PATHOLOGY
Pathology is a science which combines the basis fields of medicine and clinical medicine. Pathology is
a study of causes, mechanisms, course and consequences of the disease. The pathology is classically
divided into general and organ pathology. Proper clinical diagnosis is based on clear understanding
etiology, pathogenesis, morphological and functional changes in specific diseases processes.
The pathology course includes lectures, and tutorials. During tutorials and lectures cell injury and cell
death, inflammations, hemodynamic disorders, neoplasms, genetic and environmental diseases will
be discussed first. Next the changes of diseases in particular systems will be discussed. Each of the
pathology issues will be illustrated by guided and self-performed microscopic slides studies. After 4
week pathology course students are obligated to pass written test exam to obtain a credit for whole
pathology course.
TEACHERS:
 Prof. dr hab. Andrzej Marszałek
 Dr Łukasz Szylberg
 lek. Joanna Maciejewska
 lek. Natalia Skoczylas-Makowska
CONTACT:
 natalia.makowska@vp.pl
 asia_bielsk@wp.pl
 l.szylberg@cm.umk.pl
 magdaw@cm.umk.pl
SYLABUS
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
Name of the unit offering the course: Department of Clinical Pathology
Head of the unit/ course coordinator: Prof. dr hab. Andrzej Marszałek
3rd year, number of hours: 160
Form of classes: lectures :64, tutorials: 96
Form of crediting: Exam,
Number of ECTS points: 13
Aim of the course:
After completing the pathology course student has to know causes, pathomechanisms, clinical course
and consequences of the disease and understand morphological and functional changes in specific
diseases processes.
IX. Topics of tutorials (THE SCHEDULE FROM PATHOMORPHOLOGY INCLUDING A LIST OF SLIDES)
X. Topics of lectures
IX. THE SCHEDULE FROM PATHOMORPHOLOGY INCLUDING A LIST OF SLIDES.
I WEEK
1. Monday: Introduce to pathology + autopsy
Łukasz Szylberg MD, PhD
Topics:









Legal issue related to autopsy and to the pathologist.
Rules of writing a pathological diagnosis.
Audiovisual presentation of autopsy techniques
Autopsy demonstration with discussion of autopsy techiques.
Signs of death.
Autopsy techniques for haed, neck, chest, abdominal and pelvis examination.
Autopsy in special cases – e.g. emphysema, embolisms, poisoning etc.
Practical performed by students.
Neonatal autopsy techniques
2. Tusday:
a) Adaptive changes. Natalia Skoczylas-Makowska, MD
Topics to prapare:
 Atrophy, hyperplasia, hypertrophy, metaplasia – definition, division, causes, examples
 Dystrophic and metastatic calcification
 Fatty change and cellular swelling
 Necrosis – definition, types, morphology
Topics of tutorials:
 Adaptive changes
 Intracellular accumulations
 Pathologic calcification
Slides:
1.
Brown atrophy of the heart
atrophia fusca myocardii
2.
Cardiac muscle hypertrophy
(hypertrophia musculi cordis)
3.
Endometrial hyperplasia
(hyperplasia glandularis endometrii)
4.
Vacuolar degeneration (hydropic change) of hepatocytes
(degeneratio parenchymatosa hepatis)
5.
Epidermal hyperkaratosis
(hyperkeratosis epidermis)
6.
Corpus albicans ovarii
7.
Liquefactive necrosis (brain encephalomalacia)
(necrosis colliquativa; na przykładzie rozmiękania mózgu
[encephalomalatio cerebri])
8.
Coagulative necrosis (liver and lung tuberculosis)
(necrosis coagulativa; na przykładzie: gruźlicy płuc i wątroby
[tuberculosis pulmonum et hepatis])
b) Hemodynamic disorders. Łukasz Szylberg, MD, PhD
Topics to prapare:
 Pulmonary thrombosis
 Infarction pale and red
 Hyperemia passive
Topics of tutorials:
 Edema
146
138,150
085, 085a,
085c, 085d
134
135
143
152
026




Slides:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Hyperemia
Embolism
Thrombosis
Hemmorhage
Hemorrhagic cerebral infarction
(focus haemorrhagicum cerebri)
Hemosiderosis whitish ovarian body
(haemosisderosis corporis albicantis ovarii)
Passive congestion of liver
(hyperaemia passiva hepatis)
Chronic venous stasis in the lungs
(venostasis chronica pulmonum)
Pale infarction of kidney
(infarctus pallidus renis)
Hemorrhagic intestinal infartion
(infarctus haemorrhagicus intestini)
Adhering thrombus
(thrombosis parietalis)
Recanalization of thrombus
(thrombosis recanalisatus)
Pulmonary edema
127, 133
154 + żelazo
155
153, 157
059
160
097, 193
233
062/256
3. Wednesday: Chronic and acute inflammation. Joanna Maciejewska, MD
Topics to prapare:
 Definition of acute and chronic inflammation
 Characteristics of cells and processes with their participation in acute and chronic
inflammation.
