ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY REVIEW
Chapter 1 – INTRODUTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY
1.6: ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY
A. Body Cavities
1. Cranial Cavity
2. Vertebral Canal
3. Thoracic Cavity
4. Abdominopelvic Cavity
1.7: ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY
A. Anatomical Positions: the body is standing erect, face forward, with upper limbs at the sides and
palms forward
1. Relative Positions
1. Superior
2. Inferior
3. Anterior
4. Posterior
5. Medial
6. Lateral
7. Bilateral
8. Ipsilateral
9. Contralateral
10. Proximal
11. Distal
12. Superficial
13. Deep
2. Body Sections
1. Sagittal
2. Transverse
3. Coronal
Chapter 5 – TISSUES
5.5: MUSCLE TISSUES
A. Muscle tissues are:
1) contractile tissues
2) skeletal and smooth muscle are composed of striated fibers with many nuclei
B. There are 3 types of muscle tissues:
1) skeletal muscle
2) smooth muscle
3) cardiac muscle
C. Skeletal Muscle Tissue
1) attached to bones via tendons
2) moved by conscious effort
3) also called “voluntary” muscle tissue
4) the threadlike cells have striations and are multi-nucleated
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D. Smooth Muscle Tissue
1) cells do NOT have striations
2) shorter than skeletal muscle cells
3) are spindle shaped, each with a single centrally located nucleus
4) compromises walls of hollow internal organs and blood vessels
examples: stomach, intestines, bladder, uterus, blood vessels
5) actions are primarily involuntary
E. Cardiac Muscle Tissue
1) only in the heart
2) cells are striated and branched, joined end to end, forming intricate networks
3) involuntary control
5.6: NERVOUS TISSUE
A. Nervous tissues are found in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
B. Nerve cells = neurons
1) respond by transmitting nerve impulses along axons to:
a. other neurons
b. muscles
c. glands
C. Neuroglial cells
1) divide and are crucial to functioning of neurons
2) these cells support and bind the components of nervous tissue
3) carry on phagocytosis
4) help supply nutrients to neurons by connecting them to blood vessels
5) play a role in cell to cell communication
Muscle and Nervous Tissues
Type
Skeletal muscle tissue
(striated)
Smooth muscle tissue
(lacks striations)
Function
Voluntary movements of skeletal parts
Cardiac muscle (striated)
Nervous tissue
Heart movements
Sensory reception & conduction of
nerve impulses
Involuntary movements of internal
organs
Location
Muscles usually attached to
bones
Walls of hollow internal organs
(stomach, intestines, bladder,
uterus, blood vessels)
Heart muscle
Brain, spinal cord, & peripheral
nerves
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Chapter 7 – SKELETAL SYSTEM
7.2: BONE STRUCTURE
A. Bone Classification (pg. 131)
1) Long bones
2) Short bones
3) Flat bones
4) Irregular bones
5) Sesamoid bones
B. Parts of Long Bones (pg. 131-132)
1) Epiphysis
2) Articular cartilage
3) Diaphysis
4) Periosteum
5) Compact bone
C. Long Bone Fractures (pg. 136)
1) Greenstick fracture
2) Fissured fracture
3) Comminuted fracture
6)
7)
8)
9)
Spongy bone
Medullary cavity
Endosteum
Marrow
4) Transverse fracture
5) Oblique fracture
6) Spiral fracture
7.5: SKELETON ORGANIZATION
A. Axial Skeleton (pg. 139-140)
1) Skull: composed of the cranium and facial bones
2) Hyoid bone
3) Vertebral column: consists of the vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx
4) Thoracic cage: composed of 12 pairs of ribs and sternum
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B. Appendicular Skeleton
1) Pectoral girdle: formed by scapula and clavicle
2) Upper limbs: consists of humerus, radius & ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
3) Pelvic girdle
4) Lower limbs: consists of femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
The appendicular skeleton is composed of 126 bones in the human body.
