develop mutations after exposure to
radiation
(4.) that DNA is involved in the inheritance of dominant
traits
___ 11. When two heterozygous tall plants are crossed,
some short plants appear in the offspring. The
appearance of these short plants illustrates
(1.) segregation and recombination
(2.) intermediate inheritance
(3.) crossing-over and differentiation
(4.) codominant inheritance
___ 6. In pea plants, the long-stem trait (L) is dominant
and the short-stem train (l) is recessive. Two pea plants
were crossed, producing seeds that yielded 165 long-stem
plants and 54 short-stem plants. The genotypes of the
parent plants were most likely
(1.) Ll and LL
(2.) Ll and Ll
(3.) ll and ll
(4.) LL and ll
___ 7. In guinea pigs, black fur (B) is dominant over white
fur (b) and rough fur (R) is dominant over smooth fur (r). A
cross between two guinea pigs hybrid for both traits (BbRr
x BbRr) produces some offspring that have rough, black
fur and some that have smooth, black fur. The genotypes
of these offspring illustrate the genetic concept of
(1.) intermediate inheritance
(2.) multiple alleles
(3.) independent assortment
(4.) codominance
___ 12. In squirrels, the gene for gray fur (G) is dominant
over the gene for black fur (g). If 50% of a large litter of
squirrels are gray, the parental cross that produced this
litter was most likely
(1.) GG x Gg (2.) Gg x gg
(3.) GG x GG (4.) gg x gg
___ 13. In a certain variety of chicken, the genes for black
feather color and the genes for white feather color are
codominant. This variety of chicken will most likely have
(1.) three possible phenotypes for feather color
(2.) only two genotypes for feather color
(3.) white feather color, only
(4.) black feather color, only
___ 14. In a certain species of mouse, gray fur (G) is
dominant over cream-colored fur (g). If a homozygous
gray mouse is crossed with a cream-colored mouse, the
genotype of the F1 generation will most likely be
(1.) 100% Gg
(2.) 25% GG, 50% Gg, and 25% gg
(3.) 50% GG and 50% gg
(4.) 75% Gg and 25% gg
___ 15. Which two processes are best represented by the
diagram shown?
(1.) recombination and
codominance
(2.) segregation and
recombination
(3.) segregation and
intermediate inheritance
(4.) codominance and gene
linkage
___ 16. Kernel color in corn is a trait determined by two
alleles. The dominant allele (P) produces a purple color,
and the recessive allele (p) produces a yellow color.
The diagram below shows an ear of corn produced by
crossing two corn plants. The shaded kernels are purple,
and the unshaded ones are yellow.
3. The genetic makeup of an organism is called its
_______________.
4. The appearance of an organism is also called its
_________________.
5. The offspring of a cross are called its
___________________.
Free Response Section
1. Explain why the Law of Segregation and
Recombination supports the idea that one-half the genetic
material coming into a zygote (which will become a new
sexually reproduced individual) must come from each
parent.
2. Briefly state each of Mendel's Laws and explain what
they mean.
The yellow kernels can best be described as
(1.) homozygous dominant
(2.) hybrid
(3.) heterozygous
(4.) homozygous recessive
Completion Section
1. Another name for a pure genotype like TT or tt is
________________.
2. Another name for hybrid offspring like Tt is
_________________.
Part II: Genetics (mutations, environment, and heredity, and applications)
___ 1. Flower color in primrose plants is controlled by an
individual gene. The sudden appearance of one white
flowering primrose in a plant breeder’s field of red
primrose plants is most likely due to
(1.) a change in the amount of glucose produced during
photosynthesis
(2.) the use of a new natural fertilizer on the field
(3.) rapid mitotic divisions within the developing seeds
(4.) a random change in the structure of DNA during
meiosis
Use the information provided in the chart below and your
knowledge of the living environment to answer questions 6
and 7 which follow.
___ 2. The gene-chromosome theory states that
(1.) chromosomes from both parents always have identical
genes
(2.) homologous chromosomes do not have alleles
(3.) genes exist at definite loci in a linear sequence on
chromosomes
(4.) Mendel's principles no longer apply to genetics
___ 3. Which statement best describes the process of
crossing over?
(1.) It takes place between homologous chromosomes
and results in new gene combinations.