 Outcome of acute inflammation
 systemic and local symptoms of acute inflammation
 Granulomatous inflammation - definition
 Types of granulomas
Topics of tutorials:
 Morphology of inflammation
 Vascular changes in acute inflammation
 Lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes in acute inflammation
 Pathogenesis, morphology and clinical changes in syphilis and tuberculosis
Slides:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Lymphnode sinus histiocytosis
(histiocytosis lymphonoduli)
Nonspecyfic lymphadenitis
Lymphonodulitis reactiva
Fibrinoid necrosis on the example of chronic peptic ulcer
(degeneratio fibrinoidea; na przykładzie przewlekłego wrzodu
trawiennego żołądka [ulcus chronicum pepticum ventriculi])
Lung abscess
188
226
144
034
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
(abscessus pulmonis)
Serum acute appendicitis, appendicitis with lymphoid follicles
hyperplasia, suppurative appendicitis, gangrenous appendicitis
(appendicitis; [acuta serosa] [follicularis], [purulenta],
[phlegmonosa], [gangrenosa],[obliterativa])
meningitis purulenta
Miliary tuberculosis of lung
(tuberculosis miliaris pulmonis)
Adrenal tuberculosis
(tuberculosis glandulae suprarenalis)
Tuberculous meningitis
(meningitis tuberculosa)
Lymph node sarcoidosis
(sarcoidosis lymphonoduli)
Leprosy
(lepra)
Inflammatory granulation tissue, foreign body reaction
(granulatio, granuloma)
Scarring after myocardial infarction
Cicatrisatio post infarctum myocardii)
262, 027,
266, 268
167
025
151
102
111
229
069
4. Thursday: Diseases of immunity. Natalia Skoczylas-Makowska, MD
Topics to prapare:
 Organ changes in systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, amyloidosis.
 Polyarteritis nodosa
Topics of tutorials:
 Systemic lupus erythematosus
 Scleroderma
 Rheumatoid arthritis
 Inflammatory myopathies
 Sjogren syndrome
 Vasculitides
Slides:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Renal amyloidosis
(amyloidosis renis)
Rheumatoid nodule
(nodulus rheumathoideus)
Rheumatoid arthritis
(ang. rheumatoid artritis)
Periarteritis nodosa
(polyarteritis nodosa)
077 +
amyloid
174
082
124
5.
Sclerodermia
(scleroderma localisata)
6.
Lupus erythematosus – renal changes
(lupus erythematosus)
Helictotrichon
(oxyuriasis)
7.
173, 196
Włókna
sprężyste
033, PAS
276
5. Friday: Neoplasms. Joanna Maciejewska, MD
Topics to prepare:
 Morphological and clinical characteristic of benign and malignant neoplasms.
 Precancerous lesions.
 Metaplasia.Dysplasia.
 Carcinoma in situ.
 Microinvasion and early cancer.
 Pareneoplastic syndromes and kachexia
 Grading i stading.
 Tumor markers.
Topics of tutorials:
 Abnormal differentiation and maturation of tissues.
 Intraepithelial neoplasia.
 Benign epithelial neoplasms
 Malignant and locally malignant tumors.
 Epidemiology and diagnostic of neoplasms.
 Clinical features of neoplasms.