Functionally it is involved in locomotion (lower limbs) of the axial skeleton and manipulation of
objects in the environment (upper limbs).
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7.6: SKULL
A. Cranium (pg. 142-145)
1) Frontal bone
2) Parietal bones
3) Occipital bones
4) Temporal bones
6) Ethmoid bone
B. Facial Skeleton (pg. 146-147)
1) Maxilla
2) Palatine bones
3) Zygomatic bones
4) Lacrimal bones
5)
6)
7)
8)
Nasal bones
Vomer bone
Inferior nasal conchae
Mandible
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7.7: VERTEBRAL COLUMN
There are a total of 33 vertebrae in the vertebral column, if assuming 4 coccygeal vertebrae.
The individual vertebrae named according to region and position, from superior to inferior are:
A. Cervical Vertebrae: 7 vertebrae (C1-C7)
1. Atlas (C1)
2. Axis (C2)
B. Thoracic Vertebrae: 12 vertebrae (T1-T12)
C. Lumbar Vertebrae: 5 vertebrae (L1-L5)
D. Sacrum: 5 (fused vertebrae (S1-S5)
E. Coccyx: 4 (3-5) fused vertebrae (tailbone)
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7.8: THORACIC CAGE
A. Ribs (pg. 152)
1. Usual # of ribs = 24
2. One pair is attached to each of the 12 thoracic vertebrae.
3. The first 7 rib pairs are called the True Ribs (vertebrosternal ribs)
4. Lower 5 rib pairs are called the False Ribs (their cartilages do NOT reach the sternum
directly
The cartilages of the upper 3 false ribs (vertebrochondral ribs) join the
cartilages of the 7th rib
5. The last 2-3 pairs of ribs are called the Floating Ribs (vertebral ribs) because they do
Not have cartilaginous attachments to the sternum
6. Typical rib:
- long, slender shaft which curves around the chest and slopes inferiorly
- the posterior end has an enlarged head where the rib articulates with a facet
on the body of its vertebra and with the body of the next higher vertebra
- the tubercle close to the head of the rib, articulates with the transverse
process of the vertebra
B. Sternum
1. aka breastbone
2. located along the midline in the anterior portion of the thoracic cage.
3. flat elongated bone
4. Manubrium = upper portion, articulates with the clavicle by facets on superior border
5. Body = middle portion
6. Xiphoid process = projects downward
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7.9: PECTORAL GIRDLE
A. AKA Shoulder Girdle
B. Composed of 4 parts:
1. Two clavicles (aka collarbones)
a. Brace the scapula, helping to hold the shoulders in place
b. Provide muscle attachments for the UEs, chest, and back
2. Two scapulae (aka shoulder blades)
- The scapular spine divides the posterior surface of each scapula into
unequal portions
- The spine leads to two processes
- Acromion process: forms the tip of the shoulder
- Coracoid process: curves ant and inf to the clavicle
Articulates w/ clavicle and provides muscle attachments for UE’s and chest
Glenoid cavity: depression between the processes that articulates with the
head of the humerus
C. Supports the upper limbs and also serves as a muscle attachment
Joints of the Pectoral Girdle:
1. Glenohumeral Joint
2. Acromioclavicular Joint
3. Sternoclavicular joint
4. Scapulocostal Joint
5. Suprahumeral Joint
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7.10: UPPER LIMB
A. Bones of the upper limb: Humerus, Radius, Ulna, and bones of the Hand
B. Humerus: extends from the scapula to the elbow
Parts of the Humerus
Head – fits into the Glenoid Cavity of the scapula
Greater Tubercle – just below the head on the lateral side
Lesser Tubercle – anterior side
Intertubercular Groove – narrow groove between the tubercles
Anatomical Neck –depression along lower margin of the humeral head, separates it from the tubercles
Surgical Neck – below the head and the tubercles
Deltoid Tuberosity – near shaft middle on lat side, rough V-shaped area
Condyles – lower end of the humerus, articulate w/ radius and ulna
Capitulum – lateral condyle
Trochlea – medial condyle
Epicondyles – above the condyles, provide attachments for elbow muscles and ligaments
Coronoid Fossa – anterior depression between the epicondyles (where elbow bends)
Olecranon Fossa – post depression where the humerus receives the ulna during elbow extension
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C. Radius
1.
