Lesson 4.1: Learning Key Terms
7. thoracic region
15. L
1. G
8. cervical region
16. E
2. P
9. cranium
17. S
3. J
10. Maxillary bones
18. M
4. B
11. axis
19. A
5. M
12. thoracic cage
20. G
6. N
13. fontanel
Lesson 4.4: Learning Key Terms
7. S
14. atlas
1. amphiarthrosis
8. F
15. mandible
2. tendon sheaths
9. C
16. sternum
3. articular fi brocartilage
10. K
17. coccyx
4. syndesmosis
11. T
18. sacrum
5. ligaments
12. L
19. Facial bones
6. hinge joint
13. A
Lesson 4.3: Learning Key Terms
7. synchondrosis
14. D
1. J
8. saddle joint
15. I
2. D
9. condyloid joint
16. Q
3. R
10. ball-and-socket joint
17. R
4. O
11. synarthrosis
18. E
5. I
12. synovial joint
19. O
6. B
13. symphysis
20. H
7. K
14. bursae
Lesson 4.2: Learning Key Terms
8. F
15. gliding joint
1. Intervertebral discs
9. P
16. tendons
2. vertebra
10. C
17. pivot joint
3. axial skeleton
11. N
18. diarthrosis
4. lumbar region
12. T
Lesson 4.5: Learning Key Terms
5. Sutures
13. H
1. G
6. skull
14. Q
2. C
3. N
3. sphenoid bone
12. K
4. B
4. zygomatic bone
Chapter 4: The Human Skeleton
5. F
5. mastoid process
1. skull
6. J
6. maxillary bone
2. costal cartilages
7. M
7. mandible
3. thoracic cage
8. E
8. nasal bone
4. ribs
9. L
9. temporal bone
5. pelvis
10. I
10. lacrimal bone
6. coccyx
11. O
11. vomer
7. frontal bone
12. A
Lesson 4.2: Vertebrae ID
8. parietal bone
13. H
1. cervical, lateral
9. occipital bone
14. D
2. lumbar, superior
10. maxillary bone
15. K
3. thoracic, superior
11. mandible
Lesson 4.1: Anatomical Structure
of a Long Bone
4. lumbar, lateral
12. clavicle
5. cervical, superior
13. scapula
6. thoracic, lateral
14. sternum
Lesson 4.4: ID Movable Joints
15. humerus
1. D
16. vertebral column
2. E
17. ulna
3. G
18. radius
4. C
19. hip bone
5. J
20. sacrum
6. A
21. carpal bones
7. I
22. metacarpal bones
8. H
23. phalanges
9. F
24. femur
10. L
25. patella
11. B
26. fi bula
1. E
2. H
3. C
4. K
5. J
6. G
7. F
8. D
9. B
10. I
11. A
Lesson 4.2: Bones of the Skull
1. front bone
2. parietal bone
27. tibia
28. tarsals
29. metatarsals
30. phalanges
31. pectoral girdle
Lesson 4.1: Study Questions
1. support, protection,
movement, storage, blood cell
formation (hematopoiesis)
2. minerals, notably phosphorous
and calcium, and bone marrow
3. yellow stores fat; red is key in
blood cell formation
4. Bones are composed 60%–70%
of minerals, mostly calcium
carbonate and calcium phosphate,
with the remaining 30%–40%
composed of collagen.
34. Stress
35. apophysis
36. Rheumatoid arthritis
37. The boy has greater bone
density because he is young, but
the father’s bones are more brittle
from age.
38. about 3% to 6%
39. 25.5 pounds
40. 10 to 20 pounds
41. Report content will vary.
Encourage students to share their
reports in a brief (10-minute)
PowerPoint® presentation.
42. Stories will vary and should
include as many creative
references to the bones as
possible.
Lesson 4.2: Study Questions
1. 22 bones into two groups
named cranial and facial bones
2. to provide stability to the core
of the body
3. While other skull bones are
joined by sutures, the mandible is
attached to the skull by a movable
joint.
4. Answers may vary. Babies’
skulls account for about 1/4 of
body height, while adults’ account
for about 1/8; a baby’s skull is not
completely bone, unlike an
adult’s, but have soft spots called
fontanels.
