Mrs. Stahl 1
Chapter 2 Notes
Vocabulary Review:
Abiotic:_______________________________________________________________________________
Biotic:________________________________________________________________________________
Ecosystems:___________________________________________________________________________
Habitat:______________________________________________________________________________
Microhabitat:__________________________________________________________________________
Homeostasis:__________________________________________________________________________
Homeostasis with Marine Organisms:
Problems-> ___________________________________________________________________________
Optimal Range->_______________________________________________________________________
Zones of Stress->
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Zones of Intolerance->
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What happens if an organism lives outside its optimal range?
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Mrs. Stahl 2
Chapter 2 Notes
Optimal Range Chart
Physical Characteristics of Marine Environment
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Sunlight- The basis of all life
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Mrs. Stahl 3
Chapter 2 Notes
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Sunlight and the Shoreline:
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Temperature
Ectotherms:
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Example-> ____________________________________________________________________________
They are sluggish when temperatures are low and very active when temperatures are high.
Endotherms:
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Example-> ____________________________________________________________________________
Temperature also affects the distribution of organisms
Tidal pools->
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Salinity
Definition->
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Mrs. Stahl 4
Chapter 2 Notes
Solutes-> substances that are dissolved in water.
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Example-> In the open ocean spider crabs cannot regulate the salt concentration of their body fluids
because their bodies absorb water and salt.
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Bays, estuaries, and tide pools are really affected because of evaporation. Water evaporates
but the salt remains highly concentrated.
Fiddler Crab-> able to adjust the salt content of their body tissues by regulating salt and water
retention.
Pressure
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Metabolic Requirements
Nutrients->
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Seawater->
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Mrs. Stahl 5
Chapter 2 Notes
Oxygen->
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Cooler/ less salty water= more oxygen
Warm / saline water= less oxygen
Anaerobic organisms->
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Aerobic organisms->
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Too many nutrients cause issues such as run-off (eutrophication) which increases nutrient levels ->
Explosion= algal blooms or photosynthetic plankton blooms -> plankton dies-> bacteria
decomposes-> decomposition depletes water of oxygen -> organisms die-> decomposition->
massive die offs
Metabolic Waste
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Populations- a group of the same species
Example-> _________________________________________________
Characteristics:
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Mrs. Stahl 6
Chapter 2 Notes
How is population determined?
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Mark Recapture
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Captured-> tagged-> released-> wait a sufficient amount of time for the animals to mix back
into the population = sample is taken again and the ration of marked: unmarked is
documented.
Example: Tag 10 nurse sharks-> release-> two weeks later catch 10 more-> and two of the 10
have tags= 20% of the entire population in the area-> population would be 50 sharks because
20% of 50 =10, and 10 is how many were tagged initially.
Population Density
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The number of individuals per unit area or volume.
Example-> the number of barnacles on a square meter of rock
Three types of dispersion: clumped, uniform, and random
Dispersion- pattern
Clumped
Uniform
of spacing among
individuals within the
range
Definition
Example
Random
Mrs. Stahl 7
Chapter 2 Notes
Changes in population size
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Examples->
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Survivorship = life expectancy / longevity
Type 1
Type 2
Type 3
Mrs. Stahl 8
Chapter 2 Notes
Life History-> birth, reproduction, and death
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Clutch Size
# Events
Age
Q???? What would be the benefit of an organism reproducing once in its lifetime?
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Terms to know!!!!!!!
Biological fitness->
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Opportunistic Species->
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Equilibrium Species->
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Population Growth
Recruitment
1. Reproduction
2. Immigration (new individuals from other populations joining
Mrs. Stahl 9
Chapter 2 Notes
Phytoplankton Bloom- “J Curve” or exponential logarithmic growth
Mrs. Stahl 10
Chapter 2 Notes
Population Regulation
What factors determine the carry capacity of an environment?
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Communities-> Populations of different species in the same habitat
Example-> ____________________________
Niche-> “occupation” its role in the environment
Examples->
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2. _____________________________________________________
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Mrs. Stahl 11
Chapter 2 Notes
What makes up a niche?
1.
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3.
4.
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Biological Interactions
Competition->
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Can Be:
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No two groups of organisms can use exactly the
same resources in exactly the same place at the same time.