2.
3.
4.
Located on the thumb side of the forearm
Extends from the elbow to the wrist
Crosses over the ulna during forwarm pronation
Parts of the radius:
a. Head – articulates with the humerus and ulna
b. Radial Tuberosity – mid shaft below head
- attachment for biceps brachii
c. Styloid Process – distal end of the radius
- provides attachments for wrist ligaments
D. Ulna
1. Longer than the radius and overlaps the end of the humerus posteriorly
2. Parts of the ulna
a. Trochlear Notch – articulates with the humerus
b. Olecranon Process – provide muscle attachments
c. Coronoid Process – provide muscle attachments
d. Head – distal end of ulna, articulates laterally w/ radius
fibrocartilage disc inferiorly that joins the triquetrum
e. Styloid Process – on distal end, for wrist ligament attachments
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E. Hand
1. Made up of wrist, palm, and fingers
2. Wrist skeleton consists of 8 small carpal bones bound in two rows of 4 bones each
3. The hand consists of 5 metacarpal bones, form the framework of the palm
Sylindrical bones with rounded distal ends that form the knuckles
They are numbered 1-5, beginning with the thumb
Articulate proximally with the carpals and distally with the phalanges
4. The bones of the fingers are called: phalanges
Each finger (EXCEPT the thumb) has 3 phalanges
Proximal, Middle, and Distal Phalanx
The thumb lacks the Middle Phalanx
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7.11: PELVIC GIRDLE
A. Consists of two innominate bones or pelvic bones that articulate with each other anteriorly
and with the sacrum posteriorly
B. The sacrum, coccyx, and pelvic girdle together form the pelvis
C. The pelvic girdle:
1. Supports the trunk of the body
2. Provides attachments for the lower limbs
3. Protects the urinary bladder, distal end of the large intestine, and the
reproductive organs
D. Each hip bone developes from three parts that fuse in the acetabulum:
1. ilium – largest and uppermost portion, flares outward forming the iliac crest
- posteriorly the ilium joins the sacrum at the sacroiliac joint
- the anterior superior iliac spine provides attachments for ligaments and
muscles
2. ischium – forms the lowest portion
- ischial tuberosity points posteriorly and inferiorly
- provides attachments for ligaments and LE muscles
- ischial spine: sharp projection, the distance between ischial spines is the
shortest diameter of the pelvic outlet
3. pubis – anterior portion of the pelvic girdle
- the two pelvic bones join at the midline forming the symphysis pubis
- the pubic arch is the angle these bones form below the symphysis
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7.12: LOWER LIMB
A: The bones of the LE form the framewrok of the thigh, lower leg, and foot
B. Bones of the Lower Limb:
1. Femur: longest bone in the body, extends hip -> knee
a. Head: on proximal end, projects medially into acetabulum
b. Fovea Capitis: pit on the head, marks attachment of ligamentum capitis
c. Neck: constriction just below the head
d. Greater Trochanter: large process superior and lateral to lesser trochanter
e. Lesser Trachanter: inf and med to greater trochanter
f. Lateral and Medial Condyles: rounded processes distal end of bone
2. Patella: articulates with femur, located in quadriceps tendon
3. Tibia: larger and medial of two lower leg bones
a. Medial and Lateral Condyles: articulate with femoral condyles