(2.) It takes place between homologous chromosomes
and results in an increased gene mutation rate.
(3.) It takes place between nonhomologous
chromosomes and results in an increased gene mutation
rate.
(4.) It takes place between nonhomologous chromosomes
and results in new gene combinations.
___ 4. White short-horned cattle and Black Angus cattle
have been crossed to produce offspring with
superior beef and rapid growth qualities. This
process of choosing organisms with the most desirable
traits for mating is known as
(1.) cloning
(2.) selective breeding
(3.) biodiversity
(4.) genetic engineering
___ 5. A structure found in the nucleus of a cell is shown
in the diagram. The information contained in the diagram
best illustrates the
(1.) law of segregation
(2.) concept of nondisjunction
(3.) theory of natural selection
(4.) gene-chromosome theory
___ 6. The arrangement of chromosomes in the diagram
at the right is known as a
(1.) karyotype
(2.) centromere
(3.) mutation rate
(4.) genotype
___ 7. If the chromosomes of a female were arranged in
chart form like the chromosomes of this male, the chart
would
(1.) be identical to that of the male
(2.) appear different in one chromosome pair
(3.) contain more chromosomes
(4.) have one-half the number of chromosomes
___ 8. Mutations can be transmitted to the next
generation only if they are present in
(1.) brain cells
(2.) body cells
(3.) sex cells
(4.) muscle cells
___ 9. Sometimes a section of a chromosome is lost
during meiosis. This loss results in a change in genetic
material known as
(1.) deletion
(2.) replication
(3.) crossing over
(4.) polyploidy
___ 10. In which situation could a mutation be passed on
to the offspring of an organism?
(1.) Ultraviolet radiation causes skin cells to undergo
uncontrolled mitotic division.
(2.) A primary sex cell in a human forms a gamete that
contains 24 chromosomes.
(3.) The DNA of a human lung cell undergoes random
breakage.
(4.) A cell in the uterine wall of a human female undergoes
a chromosomal alteration.
___ 11. Bacteria that produce colonies containing a red
pigment were distributed on nutrient agar and exposed to
ultraviolet light for several days. The colonies that
developed were red, with the exception of one colony that
was white. The appearance of this white bacterial colony
most likely resulted from
(1.) codominance
(2.) a mutation
(3.) synapsis
(4.) multiple alleles
___ 12. Which genetic change is best described by the
following statement. A random change in the base
sequence of DNA results in an alteration of a polypeptide.
(1.) Translocation
(2.) Deletion
(3.) Addition
(4.) Gene Mutation
___ 13. Which genetic change is best described by the
following statement. A chromosomal rearrangement is
formed after a section breaks off from one chromosome
and becomes attached to a nonhomologous chromosome.
(1.) Translocation
(2.) Deletion
(3.) Addition
(4.) Gene Mutation
___ 14. Substances that increase the chance of gene
alterations are known as
(1.) mutagenic agents
(2.) chromosomal agents
(3.) genetic agents
(4.) adaptive agents
___ 15. A gene mutation may be transmitted to offspring
if the mutation occurs within
(1.) an egg cell
(2.) cells of the uterus
(3.) muscle cells
(4.) blood cells
___ 16. The mutation rates in Drosophila will most likely
increase after exposure to
(1.) ultraviolet radiation
(2.) oxygen gas
(3.) yeast growing on a nutrient medium
(4.) extremely cold temperatures
___ 17. Which change in chromosome structure involves
the transfer of one section of a chromosome to a
nonhomologous chromosome?
(1.) nitrogenous base substitution
(2.) crossing-over of linked genes
(3.) translocation
(4.) gene mutation
___ 18. Which statement best describes a chromosomal
alteration?
(1.) It never affects the phenotype of an organism.
(2.) It always produces a recessive genotype in an
organism.
(3.) It may affect the phenotype of an organism.
(4.) It never has an effect on the genotype of an organism.
___ 19. The diagram at the right shows some
chromosomal alterations. Which chromosome represents
an alteration known as a deletion?
