Learning Check A2 Physics
X-RAYS - OCR
1.
An average person in the UK will have at least 30 X-ray photographs taken in their lifetime.
In order to take an X-ray photograph, the X-ray beam is passed through an aluminium filter to
safely remove low energy X-ray photons before reaching the patient.
(a)
Suggest why it is necessary to remove these low energy X-rays.
(BASIC LEVEL)
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
[1]
(b)
The average linear attenuation coefficient for X-rays that penetrate the aluminium is 250
m–1. The intensity of an X-ray beam after travelling through 2.5 cm of aluminium is
347 W m–2.
Show that the intensity incident on the aluminium is about 2 × 105 W m–2. (HARDER
LEVEL)
[3]
Mr Powell 2013
1
Learning Check A2 Physics
(c) The X-ray beam at the filter has a circular cross-section of diameter 0.20 cm. Calculate the
power of the X-ray beam from the aluminium filter. Assume that the beam penetrates the
aluminium filter as a parallel beam. (HARDER LEVEL)
power = .................................................... W
[2]
[Total 6 marks]
2.
Fig. 1 shows data for the intensity of a parallel beam of X-rays after penetration through varying
thicknesses of a material.
intensity / MW m–2
thickness / mm
0.91
0.40
0.69
0.80
0.52
1.20
0.40
1.60
0.30
2.00
0.23
2.40
0.17
2.80
Fig. 1
Mr Powell 2013
2
Learning Check A2 Physics
(a) Plot a graph of transmitted X-ray intensity against thickness of absorber. (BASIC LEVEL)
[3]
1.0
0.8
0.6
intensity
/ MW m –2
0.4
0.2
0
0
1.0
2.0
3.0
thickness / mm
(b)
(i)
Find the thickness that reduces the intensity of the incident beam by one half.
thickness = …………….. mm
[1]
(ii)
Use your answer to (b)(i) to calculate the linear attenuation coefficient μ. Give the
unit for your answer. (HARDER LEVEL)
 = …………….. unit ………
[4]
[Total 8 marks]
Mr Powell 2013
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Learning Check A2 Physics
Markscheme
1.
(a)
Low energy X-rays are absorbed by the skin / undesirable as can cause
damage /greater ionising
B1
(b)
I = I0e–μx
ln I = ln I0 – μx
–250 × 0.025
I0 = 347 / e
ln I0 = ln 347 + 250 × 0.025
5
–2
I0 = 1.79 × 10 Wm
C1
C1
A1
(c)
P=I×A
P = 347 × π × (0.010 × 10–2)2
P = 1.09 × 10–3 W
C1
A1
[6]
2.
(a)
(b)
6 points plotted correctly (1)
remaining point plotted correctly (1)
sensible continuous smooth graph drawn (1)
3
(i)
(0.95 +/– 0.10) mm (1)
1
(ii)
I / Io = e–µx (1)
0.50 = e– µ0.00095 (1)
µ = 730 (1)
m–1 (1)
4
[8]
Mr Powell 2013
4