b. Tibial Tuberosity: attachment for patellar ligament
c. Medial Malleolus: distal end of bone, ligament attachment
4. Fibula: long slender bone lateral to the tibia
a. Head: proximal portion of bone
b. Lateral Malleolus: distal end of bone, articulates w/ tibia just below lat
condyle
5. Tarsals: 7 tarsals make up the ankle
a. Talus: articulates with the tibia and fibula
b. Calcaneus: largest of the tarsals, makes up the heel, located below the talus
- supports body weight
- provides attachments for muscles that move the foot
c. 5 other tarsals: Navicular, Medial, Intermediate, & Lateral Cuneiforms,
Cuboid
6. Metatarsals: 5 metatarsals that artriculate with the tarsus
- numbered 1-5 beginning on the medial side
- heads at the distal ends form the ball of the foot
7. Phalanges: each toe has 3 phalanges, proximal, middle, and distal (EXCEPT the
great toe which only has 2 (no middle phalange)
- they align and articulate with the metatarsals
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7.13: JOINTS
A. Joints are functional junctions between bones
They bind parts of the skeletal system
Make bone growth possible
Permit parts of the skeleton to change shape during childbirth
Enable the body to move in response to skeletal muscle contractions
Vary considerably in structure and function
B. Types of joints (pg. 162)
1. Fibrous Joints
a. thin layer of dense CT joins the bones as in a suture between a pair of flat
bones in the skull
b. no appreciable movement takes place
2. Cartilaginous Joints
a. hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage connects the bones of these joints
b. examples: joints that separate the vertebrae with intervertebral disc and
pubic symphysis
3. Synovial Joints
a. primary joint within the skeletal system
b. allow for free movement
c. more complex structurally than fibrous or cartilaginous joints
d. articular end of the bones are covered with hyaline cartilage and surrounded
by a tubular capsule of dense CT – the Joint Capsule
The joint capsule is composed of an outer layer of ligaments and an
inner lining of synovial membrane which secretes synovial fluid to
lubricate the joint
e. Menisci: shock absorbing fibrocartilage in some joints between articulating
bone surfaces
f. Bursae: fluid sacs lined with synovial membrane.
Commonly located between tendons and underlying boney
prominences
g. Synovial Joint Classifications:
Ball-and-Socket Joint
Condyloid Joint
Gliding Joints (or Plane Joints)
Hinge Joint
Pivot Joint
Saddle Joint
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Types of Joints
Type of Joint
Description
Fibrous
Articulating bones are fastened
together by a thin layer of dense
CT
Cartilaginous
Articulating bones are connected
by hyaline cartilage or
fibrocartilage
Articulating ends of bones are
surrounded by a joint capsule of
ligaments and synovial membranes
Ball-shaped head of one bone
articulates with cup-shaped cavity
of another
Oval-shaped condyle of one bone
articulates with elliptical cavity of
another
Synovial
1. Ball-andsocket
2. Condyloid
3. Gliding
Articulating surfaces are nearly flat
or slightly curved
4. Hinge
Convex surface of one bone
articulates with concave surface of
another
Cylindrical surface of one bone
articulates with ring of bone and
ligament
Articulating surfaces have both
concave and convex regions; the
surface of one bone fits the
complementary surface of another
5. Pivot
6.
