SYSTEMATICS AND TAXONOMY
Classification is used for identification.
Taxonomy: King Play Chess on Fat Goat Stomach
- Kingdom
- Phylum/division
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Family
- Genus
- Species
Binomial Nomenclature:
- Latin
- Italic OR underlined
- Function
o UNIVERSAL
o Common name varies: jinjing/sengon/petai petian
o Same name for different species: robin
- Two words
o 1: Genus (initial capitalized)
o 2: called specific epithet: Species/person’s name/place’s name (in
Latin),
o sp. we know genus,we don’t know species
Keys
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kingdom: no particular ending
phylum: names end in –phyta (plant) or –mycota (fungi)
class: names end in –opsida (plants), -phyceae (algae) or –mycetes (fungus)
order: names end in –ales (vascular plant)
family: names end in –aceae (plants), -idea (animals)
genus [pl. genera]
species [pl. species]
Three Domains
Unicellular
Membrane lipids
Cell wall
Nuclear envelope
Membranebounded
Bacteria
Yes
Phospholipids,
unbranched
Yes
No
No
Archaea
Yes
Varied branched
lipids
Yes
No
No
Eukarya
Some
Phospholipids,
unbranched
Some
Yes
Yes
Organelles
Ribosomes
Introns
Yes
No
Yes
Some
Yes
Yes
Intron -> untuk sintesis DNA untuk 1. Membaca, 2. Translate, 3. Disisipkan -> yg
hilang intron
Non-coding sequence of DNA removed from mature messenger RNA prior to
translation. DNA initially transcribed to messenger RNA consists of coding sequences
(exons) and non-coding sequences (introns); introns are spliced out of the messenger
RNA prior to translation, leaving only the exons to ultimately encode the amino acid
product.
Metode Pengelompokan
Phylogeny
 Evolutionary history
 Ancestral traits and derived traits
 Pattern of branching, constructed from analysis of derived traits, classify taxa
Cladistics
 Method that uses shared, derived traits to develop phylogeny. It is then
interpreted into a type of phylogeny constructed with cladistic method caled a
cladogram.
 Which phylogeny is the best hypothesis of evolutionary history?
 Cladistics applies parsimony to a set of traits to construct cladogram =
simplest solution is the optimum (fewest evolutionary change)
 Outrgoup is taxon used to determine the ancestral and derived traits int he
ingroup
 Not only morphological traits, behavioral and molecular traits as well
Dichotomous key: sebuah kalimat, terdiri dari 2 statement antara polihan 1 dan yang
lain saling bertentangan