(1.) 1
(2.) 2
(3.) 3
(4.) 4
___ 20. A mutation may be passed on to future
generations if it occurs within specialized cells of the
(1.) stomach (2.) pancreas
(3.) liver
(4.) ovary
___ 21. An example of a mutagenic agent is
(1.) an amino acid
(2.) acetylcholine
(3.) ultraviolet radiation (4.) maltase
___ 22. A single change in the sequence of nitrogenous
bases in a DNA molecule would most likely result in
(1.) crossing-over (2.) nondisjunction of chromosomes
(3.) polyploidy
(4.) a gene mutation
___ 23. Some weed killers, insecticides, and food
additives alter the DNA of certain cells. Because of this
effect, these substances are known as
(1.) auxins
(2.) meristems
(3.) mutagens
(4.) autosomes
___ 24. In a species of plant, the sudden appearance of
one plant with a different leaf structure would most likely
be the result of
(1.) stable gene frequencies
(2.) slow environmental changes
(3.) chromosomal mutations
(4.) asexual reproduction
___ 25. Identical twins were born with genes for a genetic
disorder that can be controlled by diet. Both twins were
placed on this diet, which excludes a certain amino
acid. However, one twin chose not to follow the diet and
developed the genetic disorder. The other twin followed
the diet and did not develop the disorder. This difference
between the twins illustrates that
(1.) gene expression is not influenced by biochemical
factors
(2.) gene expression is influenced by the environment
(3.) identical twins do not always have the same
genotype (4.) the genetic disorder is inherited by identical
twins, only
___ 26. The diagram at the right illustrates what happens
to the fur coloration of a Himalayan hare after exposure to
a low temperature. This change in fur coloration is most
likely due to
(1.) the effect of heredity on gene expression
(2.) environmental influences on gene action
(3.) the arrangement of genes on homologous
chromosomes
(4.) mutations resulting from a change in the environment
___ 27. A garden hose that had been lying on a green
lawn for several days was removed. Which statement best
explains the presence of yellow grass in the area where
the hose had been?
(1.) The lack of sunlight under the hose altered the
genotype of the grass.
(2.) The hose altered genes in the grass, causing the
grass to switch from autotrophic to heterotrophic
nutrition. (3.) Gene expression is not affected by the
environment.
(4.) The lack of sunlight under the hose affected
chlorophyll production.
___ 28. Artificial selection is illustrated by
(1.) random mating taking place in a population
(2.) a gardener producing a new hybrid by crosspollinating plants
(3.) the appearance of a new species on an isolated island
(4.) wind assisting the pollination of grass in a field
___ 29. Breeders have developed a variety of chicken
that has no feathers. Which methods were most likely
used to produce this variety?
(1.) artificial selection and inbreeding
(2.) regeneration and incubation
(3.) grafting and hybridization
(4.) vegetative propagation and binary fission
___ 30. When the bacterium Serratia marcescens is
grown on a sterile culture medium in a petri dish at 30°C,
the bacterial colonies will be cream colored. When this
same bacterium is cultured under identical conditions,
except at a temperature of 25°C, the colonies will be brick
red. This difference in color is most likely due to the
(1.) type of nutrients in the culture medium
(2.) effect of temperature on the expression of the gene for
color
(3.) sterilization of the culture medium
(4.) effect of colony size on the synthesis of color
pigments
___ 31. A cattle breeder wished to develop a strain of
cattle that would produce large quantities of meat per
animal. He chose a bull and a cow that most nearly met
his goals for breed size. From their calves, he again chose
the male and female offspring that most nearly met his
goals. After several generations of this style of breeding,
the breeder developed a herd of high-yield cattle. In order
to maintain this herd of high-yield cattle, which
technique should the cattle breeder use?
(1.) vegetative propagation (2.) genetic recombination
(3.) hybridization
(4.) inbreeding
___ 32. In fruit flies with the curly wing mutation, the wings
will be straight if the flies are kept at 16°C, but curly if they
are kept at 25°C. The most probable explanation for this is
that
(1.) fruit flies with curly wings cannot survive at high
temperatures
(2.) high temperatures increase the rate of mutations
(3.) the environment influences wing phenotype in these
fruit flies
(4.) wing length in these fruit flies is directly proportional to
temperature
___ 33. Scientists conducted a study of identical twins
who were separated at birth and raised in different homes.
They found that in some sets of twins the individuals
showed a marked difference in intelligence. The most
likely explanation for this difference is that
(1.) expression of inherited traits can modify the
environment
(2.) environment can influence the development and
expression of inherited traits
(3.) intelligence is a sex-linked trait
(4.) nondisjunction occurred in the autosomes of one twin
but not the other twin
Use the diagram below and your knowledge of the living
environment to answer questions 34 through 36 which
follow.
