Research work
«The globalization of the English language and its
consequences»
made by:
Korolkova A.V.
Saratov 2014
Contents:
Introduction ................................................................................................. 3
CHAPTER 1 . The concept of globalization .......................................................... 5
CHAPTER 2 .The Language aspect of globalization. ......................................... 6
CHAPTER 3. The role of the English language in the globalization process ..... 10
CHAPTER 4. Implications globalizatsiiGlobalizatsiya language of English and its
consequences ................................................................................................. .. 13
Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 13
List of references ................................................ ......................................... 16
Introduction.
Language as a social phenomenon has always been and remains at the center
of attention of researchers. This is due to the fact that the language has a crucial
communicative and cognitive functions. Throughout the history of the
development of social and philosophical thought of the theory of language
developed prominent scientists, philosophers and linguists. The central problem
in all studied in the past and the present teachings of the language was and is an
understanding of how language originated and what is its nature. The answer to
this question depends on a proper understanding of the role of language
integration in the system of modern public relations
At the beginning of the XX century has English more and more significantly
exerts its influence in the global society, and clearly becomes the language, which
can be called the language of international communication. Now English, of
course, along with other languages of international communication, is already
being used at international conferences, the League of Nations, is used for
negotiation. For Europeans, the arguments of the globalization of English, and
securing him the status of an international - not empty talk. Many questions still
remain open. Is modern English - the best tool for communication between
people of different nationalities? Or it becomes a threat to the diversity of
national cultures and languages? Are there other ways (languages) spoken in the
world community.
This topic is relevant for Russia, which is also trying to feel part of an integrated
world, and it is important we find whether Russia with the world a common
language.
The late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. marked in the world of
globalization have increased dramatically. The world community is going through
a difficult stage of all social processes, which is due, in particular, the
development of information technology. Globalization has covered the economic,
political and cultural spheres of society.
This phenomenon is discussed in all fields of modern science: Communicativistics,
sociology, cultural studies, political science, computer science, and of course in
linguistics.
In the context of the problem may be to focus on two main aspects of
globalization: on the one hand - this is the homogenization of the life-world,
commitment to shared cultural values, the desire to universalize all the other - of
course, the increasing interdependence, integration of individual forms of social
consciousness, when under the influence of globalization is formed single, holistic
universal society.
The purpose of the study –to investigate the nature of language, the basis of
its occurrence and to analyze its role in the globalization process.
Objectives of the study:
1.To detect its social nature of language and understand it as a form of reflection
of certain parameters of social activity;
2.To investigate the role of language in the modern public relations in
connection with the rapid development of information systems;
3.To define a place and role of the English language in the globalization process;
4.To indentify the effects of globalization of the English language.
The object of the study – English language.
The Subject of research - the process of globalization in the modern world.
CHAPTER 1.
The concept of globalization.
The concept of "globalization" has been widely discussed in the international
scientific literature since the late 60's - early 70's. XX century., Although the
process of globalization by the time came for decades. Despite this, there is still
no common understanding of the phenomenon of globalization and in
determining its positive and negative aspects and consequences /
Global (from the French. Global - universal, from Lat. Globus a ball) - covering
the entire globe, the world. Thus, the basic meaning of the concept of
globalization - in the acquisition of the world economic system of a new quality is a single information space, contributing to the formation of a single,
commercial complex on a global scale.
An integrated, multi-level and contradictory process of globalization involves
several interrelated aspects: cultural-psychological, socio-political, economic,
informational and technological, ethnic. All these aspects are closely linked and
inseparable. The globalization of economic processes of globalization relations in
other areas, and at the same time strengthened by them.
The trend of globalization is an objective law of detention is a qualitative leap in
the economic relations between the two countries. Global communications allow
all national economies to create, receive, impart and use information.
More attention is paid to the issue of globalization and foreign scientists. J..
Tomlinson believes that globalization is a complex relationship, the growth of
public relations around the world. He argues that the process is having an
incredible pressure on the person's perception of himself, with the whole world
inevitably becomes the only frame of reference for everyone. J.. Tomlinson sees
globalization as a reflexive process. To a certain extent, all participants in this
process need to track the changes in their lives and to realize their own role in
this large-scale process. Age of "globalization" creates a sense of discomfort.
However, this process allows you to take a fresh look at much of what surrounds
us, and causes a global reassessment of the person's own life.
The concept of "globalization" is often replaced by concepts such as
"internationalization, westernization or modernization, liberalization,
universalization". Of course, all these terms are interrelated, but none of them
fully explains the uniqueness and volume we are studying the concept.
Globalization is not limited to the introduction of cultural norms, characteristic of
the western countries, the growth of international relations and overcoming the
restrictions on movement from one country to another. Globalization is the
intensification of worldwide social relations which resulted in events of local
significance influence on the world and vice versa.
CHAPTER 2.