Saddle
Possible
Movements
None
Limited movement
as in back bend or
twisting
Allow free
movement
Examples
Suture between bones
of skull, joint betweent
he distal ends of tibia
and fibula
Joints between the
bodies of vertebrae,
symphysis pubis
Movements in all
planes and rotation
Shoulder, Hip
Variety of
movements in
different planes,
but no rotation
Sliding or twisting
MCP joints
Flexion and
extension
Rotation around a
central axis
Variety of
movements, mainly
in two planes
Joints between various
bones of wrist and
ankle, joints between
ribs 2-7 and sternum
Elbow, joints of
phalanges
Joints between he
proximal ends of the
radius and ulna
Joint between the carpal
and metacarpals of
thumb
ILLUSTRATIONS OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS: see next page
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16
Types of Joint Movements (pg 165)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Flexion
Extension
Dorsiflexion
Plantarflexion
Hyperextension
Abduction
Adduction
Rotation
Circumduction
Pronation
Supination
Eversion
Inversion
Retraction
Protraction
Elevation
Depression
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Chapter 8: MUSCULAR SYSTEM
8.2: STRUCTURE OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
A. Connective Tissue Coverings (pg. 177)
1. Fascia
a. Layers of fibrous CT
b. Separate individual skeletal muscles from adjacent muscles & hold it position
c. Surrounds each muscle
d. May project beyond the end to form a cordlike tendon
f. Fibers may intertwine with the bone’s periosteum, attaching muscle to bone
2. Aponeurosis
a. Broad fibrous sheets formed by CT
b. May attach to bone or to coverings of adjacent muscles
3. Epimysium: Layer of CT that closely surrounds a skeletal muscle
4. Perimysium: Layer of CT that extends inward from the epimysium and separates
muscle tissue into small compartments
5. Fascicles: compartments that contain bundles of skeletal muscle fibers
5. Endomysium: Each muscle fiber within a fascicle that lies within a thin layer of CT
B. Skeletal Muscle Fibers
1. Are single cells that contract in response to stimulation and then relax when the
stimulation ends
2. Thin, elongated cylinder with rounded ends, may extend the full length of the muscle
3. Sarcolemma: Muscle cell membrane
4. Sarcoplasm: Muscle cell cytoplasm containing nuclei, mitochondria, and myofibrils
5. Myofibrils: lie parallel in the sarcoplams, consist of protein filaments: myosin & actin
6. Myosin: thick protein filaments
7. Actin: thin protein filaments
8. Troponin and tropomyosin: two other thin protein filaments found in muscle cells
9. Striations: bands of a skeletal muscle fiber produced by the organization of the
filaments creating light and dark “striations”
10. Sarcomeres: Striations that form a repeating pattern of units along each muscle fiber
They are the functional unit of muscle contraction and the myofibrils can be
Considered as a collection of sarcomeres.
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SARCOMERES
The striation pattern of skeletal muscle fibers has 2 main parts: I bands and A bands
I bands: the light bands composed of thin actin filaments directly attached to structures called Z lines
A bands: the dark bands complsed of thick myosin filaments overlapping thin actin filaments
H zone: central region consisting of thick filaments
M line: protein thickening that help hold the thick filaments in place
*A sarcomere extends from one Z line to the next*
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum: Membranous channels that surround each myofibril & run // to it
Corresponds to endoplasmic reticulum of other cells
Transverse Tubules: Membranous channels that extend inward from the fiber’s membrane and pass
all the way through the fiber, opening a channel to the outside of the fiber
Contains ECF & each tubule lies between 2 enlarged portions of the sarcoplasmic
reticulum called cisternae
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1.
Neuromuscular Junction (pg. 180)
a. Motor Neurons: Neurons that control effectors, including skeletal muscle
b. Synapse: Functional (but not physical) connection between a muscle fiber and motor
neuron
c. Neurotransmitters: chemicals neurons release to communicate with cells they control
d. Neuromuscular Junction: Connection between the motor neuron and the muscle fiber
e. Motor End Plate: specialized portion of the muscle fiber membrane where the nuclei
and mitochondria are abundant and the sarcolemma is extensively folded
**CHECK OUT: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZscXOvDgCmQ for a cool demo!
2. Motor Units
** Together a motor neuron and the muscle fiber that it controls constitute a motor unit
a.
b.
c.
d.
A muscle fiber usually has one motor end plate
The axons of motor neurons are densely branched
By means of these branches, one motor neuron may connect to many muscle fibers
When a motor neuron transmits an impulse, all the muscle fibers it links to are
stimulated to contract simultaneously
8.8: MAJOR SKELETAL MUSCLES
A. Muscles of Facial Expression and Mastication (pg. 193-195)
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Muscle
Epicranius
Orbicularis oculi
Orbicularis oris
Buccinator
MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION AND MASTICATION
Origin
Insertion
Action
Occipital bone
Skin & muscle around eyes Raises eyebrow
Maxillary & frontal bones Skin around eye
Closes eye
Skin of lips
Orbicularis oris
Zygomaticus
Muscles near the mouth
Outer surfaces of maxilla
& mandible
Zygomatic bone
Platysma
Fascia in upper chest
Lower border of mandible
Masseter
Lower border of
zygomatic arch
Temporal bone
Lateral surface of mandible
Temporalis
Orbicularis oris
Coronoid process & lateral
surface of mandible
Closes & protrudes lips
Compresses cheeks
inward
Raises corner of
mouth
Draws corners of
mouth downward
Elevates mandible
Elevates mandible
Many muscles of facial expression are located around the eyes and mouth, are responsible for such
expressions as: surprise, sadness, anger, fear, disgust, and pain. As a group, they join the bones of the
skull to connective tissue in various regions of the overlying skin.