___ 34. Which situation would form a normal human
male?
___ 35. Which situation would form a normal human
female?
___ 36. Which situation would produce a female zygote
having a nondisjunction of the 23rd chromosome pair?
___ 37. Which diagram represents a sperm that can unite
with a normal egg to produce a zygote that will develop
into a normal human male embryo?
___ 40. A woman has a gene that causes a visual
disorder. To prevent the gene from appearing in future
generations, the defective gene would have to be repaired
in the mother's
(1.) eye
(2.) uterus
(3.) nervous system
(4.) reproductive cells
Free Response Section
1. List and describe at least three specific changes in
chromosome structure we discussed.
___ 38. In humans, the gene for red hair and the gene for
freckles are often inherited together because both genes
are located on the same chromosome. This observation
best illustrates the concept of
(1.) gene linkage
(2.) dominance
(3.) independent assortment
(4.) hybridization
Note that question 39 has only three choices.
___ 39. Which statement best describes the relationship
between the number of genes and number of
chromosomes in human skin cells?
(1.) There are more genes than chromosomes in skin
cells.
(2.) There are more chromosomes than genes in skin
cells.
(3.) There are an equal number of chromosomes and
genes in skin cells.
2. List and describe at least three techniques used to
select for better plants and animals.
______________________________________________
PART III: Genetics (Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology )
___ 1. Which type of compound is found in every DNA
molecule?
(1.) starch
(2.) nitrogenous base
(3.) lipid
(4.) amino acid
___ 2. In a DNA molecule, a base pair could normally be
composed of
(1.) adenine-thymine
(2.) adenine-uracil
(3.) thymine-guanine
(4.) adenine-guanine
___ 3. The deoxyribo part in the name deoxyribonucleic
acid refers to the
(1.) rungs of the sugar ladder
(2.) bonds that hold the two strands together
(3.) sugar component of DNA
(4.) type of helical arrangement
___ 4. A nucleotide of DNA could contain
(1.) adenine, ribose, and phosphate
(2.) nitrogenous base, phosphate, and glucose
(3.) phosphate, deoxyribose, and thymine
(4.) uracil, deoxyribose and phosphate
___ 5. A molecular group consisting of a sugar molecule,
a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base is a
(1.) nucleoprotein
(2.) amino acid
(3.) nucleic acid
(4.) nucleotide
___ 6. Which statement concerning nucleic acids is
FALSE?
(1.) DNA is a single stranded molecule.
(2.) DNA forms a twisted helix.
(3.) RNA contains ribose sugar.
(4.) RNA may contain uracil.
___ 7. A nucleotide would least likely contain the element
(1.) carbon
(2.) nitrogen
(3.) phosphorus
(4.) sulfur
___ 8. Which nitrogenous bases is NOT found in DNA?
(1.) thymine
(2.) uracil
(3.) adenine
(4.) guanine
(5.) cytosine
___ 9. During the replication of the DNA molecule, bonds
are broken between the
(1.) nitrogenous bases (2.) phosphate groups
(3.) pentose sugars
(4.) sugars and phosphates
___ 10. After the replication of the DNA molecule is
completed, each of the two daughter cells is usually
composed of
(1.) fragments from both strands of the parent DNA
molecule
(2.) one nucleotide strand exactly like the parent
nucleotide strands
(3.) nucleotides slightly different from the parent DNA
molecule
(4.) nucleotides like the parent DNA molecule except that
thymine is substituted for uracil
___ 11. Which is NOT part of a nucleotide?
(1.) ribose
(2.) guanine
(3.) maltose
(4.) phosphate
___ 12. In nucleotides, the letters A, G, C, and T
represent
(1.) phosphate groups
(2.) nitrogenous bases
(3.) deoxyribose sugars
(4.) ribose sugars
___ 13. Select the type of nucleic acid molecule that is
best described by the following phrase: may contain
adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine.
(1.) DNA molecules, only
(2.) Both DNA and RNA molecules
(3.) RNA molecules, only
(4.) Neither DNA nor RNA molecules
___ 14. Select the type of nucleic acid molecule that is
best described by the following phrase: are present in the
nuclei of human cheek cells.
