Supporting Information Table S1
Table S1 Some references explicitly suggesting that Heinrich stadial-1 was colder and
drier than the last glacial maximum in western Europe and 2σ ranges of the calibrated
ages of two charcoal fragments reported by de Lafontaine et al. (2014) completely
included within Heinrich stadial-1 interval.
Record
M39-008,
MD95-2034,
BS79-38,
BS79-33
MD95-2040
Age of climatic
extreme
(cal kyr BP)
~17.9 - ~14.8
17.6 - 14.9
Type of data
Evidence for HS1 being colder and/or drier
than global LGM
References
Marine records (cores
from the Gulf of Cadiz,
Alborán and
Thyrrhenian Seas)
Marine record
(Portuguese margin
core)
Marine record
(Portuguese margin
core)
SST lower during HS1 than global LGM
(alkenone measurements)
Cacho et al., 2001
Sea surface cooling (planktonic foraminiferal
δ18O)
de Abreu et al., 2003
Sea surface cooling (dinocyst record;
alkenone unsaturation ratios) and maximum
extension of dry steppes (pollen record)
during HS1
Sea surface cooling (planktonic foraminiferal
δ18O record) and AMOC shutdown (Pa/Th
ratio)
Cessation of calcite growth
Turon et al., 2003;
Bard et al., 2000
HS1 colder and drier than global LGM
(model simulation); decrease in arboreal taxa
during HS1 (model simulation and pollen
record)
Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea
unusually cold; northwest Europe dominated
by hypercold winters
Two-phase climatic succession during HS1:
a cold and humid episode (decrease of Pinus)
followed by a dry and cool phase (increase in
semi-desert plants) (pollen records)
Reduction of arboreal pollen and expansion
of semi-desert vegetation during HS1 (pollen
record)
Lower fluvial discharge indicates increased
aridity in the Pyrenees and the Alps during
HS1 (K/Al ratio)
Shallow lake level, saline waters and reduced
productivity during HS1 (paleohydrological
analysis)
Global LGM was not a cold extreme but a
period of warming as compared to
surrounding HSs (multiple paleohydrological
proxies)
Cessation of calcite growth
Kageyama et al., 2005
LGM survival of Picea and Abies followed
by their disappearance during HS1 (pollen
record)
Severe cold and dry condition with
expansion of semi-desert/steppic and forest
contraction during HS1 (pollen records)
Kelly et al., 2010
AMOC shutdown and colder conditions
during HS1 (Planktonic foraminiferal δ18O
record, lithic and foraminiferal counts
portray a sequence of events through HS1)
HS1, not global LGM, was the coldest and
most arid period (multiproxy records from
continental sequences)
Stanford et al., 2011
Europe: cool and dry stadial during HS1
when vegetation returned to its glacial state
Clark et al., 2012
SU81-18
~17.7 - ~14.7
OCE326-GGC5
17.5 - ~14.7
Marine record (Bermuda
Sea core)
Grotte Chauvet,
southern France
Model
simulation &
ODP site 976
~24 - 14.6
16.6 - 14.4
Terrestrial record
(speleothems)
Model - data (from
Alborán Sea core)
comparison
World
17.5 - 14.5
Review and perspective
MD99-2331,
MD03-2697
~18.2 - ~14.9
Marine records (cores
from the Galician
margin)
MD95-2043
17.5 - 14.7
Marine record (Alborán
Sea core)
MD99-2343
~17.3 - ~14.7
Marine record (Balearic
Sea core)
Lake Estanya,
northeast Spain
18 - 14.5
Lake sediments
Western Iberian
margin
18- 15
Compilation of 11
marine records along
western Iberian margin
El Pindal Cave,
northeast Spain
Bodmin moor,
southwest
England
Europe
~18 - ~15
Terrestrial record
(speleothems)
Terrestrial record
(pollen analysis)
TTR-451
~19 -14.6
Iberian
Peninsula
17.5 - 14.5
World (Europe)
17.5 - 14.7
17.5 - 14.5
? - ~14.6
Compilation of 117
terrestrial and marine
pollen records
throughout Europe
Marine record from
Eirik Drift
Compilation of 12
multi-proxy
reconstructions from
lake sediments
Compilation of 69 SST
records and EOF
McManus et al., 2004
Genty et al., 2005
Denton et al., 2006
Naughton et al., 2007,
2009
Fletcher & SanchezGoñi, 2008
Frigola et al., 2008
Morellón et al., 2009
Eynaud et al., 2009
Moreno et al., 2010
Fletcher et al., 2010
Moreno et al., 2012
MD01-2430
19.5 - 14.7
MD99-2281,
MD95-2002,
MD95-2010
19 - 14.5
Ayoó mire,
northwest Spain
Pinus sylvestris
16.4 - 13.6
analysis
Marine record (core
from the Sea of
Marmara)
Marine records from
Faeroe margin, Celtic
margin, Vöring plateau
Reduction of arboreal pollen and expansion
of semi-desert vegetation during HS1 (pollen
record)
Sharp cooling and sea-ice development
during HS1 (abundance of polar planktonic
foraminifera and coarse lithic grain
concentration)
Dry and cold climate; the most unfavorable
conditions for plant growth (pollen record)
-
Valsecchi et al., 2012
Caulle et al., 2013
Terrestrial record
Morales-Molino &
(pollen analysis)
García-Antón, 2014
2σ =16.2-16.7
Soil macrofossil
de Lafontaine et al.,
charcoal
2014
Fagus sylvatica
2σ =15.8-14.8
Soil macrofossil
de Lafontaine et al.,
charcoal
2014
AMOC, Atlantic meridional overturning circulation; EOF, empirical orthogonal function; HS1, Heinrich stadial-1; LGM, global last
glacial maximum; SST, sea surface temperature
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