Slides:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Epidermal actinic keratoses
(keratosis senilis)
Lichen sclerosus; (kraurosis)
Benign mammary dysplasia
(mastopathia fibroso-cystica; dysplasia benigna mammae)
Seborrheic skin whart
(verruca seborrhoica)
Eversion in the cylindrical epithelium of the vaginal cervix,
glandular erosion of the vaginal cervix
(ectropion)
Neoplasia intraepithelialis cervicalis CINI/ LSIL
(neoplasia intraepithelialis cervicalis; ang. CIN – cervical
intraepithelial neoplasia) CIN I/ LSIL
Neoplasia intraepithelialis cervicalis CIN III/HSIL
177
Bowen’diseases
(morbus Boweni)
Basal cell carcinoma of the skin
(carcinoma basocellulare cutis)
Squamous cell carcionoma of the skin
(carcinoma planoepitheliale/ carcinoma sinocellulare cutis)
Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder
(carcinoma urotheliale)
166
168
050, 179
243
237
178
176
110
022
186
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Colorectal adenocarcinoma
(adenocarcinoma coli)
Lipoma
(lipoma)
Liposarcoma
(liposarcoma)
Astrocytoma
(astrocytoma)
Glioblastoma multiforme
(glioblastoma multiforme)
Sarcoma synoviale – lung metastasis
(sarcoma synoviale)
279
195
049
053, 244
204, 260
214
II WEEK
1. Monday : Pathology of the gastrointestinal tract. Łukasz Szylberg.MD, PhD
Topics to prapare:
 Gastritis.
 Peptic chronic ulcer.
 Colon cancer – morphologic and clinical features
Topics of tutorials:
 Congenital anomalies of gastrointestinal tract
 Esophagitis and tumors of esophagus
 Inflammation of gastrointestinal tract
 Peptic ulcer disease
 Neoplasms of stomach
 Intestinal vascular disease
 Diverticular disease
 Intestinal obstruction
 Tumors of the large and small intestine
Slides:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Ulcerative colitis
(colitis ulcerosa)
Crohn disease
(morbus Lesniowski-Crohn; także: ileitis terminali, ang: Crohn
disease)
Celiac disease
(celiakia)
Adenomatous polyp of the sigmoid colon
(polypus adenomatosus)
003, 008
228
165
042
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Gastric adenocarcionoma
(adenocarcinoma ventriculi)
Mucous degeneration on the example of mucinous
adenocarcionoma
Carcinoid of the appendix
(carcinoidum appendicis)
Colorectal leyomyosarcoma
(leyomyosarcoma coli)
Hemorrhagic intestinal infarction
(infractus haemorrhagicus intestini)
Barret esophagus
041
068 + śluz
270
006
160
283
2. Tusday: Pathology of the liver, bile ducts and pancreas. Łukasz Szylberg, MD, PhD
Topics to prepare:
 Patterns of hepatic injury
 Acute and chronic viral hepatitis
 Drug and toxin-induced liver disease.
 Cirrhosis.
 Hemochromatosis
 Primary sclerosing choalngitis
 Circulatory disorders
 Malignant tumors of liver
 Cholelithiasis
 Acute pancreatitis
Topics of tutorials:
 Infectieous disorders
 Autoimmune hapatitis
 Alcoholic liver disease.
 Insufficiency of liver.
 Impaired blood flow into and through the liver.
 Metabolic liver diseases
 Cholestasis and disorders of the intrahepatic bile ducts
 Nodules and tumors of liver
 Fine and core needle biopsy
 Cholecystitis
 Tumors of the gallbladder
 Pancreatitis
 Neoplasms of pancreas
Slides:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Intrahepatic cholestasis
(stasis bilis intrahepatica)
Viral hepatitis
(hepatitis viralis)
Alcoholic cirrhosis
(cirrhosis hepatis alcoholica)
Postinflammatory cirrhosis
(cirrhosis hepatis postinfectiosa)
148
227
105,
Masson,
vanGiesson
162
5.
6.
7.
8.
Centrilobular necrosis
(necrosis centrolobularis hepatis)
Liver cancer
(carcinoma hepatocellulare)
Cholecystitis
(cholecystits)
Gallbladder cancer infiltrating the liver
070
277
280
269
3 Wensday.: Pathology of the respiratory tract part I. Joanna Maciejewska, MD
Topics to prapare:
 Pneumonia – morphology and clinical features
 Pulmonary vascular diseases
 Chronic obturative disorders of lung.
