Unit 4: Biochemistry Review
Name: _____________________________________
SC.912.L.18.12 EOC
Discuss the special properties of water that contribute to Earth's suitability as an environment for life: cohesive behavior, ability to moderate temperature, expansion upon
freezing, and versatility as a solvent.
1. Properties of Water and importance to life on Earth.
Unique Property of Water
Definition
Biological Importance
Cohesion
water molecules attracted to other water molecules
Surface Tension, capillary action, transpiration (photosynthesis-primary
producers- support food webs)
Adhesion
water molecules attracted to other kinds of molecules (cellulose
inside a tree)
High Specific Heat
Capacity
(Temperature
Moderation)
the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one
gram of a substance by one degree Celsius.
Water can absorb lots of thermal energy without a large increase in its
own temperature
Ability to moderate temperatures
Less Dense as a
Solid
Less dense than liquid, ice floats
Oceans and lakes don’t freeze solid
Ice floats, insulates aquatic ecosystems allowing them to survive winter
Versatility as a
Solvent
Water is an important solvent forming many solutions many
solutions.
Solvent: substance that dissolves other substances
dissolve many substances, biological reactions take place in water,
circulation, etc
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Unit 4: Biochemistry Review
Name: _____________________________________
2. The Water Molecule
Draw a diagram of a water molecule. ? Label the atoms and the charges on each atom.
What does it mean to be polar?
unequal sharing of electrons
O pulls electron much more strongly than H
What is a hydrogen bond? What are they
important to water?
Chemical bond between 2 molecules formed by the attraction of a slightly (+) H atom to a slightly (-) atom
3. Which of the following makes up a water molecule?
1. 1 atom of hydrogen and 1 atom of oxygen
2. 1 atom of hydrogen and 2 atoms of oxygen
3. 2 atoms of hydrogen and 1 atom of oxygen
4. 2 atoms of hydrogen and 2 atoms of oxygen
4. Which of the following does not contribute to transpiration (water moving up the xylem of a plant)?
1. Cohesion
2. Specific heat capacity
3. Capillary action
4. Adhesion
5. With which property of water would you explain the cooler summer temperatures along the coast and the higher inland temperatures?
1. Cohesive behavior
2. High specific heat capacity
3. Expansion upon freezing
4. Vaersatility as a solvent
6. The polarity of the water molecule is responsible for
1. Hydrogen bonding
2. Water’s versatility as a solvent
3. Cohesion
4. The low density of ice
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Unit 4: Biochemistry Review
Name: _____________________________________
5. All of the above
6. None of the above
SC912.P.8.12
Describe the properties of the carbon atom that make the diversity of carbon compounds possible.
7. Organic Chemistry Basics
What is an organic molecule?
carbon based molecules
2 or more Carbon atoms (biotic)
What makes carbon atoms such versatile building blocks?
Which is the correct Lewis Dot Structure (# of valence electrons) for Carbon?
bonding properties- 4 valence electrons
can make 4 stable covalent bonds
Present in all organic material
8. Macromolecule Basics
What is a macromolecule?
Why are macromolecules important?
What are 3 main things do macromolecules
provide for cells?
What are the 4 classes of
macromolecules?
Large bio molecules (produced by living organisms)
Building blocks for cells
Structure, energy, work
carbohydrates
lipids
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Nucleic acids
proteins
Unit 4: Biochemistry Review
Name: _____________________________________
SC.912.L.18.1
Describe the basic molecular structures and primary functions of the four major categories of biological macromolecules.
9. Compare and Contrast the terms monomer and polymer. Draw a simply diagram for each.
Diagrams:
monomer
polymer
10. Building and Breaking Macromolecules
Reaction Name
Action
Explanation/ Diagram
Synthesis (building/anabolic)
Digestion/hydrolysis
(breaking down/catabolic)
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Unit 4: Biochemistry Review
Name: _____________________________________
11. Which is not one of the 4 classes of macromolecules?
1. Carbohydrate
2. Water
3. Lipids
4. Proteins
12. Which process is being modeled in the following diagram?
1.
2.
Explain:
13. Which of the following is the waste product that results from dehydration synthesis or building a polymer?
1. Carbon
2. Water
3. Oxygen
4. Monomer
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Dehydration synthesis
Hydrolysis
Unit 4: Biochemistry Review
14. Macromolecule Chart.
Macromolecule
Monomer
Name: _____________________________________
Structure
Function
Carbohydrate
Lipid
Nucleic Acid
Protein
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Examples
Unit 4: Biochemistry Review
Name: _____________________________________
15. Which of the following are incorrectly matched?
1. Chitin: structural: lobster exoskeleton
2. Cellulose: structural: fungi cell walls
3. Starch: plant: energy storage
4. Glycogen: animal: animal energy storage
19. Which is NOT a function of proteins?
1. Chemical messenger
2. Cell structure
3. Control chemical reactions
4. Insulate the body
16. Which is NOT a function of lipids?
1. Energy storage
2. Insulation
3. Controlling chemical reactions
4. Cushioning internal organs
20. What are the monomers of proteins?
1. Monosaccharides
2. Fatty acids
3. Amino acids
4. Glyerols
17. Which of the following are incorrectly matched?
1. Phospholipid: cell membranes
2. Steroids: energy storage
3. Fats: insulation
21. Which covalently bonded amino acids into the polypeptide chain are at which
level of protein structure?