The linguistic dimension of globalization
Many scientists, linguists-globalists are exploring the process of linguistic
globalization. Among them a special place is occupied by J. A. Dunn, BB Kachru,
who are studying the influence of one language into the other languages of the
world. For these researchers characterized not focus on particular factors that
cause the borrowing or promote them, and trying to make sense of the world's
linguistic processes and their device. One of the most interesting in this regard is
the theory of concentric circles BB Kachru, to assess the extent of penetration of
the English language in many of the world's languages. All the variety of options
of modern English scientist offers presented in the form of internal, external, and
expanding circles (inner, outer and expanding circles). The reasons for including
the option of language in a particular area are related to the linguistic norm and
performed a set of communicative functions. Thus, the "inner zone" form variants
of English spoken in the UK, USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand. This so-called
"law-making" of the country, where English is the native languages in the territory
of a nation and serves as a means of communication in all the functional areas,
and codified language use at different levels of the language system is accepted
as the norm of the English-speaking community, which need to follow and imitate
. This, of course, ignored the distinction between national and regional variants
within the innermost zone.
"Outer zone" form countries such as India, South African Republic, Pakistan,
Malaysia, the Philippines, Nigeria, Ghana, Bangladesh, Singapore and some others
where English is an official or a second state language, along with the age-old
national language. The range of communication functions in this case is
somewhat narrowed in comparison with the countries of the inner zone; with
respect to the linguistic norm variants of English in this case are considered as
"developing."
Finally, the countries most dynamic "expansion zone", referred to as
"developing countries" include Indonesia, Taiwan, China. Israel, Egypt, Saudi
Arabia, the European Union, a number of former Soviet republics. In these
countries, the English language has the status of an auxiliary means of
communication adopted relatively recently and perform a limited set of
communicative functions.
The processes of globalization can have both positive and negative effects on
the linguistic situation. Universal distribution of one language leads to
understanding, which always lacked humanity, and it is certainly a positive thing
to be positive as long as the language will remain the second language. But as
soon as he begins to displace the native language, it will affect the distribution of
the national feelings of the people violates the "natural human need - the need
for identity, ie desire in all situations, to use their own language, mastered in early
childhood ", which will objectively promote the growth of national selfconsciousness of small nations and enhance the national identity of each
individual. According to GP Neschimenko, with the increasing globalization
processes may occur ethno-linguistic conflict, since "not every ethnic group in the
name of integration ready to give up their own, they have historically occupied a
niche in the global cultural space." Thus, globalization affects the linguistic
situation in the two differently oriented directions.
VM Alpatov in his article "Globalization and development of languages" argues
that the spread of the "second mother tongue" violates the natural human need the need for identity, then there is a desire in all situations, to use their own
language, mastered in early childhood. People have to learn a foreign language,
but not all the same are capable of conscious learning of languages (this ability is
little correlated with other human abilities). The imposition of a global language
adds two aspects: firstly, the people who own common language, are in a better
position to globalization: they do not need to learn any language in addition VM
Alpatov draws attention to the fact that people in the developed countries, the
least interested in foreign languages. Second, the global language can not be
associated with the policy and the system of values of the country where this
language is [1].
Humanity is at the present stage is at a crossroads. On the one hand, it is aware
of the ever-growing influence of the international language in the process of
intercultural communication, on the other - the need to preserve the native
culture. "Language does not exist outside of culture, ie is socially inherit together
the skills and ideas that characterize our way of life. "
Statistics show that about a quarter of the world's population speaks English.
However, D. Crystal notes that the global language is not determined by the
number of people who speak it, and those who these people are. Latin was the
international language for the whole of the Roman Empire, in view of the fact that
the Romans were powerful and strong warriors. When Rome ceased to be a great
empire, the international role of the Latin language has not dried up. On the
contrary, this language is still the international language of education, thanks to
the power of the Roman Catholic Church.
However, not only the military power of the state is the condition of
dominance of a particular language in the world community. It is also necessary
that this power had developed and strong economy. From the middle of the XIX
century, this factor is one of the priorities for the development and spread of the
language, as in this period begin to happen the most important events in the
sectors of the world economy, which in turn are backed by advances in
information technology - the invention of the telegraph, telephone, radio. The
growth of competition in the industry and business impact on the rapid
development of trade and advertising. The role of media in society and reaches
unprecedented levels, which then give way to the media.
Taking into account the beliefs D. Krystal, we can conclude that there is a close
link between economic, technological and cultural power of the state and the
language itself. No language can acquire the status of "international" without
strong political support.
CHAPTER 3.