 Pathology changes in pleura
Topics of tutorials:
 Etiology, pathogenesis, division and morphology mouth, throat, nose and trachea mucosa
inflammations
 Bronchiectases
 Pneumonia – etiology, pathogenesis, morphology
 Pneumoconioses
 Obturative and restrictive disease of lung
 Cor pulmonale
Slides:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Pulmonary artery embolism
(embolia thrombotica ramorum arteriae pulmonalis)
Hemorrhagic lung infarction
(infarctus haemorrhagicus pulmonis)
Lobar pneumonia
(pneumonia lobaris)
Bronchopneumonia
(bronchopneumonia)
Chronic bronchitis
(bronchitis chronica)
Fungal pulmonary infection
(pneumonia mycotica)
Mixed salivary gland tumor
(tumor mixtus; edenoma pleomorphum)
Pnemoconioses
(pneumoconioses)
4. Thursday: Pathology of the respiratory tract part II. Joanna Maciejewska, MD
Topics to prapare:
 Lung cancer
 Cancer of larynx
 Malignant tumors of the salivary glands
 Nosopharyngeal cancer
Topics of tutorials:
156
060
198
067, 058
076
115
031
272
 Precancerous lesions and neoplasms of respiratory tract (including nasal cavity, larynx,
trachea, bronchus, pleura)
Slides:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Squamous cell lung cancer
(carcinoma planoepitheliale pulmonis)
Lung adenocarcinoma
(adenocarcinoma pulmonis)
Lung small cell carcionoma
(carcinoma microcellulare pulmonis)
Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma
(carcinoma planoepitheliale laryngis)
Bronchial carcinoid and carcinoid of the appendix.
(carcinoidum bronchit et appendicis) (barw.chromograniną A)
245
046
040
210
090, 249
5 Friday.: Childhood and infancy diseases. Łukasz Szylberg, MD
Topics to prapare:
 Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome
 Fetal hydrops
 Necrotizing enterocolitis
 Wilms tumor
 Neuroblastoma
 Rethinoblastoma
 Rhabdomyosarcoma
Topics of tutorials:
 Congenital anomalies
 Respiratory distress syndrome
 Tumors of infancy and childhood
 Prasotic infections
Slides:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Testicular hypoplasia
(hypoplasia testis)
Neonatal respriratory distress syndrome
(membranae hyalinae pulmonum)
Trichinosis
(trichinellosis)
Echonococcosis
(echinococcosis cystica pulmonum)
Cerebral toxoplasmosis
145
159
164
106
139, PAS
toxoplasmosis cerebri)
Craniopharyngioma
(craniopharyngeoma)
7.
Retinoblastoma
(retinoblastoma)
!! TEST (exercises 1-10 and lectures 1,2)
6.
208
202
III WEEK
1. Monday : Pathology of heart and vascular diseases Natalia Skoczylas-Makowska, MD
Topics to prapare:
 Morphology of infarction
 Hypertensive heart disease
 Bacterial endocarditis
Topics of tutorials:
 Atherosclerosis
 Aneurysms and varicoses
 Ischemic heart disease
 Myocardial infarction
 Right sided heart failure
 Endocarditis
Slides
1.
Arteriosclerosis
(arterioclerosis centralis)
2.
Arteriosclerosis of renal arteries
(renes arteriosclerotici)
3.
Myocardial infarction
(infractus myocardii)
4.
Myocardial scarring
(cicatrisatio postinfractosa myocardii)
5.
Heart valve endocarditis
(endocarditis valvularis)
6.
Fibrinous pericarditis
(pericarditis fibrinoidea)
7.
Acute myocarditis
(myocarditis acuta)
8.
Hemorrhoids
(varices haemorrhoidales ani)
9.
Hemangioma
(haemangioma)
2. Tusday : Pathology of the urinary tract. Natalia Skoczylas-Makowska, MD
Topics to prapare:
 Nephritic syndrome
 Acute and chronić pyelonephritis
 Vascular lesions in benign and malignant hypertension
 Urolithiasis
 Hydronephrosis
 Renal cel carcinoma
128, 131,
132
212 +PAS
255
069
216
096
163, 250
251
099
 Urothelial carcinoma of bladder
Topics of tutorials:
 Nephritic syndrome and associated glomerulonephritis
 Tubulointestinal nephritis induced by grugs and toxins
 Nefropatia poanalgetyczna.