1. Primary
2. Secondary
3. Tertiary
4. Quaternary
18. What is the structure of a phospholipid?
1. Glycerol head and 3 fatty acid tails
2. Phosphate head and 2 fatty acid tails
3. 4 fused carbon rings
4. Chains of glucose monomers
22. Draw and label a diagram of a phospholipid bilayer. Include phosphate head, fatty acid tails, water, hydrophilic and hydrophobic.
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Unit 4: Biochemistry Review
Name: _____________________________________
23. Identify the 4 levels of protein structure and the types of bonds that form them.
24. What is it called when a protein loses its shape?
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Unit 4: Biochemistry Review
Name: _____________________________________
SC.912.L.18.11 EOC as L.18.1
Explain the role of enzymes as catalysts that lower the activation energy of biochemical reactions. Identify factors, such as pH and temperature, and their effect on enzyme
activity.
 Explain the "lock and key" fit between enzyme and substrate
 Explain how temperature and pH affect enzyme activity
 Explain the effect enzymes have on activation energy in a chemical reaction
25. What is activation energy?
26.
Circle one:
With / Without Enzyme
Circle one:
With / Without Enzyme
Enzymes
•
•
___ __________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________
Each enzyme acts as a catalyst for a specific kind of chemical rxn by lowering activation energy
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Unit 4: Biochemistry Review
Name: _____________________________________
27. Enzymes are biological ______________________________ which are special kinds of _________________________________. They facilitate reactions by
lowering ____________________________ _________________________ without being consumed (used up) themselves. Enzymes are required for most
biological reactions and are highly _________________________________, like a lock and its key. Put simply, they control the reactions of life.
28. Fill in the following enzyme diagram.
29. Define
Enzyme
Substrate
Active site
Product
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Unit 4: Biochemistry Review
Name: _____________________________________
30.Enzyme activity
Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity
Affect on Enzyme Activity
Other Notes:
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Unit 4: Biochemistry Review
Name: _____________________________________
Biochemistry Capstone: Concept Maps
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Unit 4: Biochemistry Review
Name: _____________________________________
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Unit 4: Biochemistry Review
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Unit 4: Biochemistry Review
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Unit 4: Biochemistry Review
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Unit 4: Biochemistry Review
Name: _____________________________________
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Unit 4: Biochemistry Review
Name: _____________________________________
Biochemistry Concept Map
Organize the information we learned about Macromolecules in this chart.
Organic Chemistry
Inorganic
Molecules
Organic
Molecules
Contain
May Also Contain
Do Not Contain
Consist of
Macromolecules like
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Phospholipids
Are Sugars like
PolySaccharides
Glucose
Function
Energy
Structural
Chitin
Fructose
Plants
Waxes
Made up of Tangled Stores genetic
and wound together information
Steroids
Examples
Examples
4 Classes
Animals
Cushion
Polymers
3.18
Structure
Glycerol
(3C)
3 Fatty
Acid
Chains
Which are
chains of
Unit 4: Biochemistry Review
Name: _____________________________________
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Unit 4: Biochemistry Review
Name: _____________________________________
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Unit 4: Biochemistry Review
Name: _____________________________________
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Unit 4: Biochemistry Review
Name: _____________________________________
Surface Tension and the Neuston Ecosystem
A Biochemistry Case Study
Objectives
 Understand what a neuston ecosystem is.
 Identify the properties of water that are of biological importance to life in the neuston ecosystem.
 Identify the macromolecules that serve as a “food source” for many of the micro-organisms of the neuston .
 Diagram a four-step neuston food chain.
The properties of water make life on Earth possible. Water covers 3/4 of the earth’s surface. Without such vast oceans, earth’s
temperatures would vary too widely for life to comfortably exist. Cells are 70-95% water. Water dissolves a wide range of substances
allowing matter and nutrients to easily cross from the environment into a cell so that growth, repair and reproduction can be
accomplished.
Throughout the history of life on Earth, organisms have adapted to living wherever food sources are available. One of the most
remarkable environments for living things exists at the surface of bodies of water. Many organisms use a property of water- surface
tension- to exploit on of the largest ecosystems on this planet, the one at the water’s surface.