Results of competition
Mrs. Stahl 12
Chapter 2 Notes
Predator- Prey Interactions
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Plants-> herbivores-> omnivores / carnivores
If there is not enough vegetation
herbivores will decline (starvation) ->
vegetation increases->
herbivores increase.
Carnivores and their prey (they switch when prey declines)
Some predators focus on species that are abundant because they expend less energy
Carnivores
eats lots of one species
Prey replenishes
Carnivore starves
Prey
Prey declines
Keystone Species-> they keep the entire ecosystem in check.
Example->
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Sea Otters:
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Mrs. Stahl 13
Chapter 2 Notes
Symbiosis: “living together”
Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism
Definition
Example
Energy Flow Through Ecosystems
Producers / Autotrophs ->
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Mrs. Stahl 14
Chapter 2 Notes
Equation for Photosynthesis:
_____________________ + _____________________ -> __________________+ ________________
Not all producers are photosynthetic, some are chemosynthetic (use energy from chemical reactions)
Ex.-> Bacteria inhabit deep sea vents
Consumers / Heterotrophs-> rely on others for food
Detritivores-> ______________________________________________________________________
Decomposers->_____________________________________________________________________
Mrs. Stahl 15
Chapter 2 Notes
Biomass pyramid
Food Chain vs. Food Web
Food Web
Biogeochemical Cycles-> cycles of nutrients needed for life
Hydrologic Cycle->
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Water
Equator= supplies the greatest amount of evaporation in all the oceans due to excessive eat
and sunlight.
Water vapor is carried north and south from the equator and west to east within each
hemisphere. When air masses cool and rise = precipitation
Mrs. Stahl 16
Chapter 2 Notes
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Sea Salt= precipitation nuclei= sea salt enters the air because of waves crashing. They then
collect water droplets and when they get heavy enough they fall back onto the ground as
precipitation.
Carbon Cycle:
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Carbon is essential for all living things
Backbone of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
Living organisms produce carbon when they respire
Organism dies
Decomposers breakdown tissues (CO2)
Marine producers use the CO2 in photosynthesis to make carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are used to make other materials
CO2 reacts with seawater to form carbonic acid (H2CO3) which
forms hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions
Bicarbonate ions are absorbed by marine life
and they combine with calcium carbonate
(shells and skeletons)
The calcium carbonate collects in the sediment and becomes limestone.
The limestone appears on land through geological processes where it becomes weathered (wind /
rain) -> washes back into the ocean.
Mrs. Stahl 17
Chapter 2 Notes
Nitrogen Cycle
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Producers require nitrogen for protein synthesis, growth, and reproduction
Ammonia= NH3, ammonium=NH4, nitrite=NO2, nitrate= NO3
Producers use energy from photosynthesis to concentrate the nitrogen in their tissues and
then turn that energy into amino acids-> proteins
Nitrogen is then passed in the form of proteins to consumers
Proteins and amino acids get processed and released through uric acid, urea, and ammonia
Atmosphere= 79%
Thunderstorms-> produce nitrates that enter through precipitation
Major nitrogen fixing organism in the ocean is cyanobacteria
Run-off from land contains nitrogen from fertilizers, sewage, and dead biotic factors= huge
growth of phytoplankton
The Biosphere-> the Earth= all communities and ecosystems
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Kelp forests, estuaries, salt marshes, mangrove swamps, rocky shores, sandy shores, coral
reefs, open ocean
Estuary-____________________________________________________________________
Intertidal Zone-______________________________________________________________
Ocean ZonesPelagic Zone-___________________________________________________________________
Benthic-_______________________________________________________________________
Neritic-________________________________________________________________________
Open Ocean-___________________________________________________________________
Photic Zone-____________________________________________________________________
Aphotic Zone-___________________________________________________________________
Shelf Zone-______________________________________________________________________
Bathyal Zone-____________________________________________________________________
Abyssal Zone-____________________________________________________________________
Hadal Zone-_____________________________________________________________________
Epifauna-_______________________________________________________________________
Mrs. Stahl 18
Chapter 2 Notes
Infauna-_______________________________________________________________________
Label the:
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Intertidal
Pelagic Zone
Abyssal Zone
Benthic Zone
Shelf Zone
Oceanic Zone
Neritic Zone
Bathyal
Hadal
Photic Zone
Aphotic Zone