 Acute tubular necrosis
 Diseases of blood vessels
 Cystic diseases of kidney
 Tumors of the kidney and urinary tract
Slides:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Changes in diebetic kidney
(degeneratio glycogenica renum)
glomerulosclerosis intercapillaris
Glomerular sclerosis
(glomerulonephritis sclerosans)
Pyelonephritis
(pyelonephritis)
Renal cell carcinoma
(carcinoma clarocellulare renis)
Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder
(carcinoma urotheliale)
Kidney transplant – rejection
(ang. Kidney rejection)
092,
glikogen
030, PAS
169, PAS
199, PAS
002, 247,
PAS
186
273, PAS
3. Wensday: Hemopathology. Joanna Maciejewska, MD
Topics to prapare:
 Reactive lymphadenitis
 Definition of lymphoma and leukemia
 Clinical manifestations of proliferative diseases of the lymphatic system
 Hodgkin lymphoma – definition, types, morphology, clinical manifestation
Topics of tutorials:
 Non-neoplastic diseases of lymphatic system
 Hematological malignances – leukemias and lymphomas
 Neoplasms of histiocytes
Slides:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
acute myelogenous leukemia; AML
Lymphoma
(lymphoma malignum)
Hodgkin lymphoma, lymphocyte depletion type
Hodgkin lymphoma, mixed cellularity type
Hodgkin lymphoma, nodular sclerosis type
Multiple myeloma
(myeloma multiplex)
Solitary myeloma- rib tumor
(plasmocytoma; plasma cel myeloma)
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation DIC
063
180,183
220
089
007
055
231
211
(microangipatia thrombotica, ang. DIC)
4 Thursday.: Pathology of the endocrine system. Łukasz Szylberg, MD
Topics to prapare:
 Graves diseases
 Hashimoto thyroiditis
 Neoplasms of the thyroid
 Pheochromocytoma
 Neuroblastoma
Topics of tutorials:
 Morphological causes of hypothalamic-pituitary axis failure
 Morphological causes of failure of anterior and posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
 Nowotwory przedniego płata przysadki mózgowej
 Tumors of the anterior pituitary gland
 Parathyroid glands – hyperparathyroidism and hypoparathyroidism
 Thyroiditis
 Benign and malignant tumors of thyroid
 Acute and chronić adrenal insufficiency
 Adrenocortical neoplasms
 Neoplasms of adrenal medulla
 Morfologiczne przyczyny niewydolności części endokrynnej trzustki
 Diabetes - pathogenesis and morphology
 Pancreatic endocrine neoplasms
 Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes
Slides:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Diffuse toxic goiter
(degeneratio colloidea glandulae thyreoideae)
Lymphocytic thyroiditis
(thyreoiditis lymphocytaria)
Invasive thyroiditis with fibrosis
(struma Riedl)
Thyroid adenoma
(adenoma glandulae thyroideae)
Papillary carcinoma of thyroid gland
(carcinoma papillare glandulae thyroideae)
Follicular carcinoma of thyroid gland
(carcinoma folliculare glandulae thyroideae)
Parathyroid carcinoma
(carcinoma glandulae parathyroideae)
141
175
189
021
035
274
281
5. Friday: Pathology of the female reproductive system, part I Natalia Skoczylas-Makowska, MD
Topics to prapare:
 Cervical neoplasia
 Risk factors in cervical carcinoma and carcinoma of the endometrium
 Carcinoma of the endometrium – pathogenesis, morphology and clinical aspects
 Leiomyomas of uterus
Topics of tutorials:
 Neoplasms and inflammations of cervix
 Neoplasms and inflammations of uterus
 Endometriosis
 Dysfunctional endometrial bleeding
Slides:
1.
2.
3.
Invasive cervical cancer
(carcinoma colli uteri)
Uterine adenocarcionoma
(adenocarcinoma endometrii)
Purulent salpingitis
(salipingitis purulenta)
101
010
038
IV WEEK
1. Monday: Pathology of the female reproductive system part II. Natalia Skoczylas-Makowska, MD
Topics to prapare:
 Tumors of ovary epithelium
Topics of tutorials:
 Inflammations and neoplasms of ovaries
 Inflammation and neoplasms of fallopian tube
Slides:
1.
2.
3.