(1.) DNA molecules, only
(2.) Both DNA and RNA molecules
(3.) RNA molecules, only
(4.) Neither DNA nor RNA molecules
___ 15. DNA is a polymer consisting of repeating units
known as
(1.) dipeptides
(2.) amino acids
(3.) nucleotides
(4.) organic salts
___ 16. Which components of DNA are held together by
weak hydrogen bonds?
(1.) phosphate and adenine
(2.) thymine and deoxyribose
(3.) phosphate and deoxyribose
(4.) cytosine and guanine
Use the information provided in by the picture below on
the right and your knowledge of the living environment to
answer questions 17 through 19 which follow.
___ 17. In the diagram, which letter
indicates a section of the molecule that
includes all the components of a
nucleotide?
(1.) A (2.) B (3.) C
(4.) D
___ 18. What molecule is represented on
the right?
___ 19. State a reason for your answer in
the preceding question.
___ 20. Which event takes place first during DNA
replication?
(1.) A single-stranded RNA molecule is formed.
(2.) Free nucleotides are bonded together in the correct
sequence
(3.) Transfer RNA links to an amino acid.
(4.) The DNA molecule "unzips" along weak hydrogen
bonds.
___ 21. A DNA nucleotide is composed of
(1.) carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus
(2.) calcium, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and iron
(3.) carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and calcium
(4.) oxygen, hydrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and iron
___ 22. Which base is normally used in the synthesis of
RNA but not in the synthesis of DNA?
(1.) adenine
(2.) cytosine
(3.) uracil
(4.) guanine
Use the information provided in the diagram below at the
right and your knowledge of the living environment to
answer questions 23 through 25 which follow?
___ 27. The position of an amino acid in a protein
molecule is determined by the
(1.) concentration of amino acids in the cytoplasm
(2.) amount of ATP in the cell synthesizing the protein
(3.) sequence of nitrogenous bases in DNA
(4.) sequence of amino groups in an amino acid
Use the information provided below to answer questions
28 and 29.
A = adenine, C = cytosine
G = guanine, T = thymine, U = uracil
___ 28. How would the complementary strand of DNA
appear if the original strand of DNA contained the bases
T-A-G-C in that order?
(1.) U-A-C-G
(2.) G-C-A-T
(3.) T-A-C-G
(4.) A-T-C-G
___ 29. A strand of messenger RNA is transcribed from
an original strand of DNA. The original bases on the DNA
strand were T-A-C-G. What is the base sequence on the
RNA strand produced from this?
(1.) U-A-G-C
(2.) T-A-G-C
(3.) C-G-A-U
(4.) A-U-G-C
___ 30. During protein synthesis, which type of molecule
attaches particular amino acid molecules and positions
them in specific positions on the polypeptide chain?
(1.) DNA
(2.) mRNA
(3.) tRNA
(4.) ADP
___ 23. The structure and location of a cellular
component is represented in the diagram shown. The
polymer in the diagram most likely contains
(1.) adenosine triphosphate
(2.) genes
(3.) lipids
(4.) hydrolytic enzymes
___ 24. Name the polymer pictured at the right and name
one reason for your answer based on the structure of this
polymer.
___ 31. With which cellular activity is the replication of
DNA most closely associated?
(1.) mitosis
(2.) aerobic respiration
(3.) transport
(4.) polysaccharide synthesis
Match each of the following terms with a statement from
the list provided which best associates with that term.
Place the letter of that statement in the blank on your
answer sheet.
___ 32. polypeptide
___ 33. template
___ 34. replication
___ 35. triplet
___ 25. What repeating subunits make up this polymer?
___ 36. cloning
___ 37. alpha helix
___ 26. In a portion of a gene, the nitrogenous base
sequence is T-C-G-A-A-T. Which nitrogenous base
sequence would normally be found bonded to this section
of the gene?
(1.) A-C-G-T-A-A
(2.) A-G-C-T-T-A
(3.) A-C-G-U-U-A
(4.) U-G-C-A-A-U
A. another name for a protein
B. to make a copy of DNA
C. a long starch molecule
D. something which is copied
E. sequence of nitrogenous bases which codes for an
amino acid
F. an identical organism copy
G. the shape of DNA
___ 38. Which statement about mutations is most correct?
(1.) Most mutations are recessive and beneficial.