5. Frontal bone: forms the
forehead; parietal bones: form the
majority of the top and sides of
the skull; temporal bones:
surround the ears; occipital
bone:forms the base and lower
back portions of the skull; ethmoid
bone: forms part of the nasal
septum; sphenoid bone: centrally
located within the skull
6. 2
7. 33
8. atlas and axis; The atlas is
specialized to provide the
connection between the occipital
bone of the skull and the spinal
column. The axis is also
specialized, with an upward
projection called the odontoid
process, on which the atlas
rotates.
8. Answers may vary. vertebral
body, vertebral arch, vertebral
foramen, transverse process,
spinous process, superior articular
process, and interior articular
process
10. Thoracic and sacral curves are
known as primary spinal curves
because they are present at birth.
Lumbar and cervical curves are
referred to as secondary spinal
curves because they develop after
the baby begins to raise the head,
sit, and stand.
11. Exaggeration of the lumbar
curve is termed lordosis;
accentuation of the thoracic curve
is called kyphosis, and any lateral
deviation of the spine is known as
scoliosis.
12. Aging reduces the water
retention capability of
intervertebral discs. Water
between the discs causes them to
expand, which slightly increases a
person’s height. Without this
water, a person appears to be
losing height, or gradually
“shrinking.”
13. the thoracic cage
14. at the lower end of the
sternum
15. True ribs: attach directly to
the sternum. False ribs: attached
to cartilage of seventh rib, rather
than directly to sternum. Floating
ribs: not attached to bone or
cartilage in the front of the body
Lesson 4.3: Study Questions
1. The appendicular skeleton
deals with appendages and is built
for motion, while the axial
skeleton’s function is to provide
stability for the core of the body.
12. The female pelvis is wider
than the male pelvis to enable
pregnancy and childbirth.
2. right and left clavicles, or
collarbones; right and left scapula,
or shoulder blades. They act as
attachment sites for numerous
muscles that allow arm motion at
the shoulders in many directions.
13. bones: femur, tibia, fibula,
patella; joints: iliofemoral (hip)
joint, tibiofemoral (knee) joint,
patellofemoral joint, and proximal
and distal tibiofibular joints
3. the point where the sternum
meets the clavicle; shrugging the
shoulders, raising the arms, and
swimming
4. the region between each
scapula and the underlying tissues
5. instability; the shoulder is one
of the human body’s most
frequently dislocated joints
6. the humerus connects shoulder
to arm; the radius rotates around
the ulna; the ulna is a major
contributor to elbow flexibility
7. the elbow
8. to provide a base for the bones
of the hand
9. called the opposable thumb,
both species’ hands have such
thumbs, giving them the ability to
freely rotate the thumb and to
stretch it across the palm of the
hand
10. Two coxal bones (hip bones),
the sacrum, and the coccyx make
up the pelvic girdle. The pelvic
girdle shelters and protects the
reproductive organs, bladder, and
segments of the large intestine.
11. the ischium
5. Synchondroses meaning “held
by cartilage,” are joints in which
the articulating bones are held
together by a thin layer of hyaline
cartilage. Symphyses are joints in
which thin plates of hyaline
cartilage separate a disc of fi
brocartilage from the bones.
14. the fibula
6. amphiarthroses
15. the femur, the upper leg or
thigh bone
7. Answers may vary. sternocostal
joints (between the sternum and
the ribs); the epiphyseal plates
(growth plates)
16. The tibia and fibula are
connected along their lengths by
an interosseous membrane, as are
the radius and ulna.
17. The toes increase weightbearing area of foot, which
provides stability.
18. The arches compress during
weight-bearing moments in gait
and then act as springs when they
return to their original shape
during propulsive (push-off) part
of the gait.
Lesson 4.4: Study Questions
1. Answers may vary. Joints can
be classified based on the joint
complexity, the number of axes
present, joint structure, and joint
function.
2. joint function
3. immovable joints
(synarthroses), the slightly
movable joints (amphiarthroses),
and the freely movable joints
(diarthroses)
4. to absorb shock but permit
little or no movement of the
articulating bones
8. Diarthroses each feature a joint
surrounded by an articular capsule
lined with a synovial membrane
that secretes a lubricant called
synovial fluid.