Simple ovary cyst
(cystis simplex ovarii)
Ovary cystadenoma
(cystadenocarcinoma ovarii)
Ovary cystadenocarcinoma
(cystadenoma ovarii)
2 Tuesday.:
a) Pathology of the breast Łukasz Szylberg, MD, PhD
Topics to prapare:
 Fibroadenoma – morphology and clinical featurs
 Phyllodes tumor - morphology and clinical featurs
 Histioklinika brodawczaka wewnątrzprzewodowego
 Breast cancer - morphology and clinical featurs
Topics of tutorials:
 Inflammation of the breast
 Fibrocystic changes and prolifarative disease of breast
 Benign neoplasms of breast
 Malignant neoplasms in situ and infiltrate
 Stromal tunors
142
019
181
Slides:
1.
2.
3.
Infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast
(carcinoma ductale invasivum mammae)
Mucinous carcinoma
(carcinoma gelatinosum mammae)
Intraductal papilloma of the breast
(papilloma intraductale mammae)
048
219, śluz
224
b) Pathology of the skin. Natalia Skoczylas-Makowska, MD
Topics to prapare:
 Basal cel carcinoma and squamous cel carcinoma of the skin – morphology and clinical
features
 Melanocytic nevus
 Melanoma – morphology, pathogenesis and clinial characteristic
Topics of tutorials:
 Neoplasms and tumor-like conditions of the skin
Slides:
1.
2.
Pigmented nevus
(nevus pigmentosus)
Melanoma malignum
(melanoma malignum)
109
122, 057,
242
melanina
3 Wednesday.: Pathology of the male genital system. Natalia Skoczylas-Makowska, MD
Topics to prapare:
 Neoplasms of testis – morphology and clinical features
 Prostate – adenocarcinoma and hyperplasia
Topics of tutorials:
 Congenital anomalies and tumors of penis
 Congenital anomalies, vascular disturbances and tumors of testis
 Tumors of prostatę and prostatic benign enlargement
Slides:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Embryonal carcinoma of testis
(carcinoma embrionalne testis)
Seminoma (seminoma)
(seminoma)
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
(hyperplasia nodularis prostatae)
Prostate cancer
(carcinoma prostatae)
051, 230
271
264
282
4. Thursday: Central nervous system Joanna Maciejewska, MD
Topics to prapare:
 Bacterial meningitidis – causes, morphology
 Cerebral infarction
 Glial neoplasms of CNS
Topics of tutorials:
 Trauma of central nervous system
 Edema and hernation
 Cerebrovascular diseases
 Infections
Slides:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Neurilemmoma, Schwannoma
(neurilemmoma; Schwannoma)
Malignant epipheral nerve sheat tumor
184
Oligodenroglioma
(oligodenroglioma)
Ependymomoma
(ependymoma)
Ganglion cells tumor
(ganglioneurocytoma)
209
045
206
Meningioma
(meningeoma)
meningeoma malignum
Medulloblastoma
(medulloblastoma)
5. Friday: Classes in the laboratory. Sections.
!! TEST (exercises 11-20 and lectures 3,4)
Practical skill chart in Pathology
Year of study ……… group ……….
Academic year …………………….
After graduation Pathomorphology course student should:
235,
Masson,
vanGiesson
246
074
207
Type of practical skills
date
Signature of the
authorized person
Know the pathological terms and the knowledge of the
basic mechanism of cell and tissue damage
Describe the processes of regeneration of tissues and
organs
Recognize the pathological images of diseases of the
immune system, genetic diseases, infectious and
environmental disorders
Define the clinical course of specific and nonspecific
inflammation
Know the etiology of hemodynamic, progressive and
regressive changes,
Recognize the pathological images of diseases of the
immune system, genetic diseases, infectious and
environmental disosders
Recognize the pathological images of childhood
diseases
Know the issues of specific organ pathology, images of
macro-and microscopic, and clinical course of
pathological changes in various organs
Replace and pathogens internal and external,
modifiable and unmodifiable
Replace the clinical forms of the most common
diseases of particular organs and systems, metabolic
diseases and disorders of water-electrolyte and acidbase
Be able to link images of tissue and organ damage with
symptoms of the diseases, a history and results of
laboratory determinations and to describe the
consequences of developing lesions to adjacent organs
topographically
Analyze the phenomenon of reactive, defensive and
adaptive control and disturbance caused by an
etiological factor
Lectures:
1. Introduction to pathology. Pathology as a basis for therapeutic decisions. Apoptosis.
Processes of cel aging.
2. Basics of immunopathology. Amyloidosis. Sarcoidosis.
Comments
3. Molecular basis of carcinogenesis and correlation with morphological image. Morphological
features of tumor-host reaction.