(2.) Mutations are sources of variations in offspring.
(3.) Mutations occur in only fruit flies and molds.
(4.) Mutations can not occur unless the mutating cell is
exposed to ionizing radiation.
___ 45. Molecule 2 is RNA. List two reasons it can be
easily determined this molecule is RNA by looking at its
structure.
___ 39. In the cytoplasm, messenger RNA becomes
attached to the
(1.) cytoplasm
(2.) chloroplasts
(3.) centrosomes
(4.) ribosomes
___ 40. Select the type of nucleic acid molecule that is
best described by the following phrase: carry genetic
information from the nucleus to the ribosomes.
(1.) DNA molecules, only
(2.) Both DNA and RNA molecules
(3.) RNA molecules, only
(4.) Neither DNA nor RNA molecules
___ 41. The correct order of molecules involved in protein
synthesis is
(1.) messenger RNA, transfer RNA, DNA, polypeptide
(2.) transfer RNA, polypeptide, DNA, messenger RNA,
DNA
(3.) DNA, messenger RNA, polypeptide, transfer RNA
(4.) DNA, messenger RNA, transfer RNA, polypeptide
Use the diagram below at the right and your knowledge of
the living environment to answer questions 42 through 46
which follow. The diagram represents molecules involved
in protein synthesis.
___ 42. In plant cells, molecule 1 is found in the
(1.) centriole
(2.) cell wall
(3.) nucleus
(4.) ribosome
___ 43. The building blocks of molecule 3 are known
as (1.) amino acids
(2.) nucleotides
(3.) fatty acids
(4.) monosaccharides
___ 44. Where do the chemical reactions that are coded
for by molecule 2 take place?
(1.) in the vacuole
(2.) in the lysosome
(3.) on the plasma membrane (4.) at ribosomes
___ 46. Molecule 3 is known as
(1.) DNA
(2.) RNA
(3.) a polypeptide
(4.) a fatty acid
___ 47. The code of a gene is delivered to the enzymeproducing region of a cell by a
(1.) hormone
(2.) messenger RNA
molecule (3.) nerve impulse
(4.) DNA molecule
___ 48. Recombinant DNA is presently used in the
biotechnology industry to
(1.) eliminate all infectious disease in livestock
(2.) increase the frequency of fertilization
(3.) synthesize insulin, interferon, and human growth
hormone
(4.) create populations that exhibit incomplete dominance
___ 49. Some events that take place during the synthesis
of a specific protein are listed below.
(A) Messenger RNA attaches to a ribosome.
(B) DNA serves as a template for RNA production.
(C) Transfer RNA bonds to a specific codon.
(D) Amino acids are bonded together.
(E) RNA moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
The correct order of these events is
(1.) B --> E --> A --> C --> D
(2.) B --> C --> E --> D --> A
(3.) D --> A --> E --> C --> B
(4.) C --> B --> A --> E --> D
___ 50. Which chemical components may be parts of a
molecule of transfer RNA?
(1.) ribose, phosphate group, uracil base
(2.) glucose, amino group, thymine base
(3.) deoxyribose, phosphate group, guanine base
(4.) maltose, carboxyl group, uracil base
Use the information provided in the chart below on the
right and your knowledge of the living environment to
answer questions 51 through 55 which follow. The
diagram represents molecular structures involved in
protein synthesis.
___ 51. Structure 1 represents
(1.) part of a polypeptide chain
(2.) a portion of an RNA molecule
(3.) a portion of a DNA molecule
(4.) the building blocks of proteins
___ 52. The DNA code for aspartic acid is
(1.) C-T-G
(2.) C-C-T
(3.) C-C-U
(4.) C-U-G
___ 53. Proline, methionine, and aspartic acid represent
three types of
(1.) fatty acids
(2.) hormones
(3.) amino acids
(4.) enzymes
___ 54. Structure 2 is synthesized in the
(1.) nucleus
(2.) ribosome
(3.) vacuole
(4.) lysosome
Use the diagram provided below and your knowledge of
the living environment to answer questions 56 through 58
which follow.
___ 56. The synthesis of structure X occurred in the
(1.) nucleus
(2.) lysosome
(3.) cytoplasm
(4.) vacuole
___ 57. Which amino acid would be transferred to the
position of codon CAC?