9. Answers may vary. At gliding
joints the articulating bone
surfaces are nearly flat, and the
only movement permitted is
gliding.In hinge joints one
articulating bone surface is convex
(curved outward), and the other is
concave (curved inward). Strong
ligaments restrict movement to a
planar, hinge-like motion, similar
to the hinge on a door. Pivot joints
permit rotation around only one
axis. (Think about moving around
your stationary pivot foot in
basketball). At condyloid joints
one articulating bone surface is an
oval, convex shape, and the other
is a reciprocally shaped concave
surface. Flexion, extension,
abduction, adduction, and
circumduction are permitted.
Saddle joints are so named
because their articulating bone
surfaces are both shaped like the
seat of a riding saddle. Movement
capability is the same as that of
the condyloid joint but with reater
range of movement allowed. Balland-socket joints are the most
freely movable joints in the body.
In these joints, the surfaces of the
articulating bones are reciprocally
convex and concave, with one
bone end shaped like a “ball” and
the other like a “socket.”
10. pivot joint
11. gliding joints
12. saddle joint
13. Bursae are small capsules
lined with synovial membranes
and fi lled with synovial fl uid that
cushion the structures they
separate. Most bursae separate
tendons from bone, reducing the
friction on the tendons during
motion of the joints.
14. Tendons connect muscles to
bones while ligaments connect
bones to other bones.
15. collagen and elastic fi bers
16. They help to distribute force
evenly and absorb shock at the
joint.
Lesson 4.5: Study Questions
1. Answers may vary. size,
direction, and duration of the
injurious force, the health and
maturity of the bone
2. A simple fracture is when the
bone ends remain within the
surrounding soft tissues; a
compound fracture occurs when
one or both bone ends protrude
from the skin.
3. An avulsion occurs when the
tendon or ligament pulls away
from the bone, taking a small
bone chip with it
consumption during the teenage
years to obtain adequate amounts
of calcium and vitamin D; avoiding
tobacco products
4. an incomplete fracture, one
that bends or twists but not
completely breaks; more common
in children than adults because
children’s bones are more flexible
than adults’
12. The female athlete triad is a
condition involving a combination
of disordered eating, a lack of
menstruation (called
amenorrhea), and osteoporosis.
5. repeated overuse that doesn’t
allow for the bone that has been
slightly injured to heal
6. those to the epiphyseal plate
(growth plate), articular cartilage,
and the apophysis
7. Acute injuries and injuries
caused by overuse can harm the
growth plate, potentially resulting
in premature closure of the
epiphyseal junction and
termination of bone growth.
8. an epiphyseal injury in which
the area of the upper tibia around
the quadriceps attachment site
becomes irritated, swollen, and
painful from overuse; common in
adolescents who play soccer,
basketball, volleyball, and
gymnastics because they often
overuse this area before it has fi
nished growing
9. osteopenia
10. crushed-vertebrae type
injuries resulting from picking up a
load; can reduce body height and
accentuate a kyphotic curve in the
thoracic region of the spine
11. Answers may vary. weightbearing exercise such as running,
jumping, and walking; dairy
13. because the ankle is a major
weight-bearing joint and there is
less ligament support on the
lateral side of the ankle than on
the medial side
14. A sprain involves
overstretching or tearing of
ligaments or tendons, while a
dislocation is an outright
displacement of an articulating
bone from its socket.
15. the infl ammation of the
bursae, which provide cushioning
of moving tissues around a joint;
symptoms include pain and
sometimes swelling
16. Rheumatoid arthritis is an
autoimmune disorder caused by
the body’s own immune system
attacking healthy joint tissues, and
it results in extremely limited joint
motion and, in extreme cases,
complete fusing of the articulating
bones.
Chapter 4 Practice Test
28. A
1. osteoblast
29. C
2. atrophy
30. G
3. sternum
31. B
4. sprains
32. I
5. compound
33. F
6. F
34. H
7. F
35. D
8. T
36. The axial skeleton is the
central, stabilizing portion of the
skeletal system. It is composed of
the skull, spinal column, and
thoracic cage. The appendicular
skeleton consists of the bones of
the body’s appendages, or the legs
and arms.
9. T
10. F
11. B
12. B
13. A
14. A
15. B
16. I
17. F
18. D
19. E
20. B
21. H
22. A
23. G
24. J
25. C
26. J
27. E
37. The atlas is specialized to
provide the connection between
the occipital bone of the skull and
the spinal column. The axis is also
specialized, with an upward
projection called the odontoid
process, on which the atlas
rotates.