Muscles of mastication attach to the mandible and produce chewing movements.
C. Muscles that Move the Head (Pg. 195)
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Muscle
Sternocleidomastoid
Splenius capitis
Semispinalis capitis
MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE HEAD
Origin
Insertion
Ant surface of sternum & upper
Mastoid process of
surf of clavicle
temporal bone
Spinous processes of lower C/S &
Mastoid process of
upper T/S vertebrae
temporal bone
Processes of lower C/S & upper T/S Occipital bone
vertebrae
Action
Neck flex, neck lat flex,
raises sternum
Neck rot, neck lat flex,
head extension
Head exten, neck rot and
lat flex
Head movements result from the actions of paired muscles in the neck and upper back. These muscles
flex, extend, and rotate the head.
3. Muscles that Move the Pectoral Girdle (pg. 195)
Muscle
Trapezius
Rhomboid
major
Levator
scapulae
Serratus
anterior
Pectoralis
minor
MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE PECTORAL GIRDLE
Origin
Insertion
Occipital bone & spines of C/S Clavicle, spine and acromion
& T/S vertebrae
process of scapula
Spines of upper T/S vertebrae Medial border of scapula
Action
Scapular rot and retraction,
shoulder elevation
Raises and retracts scapula
Transverse processes of C/S
vertebrae
Outer surfaces of upper ribs
Medial margin of scapula
Elevates scapula
Ventral surface of scapula
Sternal ends of upper ribs
Coracoids process of scapula
Pulls scapula anteriorly and
inferiorly
Pulls scapula anteriorly and
inferiorly, raises ribs
The muscles that move the pectoral girdle are closely associated with those that move the arm.
4. Muscles that Move the Upper Arm (pg. 196)
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MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE UPPER ARM
Muscle
Origin
Insertion
Coracobrachialis Coracoids process of
Shaft of humerus
scapula
Pectoralis major Clavicle, sternum, & costal Intertubercular
cartilages of upper ribs
groove of humerus
Teres major
Lat border of scapula
Intertubercular
groove of humerus
Latissimus dorsi Sacral spines, L/S & lower Intertubercular
T/S vert, iliac crest &
groove of humerus
lower ribs
Supraspinatus
Post surface of scapula
Greater tubercle of
humerus
Deltoid
Acromion process,
Deltoid tuberosity of
scapular spine & clavicle
humerus
Subscapularis
Ant surface of scapula
Lesser tubercle of
humerus
Infraspinatus
Post surface of scapula
Greater tubercle of
humerus
Teres minor
Lateral border of scapula
Greater tubercle of
humerus
Action
Shoulder flex & abd
Shld flex, add, & IR
Shld exten, add, & IR
Shld exten, add, & IR,
draws raised arm down
& back
Shld abd
Shld abd, flex, & exten
Shld IR
Shld ER
Shld ER
Muscles that connect the humerus to various regions of the pectoral girdle, ribs, and vertebral column
make these movements possible.