Surface tension is the cohesive attraction of water molecules that causes a skin-like layer one molecule thick to form on the surface
of liquid water. You can see an example of surface tension when you fill a glass of water to very top. The water bulges up above the
rim of the glass forming a convex surface. Because of water’s cohesive tendency, it is possible for some heavy objects to float on the
water’s surface. A razor blade placed on the surface of a glass of water will float, even though the blade is twice as dense as water. It
is also possible for objects or organisms to hang suspended from below the water’s surface, like a spider on a ceiling.
The organisms that live at the water’s surface and in the top few millimeters of water are known as the neuston. The neuston
include bacteria, protists, animals, and tiny plants. They make up a surface film that often appears to be an oil slick when viewed
from above. The neuston are a highly productive part of Florida’s swamps, ponds and lakes. They also are an important component
of the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico.
The neuston contain a biomass of life many time great than the biomass just a few centimeters below the surface. The surface film
has a high concentration of salts and also dissolved organic matter, including various forms of the4 macromolecules essential for lifelipids, carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids. The organic matter supports bacterial populations that 10 to 1,000 times as dense
as the water below the neuston.
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Unit 4: Biochemistry Review
Name: _____________________________________
Also present in the surface film are thousands of microscopic protists called algae. In freshwater, algae can cause they water appear
a golden color, and in the ocean, a reddish to brown color. This is due to the photosynthetic pigments these organisms contain.
Since algae are performing photosynthesis they form the base of aquatic food chains and contribute a great deal to the productivity
of the neuston. They must remain in the photic, or sunlight, region of the water. In order to do this, algae may have cilia or flagellatiny projections to help them swim- or they may synthesize light weight oils to make them buoyant.
The bacteria and algae of the neuston provide food for a relatively high concentration of protozoans. In saltwater typical protozoans
include tintinids, radiolarians, and foraminiferans. In freshwaters, typical protozoans include Euglena and Amoeba. Larger
zooplankton, including certain species of copepod and decapod crustaceans, are present in the neuston. Floating fish eggs are found
in the saltwater neuston. In freshwater, amphibian eggs are often found as well.
Larger animals that also use the surface tension to feed on the neuston include insects, cnidarians, and mollusks. In saltwater, these
large animals float on or hang from the surface. One animal that lives walking and standing on top of the water’s surface is the water
strider, Halobates, one the few insect that is truly a marine animal. Halobates feeds on small zooplankton of the neuston. Other
animals, such as Portuguese man-of-war and purple sail, Vellela, float among the neuston. A shell-less snail, Glaucus, suspend itself
below the surface film and feed hanging upside down.
Analysis:
1. Identify the unique properties of water that make life on earth possible? What is the biological importance of each?
Property of Water
Biological Importance
3.23
Unit 4: Biochemistry Review
Name: _____________________________________
2. 2a) What property of the water molecule is responsible for the unique properties of water? 2b) Draw a diagram of this property. 2c)Draw 2 polar water
molecules, labeling the atoms and the charges.
2a) Property of Water Molecule responsible for the unique properties of water
2c) Water Molecule Diagram
2b) Diagram of the above property.
3. What property of water is responsible for surface tension? Define that property.
4. 4a) How can you see the effect of surface tension when you fill a glass of water? 4b) Relate this effect to the chemistry of the water molecule.
4a)
4b)
5. What organisms make up the neuston? Where are the neuston found?
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Unit 4: Biochemistry Review
Name: _____________________________________
6. What is biomass? 6b) Which aquatic zone has a higher biomass, the photic zone (sunlit zone at the surface) or the aphotic zone (dark zone in deeper water,
below the surface), why?
4b)
7. 7a) What are the 4 macromolecules that make up the organic matter suspended in the neuston? 7b) Give an example for each of the macromolecules. 7c) It
is likely that the building blocks or monomers for each macromolecule may be suspended or dissolved in the neuston as well. Give the monomer for each of the
4 macromolecules. 7d) What is using those macromolecule for food?
7a)
7b)
7c)
7d)
8. Microorganisms in the neuston obtain their energy and building materials directly from the macromolecules and nutrients dissolved in the neuston. a.)Which
molecule(s) will be used for energy? b.)Which molecules will be used to make cell membranes or light oils for buoyancy?
8a)
8b)
9. Name an animal that is able to stand on the water’s surface. Describe why the animal is able to do this (Hint: properties of water).
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Unit 4: Biochemistry Review
Name: _____________________________________
10. Starting with an aquatic producer discussed in the article make a three step food chain using other organisms listed in the article. List the trophic levels for
each organism and whether it is a heterotroph or autotroph and its feeding mode (herbivore, omnivore…).
11. Micro-organisms like bacteria obtain the macromolecules necessary for life from those directly suspended in the neuston. How do each other organisms in
your 2-step food chain obtain their macromolecules?
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