4. Morphological characteristics: thromboembolic disease, shock, and disseminated
intravascular coagulation syndrome (DIC). Haemorrhagic diathesis. Anemia.
5. Pathology of genetically determined diseases.
6. Pathology of environmental diseases.
7. Pathology of infectious diseases (with discussion about hepatitis)
8. Pathology of heart and vascular part 1 (congenital heart disease, pericarditis, myocarditis,
etiopathogenesis of atherosclerosis)
9. Pathology of the heart and blood vessels part 2 (vasculitis, neoplasms of the heart and blood
vessels).
10. Pathology of interstitial lung diseases. Atypical pneumonia.
11. Pathology of oral cavity and esophagous
12. pathology of the upper respiratory tract. Tumors of salivary gland and larynx.
13. Non-neoplastic diseases of the lymphatic system. Pathology of the spleen and thymus.
Classification system of proliferative diseases.
14. Test includes lectures 4-14
15. Idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease.
16. Pathology of glomerulonephritis - general issues.
17. Pathology of the vulva and vagina. Non-neoplastic gynecological pathology.
18. Pathology of pregnancy and placenta. Pathology of the fetus and newborn.
19. Pathology of the genitourinary system (malformations, inflammation, and cancer of penis).
Pathology of sexually transmitted diseases.
20. The pathology of selected diseases of the breast (inflammatory, proliferative lesions of the
breast, selected aspects of the molecular basis of breast cancer and their significance).
21. Pathology in daily practice - clinical cases.
22. Pathogenesis and histopathology of diabetes.
23. Pathology of endocrine system. Neuroendocrine tumors.
24. pathology of inflammatory skin diseases. Bullous skin disorders.
25. Pathology non-neoplastic diseases of the muscles, joints, and bones.
26. Aspects of soft tissue pathology
27. Malformations of the central nervous system.
28. The pathology of selected diseases of the nervous system (CNS viral infections, spongiform
encephalopathies, primary myelin diseases and neurodegenerative diseases).
29. Pathology in daily practice - clinical cases.
30. Test includes lectures 16-30
RULES AND REGULATIONS
A. Department of Clinical Pathomorphology Collegium Medicum Nicolaus Copernicus
University, Skłodowskiej-Curie 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz
B. Head of the unit: Prof. Andrzej Marszałek MD, PhD
C. Faculty of Medicine, Medical Program of Pathomorphology, 3rd year
I. Form of study
The pathomorphology course includes tutorials and lectures.
Tutorials take place in classrooms in Pathomorphology Department for 4 weeks. Tutorial starts at 8:00
am to 11:45 am. Each groups has a specified date of tutorials, according to the Schedule.
Tutorials and lectures are obligatory and performed according to topics described in Syllabus.
Tutorials include knowledge testing, microscope exercises , autopsy practicals and laboratory exercises
in histopathology lab section.
During laboratory exercises, students learn how to collect samples from postoperative specimens,
perform cytology tests, intraoperative frozen section and using special techniques (e.g.
histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, etc.).
During autopsy, students learn how to perform autopsy and understand particular case through
discussion.
II. Form of testing knowledge and evaluation of the course
Students are evaluated in grading points system. There is no retakes of tests. Students’ achievements
(scores points) are available online on the website (http://patologia.cm.umk.pl/eng.html)
At the beginning of each tutorial, students write entrance test (open questions form) from topics
specified in course schedule. Students do not have entrance test on the first tutorial. Students can get
from 0 to 5 points for each tutorial test.
After 2 weeks of the course (on tutorial number 10), students have partial test from the first part of
tutorials (20 multiple choice test and 4 open questions). The material for the colloquium include
tutorials from 2 to 10 and lectures number 1 and 2.
After 4 weeks of the course, students have partial test from the second part of tutorials (20 multiple
choice test and 4 open questions). The material for the colloquium include tutorials from 11 to 20 and
lectures number 3 and 4.
Students can get maximum 40 points for each colloquium.
In presence of a teacher students have right to view their colloquiums, but only open questions part.
This is possible during 1st week after announcement of the results.
On lectures number 16 and 31, students have lecture tests (multiple choice test). The material for the
lecture test include topics discussed on lectures. From each lecture test students can gain maximum
40 points.
