Mrs. Stahl
Chapter 2 Notes
1
What are the eight characteristics of living things?
1._________________________
2._________________________
4.__________________________ 7.__________
5.__________________________ 8.__________
3._________________________ 6.__________________________
How are organisms classified??
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Taxonomy:
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Binomial Nomenclature:
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________________________________________________________________________ o _________________________________________ o _________________________________________ o _________________________________________ o _________________________________________

Mrs. Stahl
Chapter 2 Notes
2
Classification System:
1.________________________
2.________________________
3.________________________
4._______________________
5.________________________
6._________________________
7._______________________
8.________________________
Remember: ____________________________________________________________________
Three Domains:
1.____________________________________________________________________________
2.____________________________________________________________________________
3.____________________________________________________________________________
Six Kingdoms:
1.______________________________
2.______________________________
3.______________________________
4.______________________________
5.______________________________
6.______________________________

Mrs. Stahl
Chapter 2 Notes
3
Domain Eukarya:
Kingdom Protista:
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Kingdom Plantae:
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Kingdom Fungi:
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Kingdom Animalia:
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Domain Archaea:
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Live in extreme environments: o ___________________________________________________________
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 Salt loving Halobacterium: o ___________________________________________________________
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Domain Eubacteria:

Mrs. Stahl
Chapter 2 Notes
4
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Most have very important roles: o Photoautotrophs such as cyanobacteria o Saprophytes- decomposers that break down dead material. o Symbionts- they have a relationship with other organisms
:
Defined as:
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What can change an organisms homeostatic level?
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How does it affect life?
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Optimal Range->_______________________________________________________________________
Zones of Stress->
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Zones of Intolerance->
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Mrs. Stahl
Chapter 2 Notes
5
Zone of
Intolerance
Stress Zone Optimal Range Stress Zone Zones of
Intolerance
* Death
*Reprod uction does not occur
• Cannot
Maintain
Homeostasis
Expend too much energy and they won’t reproduce
All environmental
Factors are met.
20-30 C
Expend too much energy and they won’t reproduce.
Environment is too far gone from the optimal range that the organisms cannot survive.

Mrs. Stahl
Chapter 2 Notes
6
Physical Characteristics of Marine Environment
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Sunlight- The basis of all life
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Phytoplankton:
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Example-> North Atlantic plankton has to live in the shallows because sunlight can only penetrate about three feet or one meter.
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South Pacific= 200 meters or 600 feet
Sunlight and the Shoreline:
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Ectotherms:
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Example-> ____________________________________________________________________________
They are sluggish when temperatures are low and very active when temperatures are high.

Mrs. Stahl
Chapter 2 Notes
Endotherms:
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7
Example-> ____________________________________________________________________________
Temperature also affects the distribution of organisms
Tidal pools->
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Definition->
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Solutes-> substances that are dissolved in water.
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Example-> In the open ocean spider crabs cannot regulate the salt concentration of their body fluids because their bodies absorb water and salt.
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Bays, estuaries, and tide pools are really affected because of evaporation. Water evaporates but the salt remains highly concentrated.
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Fiddler Crab-> able to adjust the salt content of their body tissues by regulating salt and water retention.

Mrs. Stahl
Chapter 2 Notes
8
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Nutrients
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Eutrophication-
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Seawater:
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Oxygen->
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Oxygen enters: o 1. Photosynthesis

Mrs. Stahl
Chapter 2 Notes
9 o 2. Diffusion from the atmosphere
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Mixing via waves and currents increases the amount of oxygen
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______________________________________________________________________________ o Example- in the summer, estuaries have low DO levels because the temps are too high.
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Low DO in estuaries occurs when: o 1.______________________________________________________________________ o 2.______________________________________________________________________ o 3.______________________________________________________________________ o 4.______________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________ o 5.______________________________________________________________________
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Anaerobic organisms->
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Misconception:
 Many people think that just because the deep sea doesn’t have any sunlight that it must not have any oxygen. This is false. The deep sea has adequate oxygen because cold water can dissolve more oxygen-> the oxygen rich cool waters sink to the bottom= called thermohaline currents.
 In the Mediterranean Sea-> has basins of zero oxygen-> they found the first known living organism surviving without oxygen.
›
Loriciferans (2010), how they survive is unknown
Aerobic organisms->
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Mrs. Stahl
Chapter 2 Notes
10
Example-> _________________________________________________
Characteristics:
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How is population determined?
1.
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2.
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3.
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4.
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Mark Recapture-
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Captured-> tagged-> released-> wait a sufficient amount of time for the animals to mix back into the population = sample is taken again and the ration of marked: unmarked is documented.
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Example: Tag 10 nurse sharks-> release-> two weeks later catch 10 more-> and two of the 10 have tags= 20% of the entire population in the area-> population would be 50 sharks because
20% of 50 =10, and 10 is how many were tagged initially.