The role of English in globalization
In modern society, the English language has taken its strong position. In
kindergarten kids teach the English alphabet and simple words. At school, he is
required to study and, in some institutions, students listen to the whole lectures on
various subjects in English. When hiring a knowledge of this language can force
the employer to pay special attention to your resume. The English language has
long been assimilated with our - everywhere people use words such as "computer",
"internet", "business", "image", "presentation" We travel the world,
communicating with people from different countries and cultures in English, and
them understand each other. Today, the ability to communicate in English has
become the norm, and even necessary. But why English? Why not Japanese or
Arabic? Why English has become the international language, the language of
international communication?
Many centuries ago, England has extended the English language in all the
conquered countries - the colonies of the British Empire, and emigrants from
England brought it to North America and other parts of the world. So, teaming up
with immigrants from Europe, they created the United States of America, where
English played a major role in overcoming the linguistic and national barriers.
During its existence, English has undergone many changes. Conquered
colonies transformed language of the colonizer and brings him the elements of its
national language. For example, in the Philippines, Malaysia, UK, USA Language
slightly different to each other. Culture of different countries have their effect on
the English language. Today there is even such a thing as American English, for us
it is the language of heavy duty power USA, simplified and more "user-friendly".
Mass distribution of the English language began in the era of globalization and
technological progress. Globalization of Economy and Trade, as well as
"Americanization" helped to spread American English, from which increasingly
began to borrow the words of other languages, such as Ukrainian and Russian.
Currently we master the latest technology, the possibilities of the Internet and
international communication. Scientists from around the world come together for
important research. Literature in English, clothing from abroad, the students "to
exchange" turisty- all that surrounds us every day. And let there have been
attempts to create a new universal language of international communication, such
as Esperanto, which has made significant progress - still English was and remains
the main international language.
Globalization in the field of language is only a manifestation of globalization in
other areas, and indicates a gradual rapprochement of the peoples. Need a
reasonable policy in the field of culture, which can largely smooth rejection by the
people of intensive penetration language leader, and at the same time preserve the
originality and uniqueness of the native language.
At the beginning of the XX century has English more and more significantly
exerts its influence in global society and clearly becomes a language that can be
called a language of international communication. Now the English language, of
course, along with other languages of international communication, is already used
at international conferences in the League of Nations, is used for negotiations. And
it becomes obvious need to improve the teaching of English and to develop
sufficiently objective criteria that would allow to study the language more
effectively.
CHAPTER 4.
The globalization of English and its consequences
The processes of globalization can have both positive and negative effects on
the linguistic situation. In this case, we consider the influence of English language
on the scope of other nations, as he rightfully won a commanding position in
several international languages adopted by the UN. Certainly, the acquisition of the
English language of this role can not be seen clearly. There was a global language English, which is communication between the various countries and peoples. It
connects people of different nationalities and skin colors, but at the same time, it
increased prevalence threatening attitude of even very advanced languages Russian, Chinese, German, French, Spanish and other languages. The scope of the
latter is narrowed even on their national territory. National languages clogged
cosmopolitan English slang, syntactical tracing paper, the national languages are
degraded to the level of the mixture with the English language. Borrowing can
penetrate anywhere, including in the core language, and it occurs primarily through
the media and Internet.
Allocation of English as the language of the world of globalization to the
following factors:
- the political and military power of speaking in this language;
-the strong economy and YOU TO action on a global scale;
-scientific technological revolution and the presence of a high level of scientific
and technical research;
-a lot of ex- British colonies;
-a victory of the UK and the USA in the First and Second World Wars;
-the domination in the postwar period;
- the spread of Mass media;
- the spread of advertising;
-the spread of speakers;
-the spread of Internet.
It should be noted that the current process of globalization, according to experts,
have contradictory character. Among the positive features of globalization can be
called aggravation of international competition, economies of scale, the potential
increase in labor productivity. All this may or may be a cause of lower costs and
prices, the spread of advanced technology, continuous innovation. Globalization
also has a negative side. It gives rise to conflicts and problems, first and foremost
among which is considered to be the unequal distribution of wealth. Or in other
words, someone from her wins, and someone gets the crumbs. The second problem
is considered to be a potential instability (global or regional) because of the
interconnection of economies. Ongoing globalization, the pros and cons of which
appear as a result of this relationship, more than once showed this negative side,
when a crisis in one country or region of the world is the beginning of negative
processes. The third challenge relates concerns about the transition of control over
the economies of some countries from the hands of the sovereign leadership g
Conclusion.
Thus, we can conclude that the phenomenon which in recent years has been
called globalization is a process that occurs with varying intensity for many
hundreds of years. This process is complex and ambiguous. His assessment can not
be given, based only on the noisy slogans public globalist or antiglobalisticheskih
social movements of recent years. The globalization process has been launched at a
time when the first trader stepped into the territory of another state. At the same
time there was a need to understand each other, which in turn caused a linguistic
globalization. The globalization of English has its positive and negative sides.
Universal spreading English language led to the understanding that always lacked
humanity, and it is certainly a positive development that will have this painting up
until this language will remain the second language.
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