I. PRACTICAL CLASSES – DENTISTRY WS
Pathology of the respiratory system I.
1. Nasal polyp
2. Laryngeal (singer’s or preacher’s) nodule
3. Pseudomembranous tracheitis
Nasopharyngeal papilloma (Schneiderian papilloma)
Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma
4. Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma
5. Anthracosis of the lungs
6. Silicosis of the lungs
7. Lung emphysema
8. Lung oedema
XVIII – 10
V – 25
V – 20
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XIX – 20
V–4
V–5
V–7
V–6
1. Nasal polyp: Inflammatory pseudotumour (chronic allergic hypertrophic rhinitis), oedematous,
sometimes resembling myxoma. Uneven cellularity, with few cells in some areas and more cellular,
infiltrating with eosinophils, lymphocytes and plasma cells elsewhere. Epithelium may undergo squamous
metaplasia. Polyps may be multiple, pedunculated or sessil. Clinical symptoms: nasal obstruction, repeated
bouts of chronic rhinitis and sinusitis
2. Laryngeal (singer’s or preacher’s) nodule: A vocal cord nodule is a mass of tissue that grows on the
vocal folds. Pseudotumour due to a chronic trauma - strenuous or abusive voice practices such as yelling and
coughing. The lesion is lined by squamous stratified epithelium; sub-epithelial stroma consists of
eosinophilic and vacuolated poorly cellular collagenous fibrous tissue, with a fibrin content, in which there
are thin-walled blood vessels. Clinical symptoms: hoarseness
3. Pseudomembranous tracheitis: Cross section of tracheal wall formed from a superficial part of fibrinous
exsudate and a deeper portion formed by necrotic mucosa permeated by fibrin. There is erythrostasis in
mucosa and submucosa, blood vessels are dilated. It is an examle of superficial (croupous)
pseudomembranous inflammation.
Nasopharyngeal papilloma (Schneiderian papilloma): Squamous papilloma is a benign epithelial
tumor that can develop in any mucosal site of the upper aerodigestive tract. While this tumor is found
mainly in the squamocilliary junction, its distribution does not occur randomly. However, in many cases,
squamous papilloma is asymptomatic, and only a small number of cases are diagnosed.
Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma: Benign, but locally aggressive tumor that grows in the back of the
nasal cavity. It most commonly affects adolescent males. Patients with nasopharyngeal angiofibroma usually
present with one-sided nasal obstruction and recurrent bleeding. Histologically angiofibroma is always
composed of an intricate mixture of blood vessels and fibrous tissue.
4. Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma: The tumour consists of sheets of moderate or low-differentiated
squamous epithelial cells with only minimal foci of keratinisation. Clinical symptoms: hoarseness, afonia
5. Chronic bronchitis: The bronchi are lined by hypertrophic mucosa with an increase in goblet cells.
Bronchial walls are oedematous, thickened by hyperplastic and hypertrophic mucus-secreting glands,
increase amounts of smooth muscle and capillaries. Basement membranes are also thickened. An increase in
chronic inflammatory infiltration has been documented (lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils). In airways
there is excess mucus with small amount of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Lungs have emphysematous
configuration with perivasal and peribronchial antrakosis. Clinical symptoms: a chronic productive cough
6. Silicosis of the lungs: Pneumoconiosis due to exposure to silica crystals. The disease has three stages: 1stigmatization with SiO2 crystals in similar location as antracotic pigment. 2-formation of silicotic nodules,
3-massive fibrosis. Nodules are formed from fibrous tissue with low content of fibrocytes, increased
hyalinization, antracotic pigment and SiO2 crystals /evidenced by polarised light/.
7. Lung emphysema: There is emphysematous configuration of lung parenchyma next to the above
described nodules. Alveoli are extended with destruction of septa together with thickening of arterial wall as
the sign of pulmonary hypertension. Various types: senile, centroacinar, paraseptal, panacinar, bullous.
8. Lung oedema: Accumulation of eosinophilic fluid in alveoli spaces. Grosssly lungs were heavy, with
pink watery fluid running from the cut surface. Variable etiology (congestion, hyperhydratation, damage of
alveolar epithelium…)
II. PRACTICAL CLASSES – DENTISTRY WS
Pathology of the respiratory system II.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Chronic lung congestion
Haemorrhagic infarction of the lungs
Bronchopneumonia
Lobar pneumonia
Lung carnification
Nonsuppurative interstitial pneumocystis pneumonia
Milliary tuberculosis
Small cell carcinoma of the lungs
Squamous cell carcinoma of the lungs
Adenocarcinoma of the lungs
Large cell carcinoma
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V–9
V – 10
V – 13
V – 11
V – 12
V – 16
XIV – 4
XIX – 7
XIX – 21
XIX – 16
III. PRACTICAL CLASSES – DENTISTRY WS
Pathology of the cardiovascular system I.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Brown atrophy of the myocardium
Hypertrophy of the myocardium
Recent myocardial infarction
Subacute myocardial infarction
Postinfarction scar of the myocardium
Alterative myokarditis
Bacterial endokarditis
Acute fibrinous pericarditis
I–1
I–2
I–5
I–6
I–7
I–9
II – 8
I–3