Flexors – Coracobrachialis & Pectoralis major
Extensors – Teres major & Latissimus dorsi
Abductors – Supraspinatus & Deltoid
Rotators – Subscapularis, Infraspinatus, & Teres minor
5. Muscles that Move the Forearm and Hand (pg. 199)
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Muscle
Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Brachioradialis
Triceps brachii
Supinator
Pronator teres
Pronator
quadratus
Muscle
Flexor carpi
radialis
Flexor carpi
ulnaris
Palmaris longus
Flexor digitorum
profundus
Extensor carpi
radialis longus
Extensor carpi
radialis brevis
Extensor carpi
ulnaris
Extensor
digitorum
MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE FOREARM
Origin
Insertion
Coracoids process and
Radial tuberosity of
tubercle above glenoid cavity radius
of scapula
Anterior shaft of humerus
Coronoid process of
ulna
Distal lateral end of humerus Lat surface of radius
above stulod process
Tubercle below glenoid
Olecranon process of
cavity & lat med surfaces of ulna
humerus
Lateral epicondyle of
Lateral surface of
humerus and ulnar crest
radius
Medial epicondyle of
Lateral surface of
humerus and ulnar coronoid radius
process
Anterior distal end of ulna
Anterior distal end of
radius
MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE HAND
Origin
Insertion
Medial epicondyle of
Base of 2nd and
humerus
3rd MCs
Medial epicondyle of
Carpal and MC
humerus & olecranon
bones
process
Medial epicondyle of
Fascia of palm
humerus
Anterior surface of ulna
Bases of distal
phalanges 2-5
Distal end of humerus
Base of 2nd MC
Lateral epidicondyle of
humerus
Lateral epicondyle of
humerus
Lateral epicondyle of
humerus
Base of 2nd & 3rd
MCs
Base of 5th MC
Post surface of
phalanges 2-5
Action
Elbow flex,
forearm
supination
Elbow flexion
Elbow flexion
Elbow flexion
Forearm
supinaton
Forearm
pronation
Forearm
pronation
Action
Wrist flex and
abduction
Wrist flex &
adduction
Wrist flexion
DIP flexion
Wrist extension &
lateral flexion
Wrist exten & lat flex
Wrist exten & med
flex
Wrist extension &
med flex, finger exten
Muscles that connect the radius/ulna to the humerus or pectoral girdle produce most of the
forearm movements. Muscles that move the hand originate from the distal end of the
humerus and from the radius and ulna.
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6. Muscles of the Abdominal Wall (pg. 200)
Muscle
External
Oblique
Internal
oblique
Transversus
abdominis
Rectus
abdominis
MUSCLES OF THE ABDOMONAL WALL
Origin
Insertion
Outer surf of lower ribs
Outer lip of iliac
crest & linea alba
Crest of ilium & inguinal
Cartilages lower
ligament
ribs, linea alba, &
crest of pubis
Costal cartilages of lower ribs, Linea alba & crest of
L/S processes, tip of iliac crest pubis
& inguinal ligament
Crest of pubis & symphysis
Xiphoid process of
pubis
sternum & costal
cartilages
Action
Contracts abdom wall &
compresses abdom contents
Contracts abdom wall &
compresses abdom contents
Contracts abdom wall &
compresses abdom contents
Contracts abdom wall,
compresses abdom contents,
& flexes vertebral column
Bones do not support the walls of the abdomen – instead, the anterior and lateral walls of the abdomen
are composed of layers of broad, flattened muscles. These muscles connect the rib cage and vertebral
column to the pelvic girdle. The linea alba is a band of tough CT that extends from the xipoid process of
the sternum to the symphysis pubis and is attached to some of the abdominal wall muscles.
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7. Muscles of the Pelvic Outlet (pg. 200)
Muscle
Levator Ani
Superficial transverse
perinea
Bulbospongiosus
Ischiocavernosus
MUSCLES OF THE PELVIC GIRDLE
Origin
Insertion
Action
Pubic bone and Coccyx
Supports pelvic viscera & profides
ishial spine
sphincter-like action in anal canal &
vagina
Ishial tuberosity Central tendon
Supports pelvic viscera
Central tendon
Ischial
tuberosity
Males: urogenital
diapgragm
Females: Pubic arch
and clitoris root
Pubic arch
Males: assists emptying of urethra
Females: Constricts vagina
Assists function of bulbospongiosus
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The deeper pelvic diaphragm forms the floor of the pelvic cavity and the more superficial urogenital
diaphragm fills the space within the pubic arch.