(1.). leucine
(2.) valine
(3.) glycine
(4.) histidine
___ 58. The biochemical process represented in the
diagram is most closely associated with the cell organelle
known as the
(1.) nucleolus
(2.) chloroplast
(3.) ribosome
(4.) mitochondrion
Use the diagram below at the right and your knowledge of
the living environment to answer questions 59 through 63
which follow.
___ 55. Structure 2 represents
(1.) part of a polypeptide chain
(2.) a portion of an RNA molecule
(3.) a portion of a DNA molecule
(4.) the building blocks of proteins
___ 59. Structure A contains a
(1.) genetic code
(2.) messenger RNA molecule
(3.) single nucleotide, only
(4.) small polysaccharide
___ 60. Structure B represents
(1.) a ribosome
(2.) recombinant DNA
(3.) transfer RNA
(4.) a male gamete
___ 61. The technique illustrated in the diagram is known
as
(1.) cloning
(2.) protein synthesis
(3.) genetic engineering (4.) in vitro fertilization
___ 62. Explain why this technique is also called
recombinant DNA technology?
___ 63. List two practical applications of this technology
to human health and/or agriculture.
___ 64. A sequence of three nitrogenous bases in a
messenger RNA molecule is known as a
(1.) codon
(2.) polypeptide
(3.) gene
(4.) nucleotide
___ 70. Using special enzymes, scientists have
successfully removed the gene that controls the
production of interferon and have inserted this gene into
the DNA of certain bacteria. These bacteria can now
produce interferon. This technique is known as
(1.) amniocentesis
(2.) genetic engineering
(3.) differentiation
(4.) karyotyping
___ 71. In the synthesis of proteins, what is the function of
messenger RNA molecules?
(1.) They act as a template for the synthesis of DNA.
(2.) They remove amino acids from the nucleus.
(3.) They carry information that determines the sequence
of amino acids.
(4.) They carry specific enzymes for dehydration
synthesis.
Use the information provided in the diagram below at the
right and your knowledge of the living environment to
answer questions 72 through 74 which follow. The
diagram represents two processes in the synthesis of
proteins.
___ 65. Some geneticists are suggesting the possibility of
transferring some of the genes that influence
photosynthesis from an efficient variety of crop plant to a
less efficient crop plant to produce a new variety with
improved productivity. To produce this new variety, the
project would most likely involve
(1.) amniocentesis
(2.) genetic engineering
(3.) genetic screening
(4.) inbreeding
___ 66. Some geneticists are suggesting the possibility of
transferring some of the genes that influence
photosynthesis from an efficient variety of crop plant to a
less efficient crop plant to produce a new variety with
improved productivity. Which technique would most likely
be used to produce large numbers of genetically identical
offspring from this new variety of plant?
(1.) cloning
(2.) cross-pollination
(3.) karyotyping
(4.) chromatography
___ 72. Process B involves the pairing of a codon with a
triplet code on a transfer RNA molecule. A correct pairing
would be
(1.) CAT and GTA
(2.) GUG and UGU
(3.) AAU and UUA
(4.) CAG and GUA
___ 73. Process A occurs within the
(1.) mitochondrion
(2.) chloroplast
(3.) ribosome
(4.) nucleus
___ 74. What is the process represented by A?
Use the diagram below at the right and your knowledge of
the living environment to answer questions 67 through 69
which follow.
___ 67. Which processes occur in the nucleus?
(1.) 1 and 2 (2.) 3 and 4 (3.) 2 and 3 (4.) 4 and 5
___ 68. Process 1 is known as
(1.) replication
(2.) nondisjunction
(3.) mutation
(4.) translocation
___ 69. What is the product of process 3?
(1.) a strand of DNA
(2.) a strand of RNA
(3.) two strands of DNA (4.) a chain of amino acids
Use the information provided in the diagram at the right
and your knowledge of the living environment to answer
question 75.
___ 76. The technique being used to assess this
information is called
(1.) human genome determination
(2.) karyotyping
(3.) transformation
(4.) cloning
(5.) electrophoresis
___ 77. Based on the indicated position of the wells, the
shortest DNA fragment in the sample is at position
(1.) 1 (2.) 2 (3.) 3 (4.) 4
___ 75. The diagram illustrates some key steps of a
procedure in one area of biotechnology.