Reminder!
Topics of tutorials which were not carried out because of rector’s or dean’s hours or an excused
absence of student are valid on the colloquium and exam.
III. Points system scale:
Maximum points to gain from whole pathomorphology course is 245 (85 points for tutorials, 80
points for colloquiums and 80 points for lecture tests).
To complete the pathomorphology course student needs to achieve in total 60% of points from all
tutorials, colloquia and lecture tests (147 points out of 245 points).
Student who achieve the minimum 60% of points from each tutorials‘ entrance tests and other tests
and 80% of points in total from all tutorials, both colloquiums and both lecture tests ( 196 points out
of 245 points ) will be released from the final exam.
In the particular cases there is an opportunity to be released from the exam. The final decision about
it and about tests or exam ranges is always made by the Head of the Department of Clinical
Pathomorphology Collegium Medicum Nicolaus Copernicus University.
In case of obtaining the unsatisfactory amount of points, in total (less than 60% needed to complete
the course), student must write the additional test (multiple choice test + open questions) from the
material of the whole course (tutorials + lectures). This have to be done before the start of the
repeating exam session in September (only one chance will be set for all 3rd year students). It equals
with failing 1st term of the exam. If student fails the additional test, one won’t be able to write the
final exam, which means repeating the pathomorphology course in the next academic year.
IV. Terms of crediting tutorials in case of excused absence or tutorials not passed from other
reasons:
If student is late for classes more than 15 minutes, one cannot participate in tutorial on that day and
his absence is recorded.
In case of the excused absence (sick – leave) student has to submit the medical certificate given by an
academic physician, not later than 3 working days after the date of the tutorial an which he/she was
absent.
Maximum 7 working days after completed pathomophology course student who had excused absence
on any tutorial is obliged to sign to that tutorial with other group. This can be done in the Secretary
Office of our Department. Once student sets the date of missed tutorial it cannot be changed.
Points achieved on entrance test on tutorials and on colloquium with another students’ group will be
divided by 2.
For students of the last group (who are not able to participate in tutorials with other group) there will
be set one date to write all missing entrance tests after finished course.
The unexcused absence on the tutorial is unacceptable and will be treated as non – classified tutorial.
This means repeating the pathomorphology course in the next academic year.
V. Form and terms of the examination:
After completing the pathomorphology course students write the final exam.
The exam lasts 120 minutes. It consists of two parts: multiple choice test (80 questions), which lasts
80 minutes and open questions (5 questions, 5 points for each), which lasts 40 minutes.
Obtaining of an unsatisfactory note from the exam is possible in situations:
1) Failing the multiple choice test,
2) Passing the multiple choice test, but failing the open questions part.
The date of the final exam is set for whole year in summer semester (the exact date will be decided by
the Head of the Department).
The absence during the exam should be justified at the Secretary Office of the Department on the
exam day or, in the particular cases, during three working days after the exam.
In case of excused absence on the exam, the first exam term is on the day of exam retake.
The unexcused absence at the exam is equivalent with receiving an unsatisfactory grade.
VI. The general and specific health and safety regulations required during the teaching
process in Department of Pathology
 At the autopsy room, students wear additional protective aprons and protective footwear, in
the case of performing autopsies wear additional protective clothing (shoes, glasses and
disposable gowns)
 During laboratory exercises students watch the activities carried out under a glass fume hood
 With the appearance of the harmful chemicals at work is mandatory ventilation enabled.
 All medical devices must be operated in accordance with the applicable instructions, after
explaining the principles of service and demonstrating by the teacher, and only under the strict
supervision (especially for microtomes and cryostats)
 Due to contact with harmful chemicals: formaldehyde, xylene, acetone, absolute alcohol and
96% denatured alcohol, students are required to familiarize yourself with the characteristics
of these harmful chemicals.
 Due to the threat of biological (HCV, HBV, HIV) all laboratory activities should be carried out in
disposable protective gloves
 Because your safety and that of others, the work of reagents should be performed according
to an instruction (instruction posted in the histopathology lab).
 All dangerous events ie. cuts, burns, etc. immediately must be reported to conducting classes
 On exercises students bring white coats, undertake to comply with health and safety
regulations and medical confidentiality.
Bydgoszcz, 1 September 2014
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signature of the Head of the Didactic
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representative of students
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signature Director of the Centre for
Medical Education in English