Mrs. Stahl
Chapter 2 Notes
11
Population Density-
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The number of individuals per unit area or volume.
Example-> the number of barnacles on a square meter of rock
Three types of dispersion: clumped, uniform, and random
Dispersion- pattern of spacing among individuals within the range
Definition
Clumped Uniform
Example
Changes in population size
Random
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Examples->
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Mrs. Stahl
Chapter 2 Notes
12
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Mrs. Stahl
Chapter 2 Notes
13
Clutch Size # Events Age
Q???? What would be the benefit of an organism reproducing once in its lifetime?
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Biological fitness->
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Opportunistic Species->
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Equilibrium Species->
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Recruitment 1. Reproduction
2. Immigration (new individuals from other populations joining

Phytoplankton Bloom- “J Curve” or exponential logarithmic growth
Mrs. Stahl
Chapter 2 Notes
14

Mrs. Stahl
Chapter 2 Notes
15
What factors determine the carry capacity of an environment?
Density Dependent Factors
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Density Independent Factors
* ______________________________
* ______________________________
* ______________________________
* ______________________________
Defined as:
Example-> ____________________________
Niche-> ______________________________________________________________________________
Examples->
1.
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2.
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3.
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Mrs. Stahl
Chapter 2 Notes
16
What makes up a niche?
1.
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2.
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3.
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4.
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Competition->
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Can Be:
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No two groups of organisms can use exactly the same resource in exactly the same place at the same time.
Results of competition

Mrs. Stahl
Chapter 2 Notes
17
Predator- Prey Interactions
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Plants-> herbivores-> omnivores / carnivores
If there is not enough vegetation the herbivores will decline (starvation) -> vegetation increases-> herbivores increase.
Carnivores and their prey (they switch when prey declines)
Some predators focus on species that are abundant because they expend less energy
Keystone Species-> _____________________________________________________________
Example->
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Sea Otters:
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Mrs. Stahl
Chapter 2 Notes
18
Symbiosis: “living together”
Mutualism
Definition
Example
Commensalism Parasitism
Producers / Autotrophs ->
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Equation for Photosynthesis:
_____________________ + _____________________ -> __________________+ ________________

Mrs. Stahl
Chapter 2 Notes
Not all producers are photosynthetic, some are chemosynthetic (use energy from chemical reactions)
19
Ex.-> Bacteria inhabit deep sea vents
Consumers / Heterotrophs-> _____________________________________________________________
Detritivores-> _________________________________________________________________________
Decomposers->________________________________________________________________________
Biomass Pyramid
Food Chain vs. Food Web
Food Web

Mrs. Stahl
Chapter 2 Notes
20
cycles of nutrients needed for life
Hydrologic Cycle->
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Water
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Equator= supplies the greatest amount of evaporation in all the oceans due to excessive eat and sunlight.
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Water vapor is carried north and south from the equator and west to east within each hemisphere. When air masses cool and rise = precipitation
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Sea Salt= precipitation nuclei= sea salt enters the air because of waves crashing. They then collect water droplets and when they get heavy enough they fall back onto the ground as precipitation.
Carbon Cycle:
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Carbon is essential for all living things
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Backbone of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
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Living organisms produce carbon when they respire
Organism dies
Decomposers breakdown tissues (CO2)
Marine producers use the CO2 in photosynthesis to make carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are used to make other materials
CO2 reacts with seawater to form carbonic acid (H2CO3) which
forms hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions
Bicarbonate ions are absorbed by marine life
and they combine with calcium carbonate
(shells and skeletons)

Mrs. Stahl
Chapter 2 Notes
21
The calcium carbonate collects in the sediment and becomes limestone.
The limestone appears on land through geological processes where it becomes weathered (wind / rain) -> washes back into the ocean.

Mrs. Stahl
Chapter 2 Notes
22
Nitrogen Cycle
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Producers require nitrogen for protein synthesis, growth, and reproduction
Ammonia= NH3, ammonium=NH4, nitrite=NO2, nitrate= NO3
Producers use energy from photosynthesis to concentrate the nitrogen in their tissues and then turn that energy into amino acids-> proteins
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Nitrogen is then passed in the form of proteins to consumers
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Proteins and amino acids get processed and released through uric acid, urea, and ammonia
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Atmosphere= 79%
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Thunderstorms-> produce nitrates that enter through precipitation
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Major nitrogen fixing organism in the ocean is cyanobacteria
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Run-off from land contains nitrogen from fertilizers, sewage, and dead biotic factors= huge growth of phytoplankton
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Kelp forests, estuaries, salt marshes, mangrove swamps, rocky shores, sandy shores, coral reefs, open ocean
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Estuary-____________________________________________________________________
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Intertidal Zone-______________________________________________________________
Ocean Zones-
Pelagic Zone-___________________________________________________________________
Benthic-_______________________________________________________________________
Neritic-________________________________________________________________________
Open Ocean-___________________________________________________________________
Photic Zone-____________________________________________________________________
Aphotic Zone-___________________________________________________________________
Shelf Zone-______________________________________________________________________
Bathyal Zone-____________________________________________________________________
Abyssal Zone-____________________________________________________________________
Hadal Zone-_____________________________________________________________________
Epifauna-______________________________________________________________________

Mrs. Stahl
Chapter 2 Notes
23
Infauna-_______________________________________________________________________
Plankton-______________________________________________________________________
Nekton-________________________________________________________________________