The letter X most likely represents
(1.) bacterial cells that are unable to
synthesize insulin
(2.) human cells that are able to
synthesize antibodies
(3.) bacterial cells that are able to
synthesize insulin
(4.) human cells that are unable to
resist antibiotics
___ 78. Based on the results of this laboratory test, it is
mostly likely that the guilty pizza thief/slobberer is
(1.) Mr. Rader
(2.) Mrs. Cobb framing a random student
(3.) Kaden
(4.) Kate
(5.) Brant
Base your answers to questions 79 through 82 on the
information and diagram below and on your knowledge of
biology. The four wells represented in the diagram were
each injected with fragments that were prepared from
DNA samples using identical techniques.
Use the passage/diagram below to answer questions 76
through 78 which follow
The Great Pizza Caper
Last Thursday, Mr. Buckley was in his room working.
There was some pizza on his desk. At 3:20 P.M. , Mr.
Buckley and his colleague Mr. Rader suddenly needed to
leave the room. At 3:30 P.M. when they returned, they
found several pieces of pizza were half eaten with saliva
(dribble) all over the pieces. They had noticed several
people running from her room. Unfortunately due to their
power outage after school, the video cameras that would
have detected this situation were not functional. Three
students were noticed running by Mrs. Cobb from the
scene, who gave their names to Mrs. Varian. Mrs.
Varian demanded saliva samples from these students.
The three students were Kate, Kaden, and Brant. He
took those saliva samples along with a standard sample
taken from the dribble on the pizza to a local college for
DNA testing. The results of this testing are indicated in
the diagram below. Please do the questions on the next
page which pertains to this diagram and this paragraph.
___ 79. This laboratory procedure is known as
(1) cloning
(2) gel electrophoresis
(3) chromatography
(4) use of a dichotomous key
___ 80. The arrow represents the direction of the
movement of the DNA fragments. What is responsible for
the movement of the DNA in this process?
___ 81. The four samples of DNA were taken from four
different individuals. Explain how this is evident from the
results shown in the diagram.
___ 82. Identify the substance that was used to treat the
DNA to produce the fragments that were put into the
wells.
Free Response Section
1.) Draw a nucleotide subunit representation and label its
three parts.
True-False Section
___ 1. An altered gene may be passed on to every cell
that develops from it.
___ 2. In recent years, new varieties of farm plants and
animals have been engineered by manipulating their
genetic instructions to produce new characteristics.
2.) List three differences in the structure of DNA from
RNA.
___ 3. Restriction enzymes can be used to cut
sequences of DNA.
___ 4. The cutting, cloning, and movement of segments
of DNA does not involve enzymes.
___ 5. Our increased knowledge of genetics is not
important to health care.
___ 6. Mapping of genetic instructions in cells makes it
possible to detect, and perhaps correct, defective genes
that may lead to poor health.
___ 7. Substances from genetically engineered
organisms have increased the cost and side effects of
replacing missing body chemicals.
___ 8. Although all body cells are are descended from a
single cell and have identical genetic instructions, they
may be very different because different parts of a cells
instructions are used based on a cell's environment and
past history.
___ 9. Cell regulation is not important.
3.) Given a strand of DNA with the bases ATTGCC:
a.) Give me its complementary DNA stand.
b.) Tell me the strand of RNA which could be
synthesized from this strand of DNA.
4.) Define the terms transcription, translation, and triplet.
___ 10. Cell regulation allows cells to respond to their
environment and control and coordinate cell growth and
division.
___ 11. Cell regulation occurs through both changes in the
activity of proteins and selective expression of individual
genes.
5.) What is a template?
___ 12. The genetic information stored in DNA is used to
direct the synthesis of the thousands of proteins required
by a cell.
___ 13. Proteins are long, folded molecules, but do not
have specific shapes which influence their functions.
___ 14. Proteins can be made from 20 different amino
acids in a specific sequence.
___ 15. The shape of a protein determines its function.
___ 16. Offspring resemble their parents because they
inherit similar genes that code for the production of
proteins that form similar structures and perform similar
functions.
6.) Give three examples of how the technology of genetic
engineering allows humans to alter the genetic makeup of
organisms.