8. Muscles that Move the Leg (pg. 202)
Iliacus
Muscles that Move the Leg
Origin
L/S intervertebral discs, L/S bodies and
transverse processes
Iliac fossa of ilium
Gluteus maximus
Sacrum, coccyx, and post surface if ilium
Gluteus medius
Lateral surface of ilium
Gluteus minimus
Lateral surface of ilium
Tensor Fascia latae
Anterior iliac crest
Adductor longus
Pubic bone near symphysis pubis
Post surface of the
femur
Adductor magnus
Ischial tuberosity
Posterior surface of
femur
Gracilis
Lower edge of sympysis pubis
Med surface of tibia
Sartorius
Anterior superior iliac spine
Medial surface of
tibia
Biceps Femoris
Ishial tuberosity and posterior surface of femur
Head of fibula & lat
condyle of tibia
Semitendinosus
Ishial tuberosity
Medial surface of
tibia
Semimembranosus Ishial tuberosity
Medial condyle of
tibia
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Vastus
intermedius
Tibial Tuberosity
Tibial Tuberosity
Patella
Patella
Muscle
Psoas major
Spine of ilium and margin of acetabulum
Greater trochanter & post surface of femur
Medial surface of femur
Anterior and lateral surfaces of femur
Insertion
Lesser traochanter
of femur
Lesser trochanter of
femur
Lesser trochanter of
femur
Greater trochanter
femur
Creater trochanter
of femur
Fascia of thigh
Action
Hip
flexion
Hip
flexion
Hip
flexion
Hip abd
and IR
Hip abd
and IR
Hip flex,
abd, and
IR
Hip flex,
add, &
ER
Hip
exten &
ER
Hip flex,
add, &
IR
Hip flex,
abd, &
ER, knee
flex
Hip
exten,
knee flex
Hip
exten,
knee flex
Hip
exten,
knee flex
Knee ext
Knee ext
Knee ext
Knee ext
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Quadruceps
-Rectus femoris
-Vastus lateralis
-Vastus medialis
-Vastus intermedius
Hamstrings
-Biceps femris
-Semitendinosus
-Semimembranosus
Muscles that move the leg connect the tibia or fibula to the femur or to the pelvic girdle. They can be
separated into two major groups – those that flex the knee and those that extend the knee.
Muscles that flex the hip AND extend the knee, or extend the hip AND flex the knee are muscles that
extend over 2 joints – the hip and the knee, originating on the pelvis and inserting on the tibia.
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9. Muscles that Move the Foot (pg. pg. 204)
MUSCLE
Tibialis anterior
Fibularis tertius
Extensor digitorum
longus
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Flexor digitorum longus
Tibialis posterior
Fibularis longus
MUSCLES THAT MOVE THE FOOT
ORIGIN
INSERTION
Lat concyle & lat
Cuneiform & 1st MT
surface of tibia
Ant surface of fibula
Dorsal surface of 5th MT
Lateral condyle of tibia
Dorsal surfaces of 2nd &
& ant surface of fibula
3rd phalanges
Lat and med condyles of Posterior surface of
femur
calcaneus
Head and shaft of fibula Post surface of
& post surface of tibia
calcaneus
Posterior surface of
Distal phalanges 2-5
tibia
Lat condyle and post
Tarsal and MT bones
surface of tibia, post
surf of fibula
Lat condyle of tibia,
Tarsal and MT bones
head & shaft of fibula
ACTION
Ankle DF & inversion
Ankle DF and foot ever
Ankle DF & eversion
Knee flex and ankle PF
Ankle PF
Ankle PF and inversion,
toes 2-5 flexion
Ankle PF and inversion
Ankle PF and eversion &
supports arch
Many muscles that move the foot are located in the leg. They attach the femur, tibia, and fibula to
bones of the foot.
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